scholarly journals Leukoencephalomalacia in horses associated with immature corn consumption

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Vargas Zillig Echenique ◽  
Pablo Estima-Silva ◽  
Daniela Brayer Pereira ◽  
Lucas Santos Marques ◽  
Luiza Soares Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Column Method ◽  
Reproductive Phase ◽  
Eosinophilic Cytoplasm ◽  
Abundant Eosinophilic Cytoplasm ◽  
In The Beginning

ABSTRACT: Horse leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) is a disease caused by the ingestion of mycotoxins (fumonisins) produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium that infect corn and/or its byproducts. This disease has been described by ingestion of mature corn with humidity above 15% at temperatures below 20°C. The aim of this paper was to report an outbreak of leukoencephalomalacia in horses fed with immature corn. Two horses out of three showed neurological signs approximately seven days after eating immature corn in its reproductive phase (R2, milky grains). Corn was harvested and administered directly to the animals, with no storage. Deaths occurred approximately 24 hours after the onset of clinical signs. Grossly, there were multifocal dark red to brown areas in the white matter of the telencephalon and hyppocampus and thalamus. Histologically, there was edema and hemorrhage in several areas of the telencephalon white matter, which corresponded to dark red to brown areas observed in the macroscopy. There was also foci of malacia with presence of reactive astrocytes with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and inflammatory cells. Diffuse capillary wall degeneration and endothelial cell swelling were also observed. Two ppm of fumonisin were detected by immunoaffinity column method (VICAM) in the immature corn sample. The water activity in this cereal, when the grain is still milky, is 0.98 and can predispose it to growth of mycotoxin-producing fungi. In the present case, fumonisin was found in milky grains in the beginning of the reproductive phase (R2), which suggested that even immature corn may be infected by Fusarium spp. and should not be administered to horses.

scholarly journals Epithelioid hemangioma in the oral mucosa: A case report

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 535-540
Author(s):  
Aguida Henriques ◽  
Manuela Vidal ◽  
Clarissa Gurgel ◽  
Sanyra Rocha ◽  
Braulio Carneiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Smooth Muscle Actin ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Excisional Biopsy ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Alpha Smooth Muscle Actin ◽  
Epithelioid Hemangioma ◽  
Eosinophilic Cytoplasm ◽  
Abundant Eosinophilic Cytoplasm ◽  
One Year

Introduction. Epithelioid hemangioma is an uncommon benign vasoproliferative neoplasm that usually manifests as multiple red nodules in middle-aged adults. Case Outline. A 52-year-old male patient presented with a one-year history of a nodular lesion in the left buccal mucosa measuring 3 cm. The clinical hypothesis was lipoma. An excisional biopsy revealed a circumscribed lesion composed of lobules of vessels with perceptible or poor lumina, associated with a prominent inflammatory infiltrate consisting of eosinophils, histiocytes and chronic inflammatory cells. The endothelial cells composing the lesion had an epithelioid morphology and contained abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Immunohistochemistry for CD34, factor VIII, collagen IV, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and mast cells, as well as histochemical staining with Weigert?s orcein were performed. Conclusion. Vascular proliferations of soft tissues are a diverse and morphologically complex group of lesions that are difficult to diagnose. This report presents a case of oral epithelioid hemangioma, highlighting relevant morphological and immunohistochemical features that could help distinguish this condition from other neoplasms.

scholarly journals Equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) due to fumonisins B1 and B2 in Argentina

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 407-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Giannitti ◽  
Santiago Sain Diab ◽  
Ana Maria Pacin ◽  
Maria Barrandeguy ◽  
Carlos Larrere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Buenos Aires Province ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Eosinophilic Cytoplasm ◽  
Feed Supplements ◽  
Abundant Eosinophilic Cytoplasm ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Corn Kernels

In August 2007 an outbreak of neurological disease and sudden death in Arabian horses occurred in a farm located in Coronel Rosales County, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The animals were on a pasture of native grasses and supplemented ad libitum with corn kernels and wheat bran. Three horses were observed having acute neurologic signs including blindness, four leg ataxia, hyperexcitability, aimless walking and circling, followed by death in two of them. Four other horses were found dead overnight without a history of neurologic signs. The morbidity, mortality and lethality rates were 11.6%, 10% and 85.7%, respectively. Grossly, the brain showed focal areas of hemorrhage, brown-yellow discoloration and softening of the sub-cortical white matter. The microscopic brain lesions consisted of extensive areas of malacia within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres, brainstem and cerebellum, characterized by rarefaction of the white matter with cavitations filled with proteinaceous edema, multifocal hemorrhages and mild infiltration by neutrophils, and rare eosinophils. Swollen glial cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, distinct cell borders, intracytoplasmic deeply eosinophilic globules and eccentric, hyperchromatic, occasionally pyknotic nucleus were present throughout the areas of rarefaction hemorrhage, edema and necrosis. The feed supplements contained 12,490µg/kg of fumonisin B1 and 5,251µg/ kg of fumonisin B2. This is the first reported outbreak of ELEM associated with consumption of feed supplements containing high concentrations of fumonisins in Argentina.

scholarly journals Degenerative axonopathy associated with copper deficiency in pigs

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 911-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberio G. Olinda ◽  
Lisanka A. Maia ◽  
Maria T.S. Frade ◽  
Mauro P. Soares ◽  
Severo S. Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Spastic Paralysis ◽  
Myelin Sheaths ◽  
Cu Deficiency ◽  
Spinal Segments

ABSTRACT: The epidemiological, clinic and morphological (pathological and ultrastructural) aspects of four outbreaks of copper deficiency affecting 21- to 90-day-old pigs in the Northeast region of Brazil are reported. Clinical signs began with paraparesis and ataxia and progressed to flaccid or spastic paralysis of the pelvic and thoracic limbs, followed by sternal and/or lateral recumbence. In addition, some animals showed dog-sitting position and intention tremors. The clinical manifestation period was 5-20 days. Significant gross lesions were not observed; however, microscopically, symmetrical degeneration of the white matter with ballooned myelin sheaths containing occasional macrophages was observed, mainly in the spinal cord. Two pigs presented with necrosis ad loss of Purkinje cells and ectopic Purkinje cells in the granular layer and cerebellar white matter. A ultrastructural analysis showed different degrees of damage of myelinated axons in the spinal segments, including an absence of the axoplasm structures with only axonal residues remaining. The myelin sheaths were degenerated and often collapsed into the space previously occupied by the axon. These results suggest that myelin degeneration is secondary to the axonal lesion. Finally, the concentration of copper in the liver was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and was found to be low (ranging from 2.2 to 10.8 ppm). In conclusion, in the Brazilian semiarid region, Cu deficiency occurs in 21 to 90-day-old pigs that ingested different types of waste in their food.

scholarly journals Glutamine synthetase expression in the brain during experimental acute liver failure (immunohistochemical study)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 342-356
Author(s):  
T. Shulyatnikova ◽  
V. Tumanskiy
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Glutamine Synthetase ◽  
Liver Failure ◽  
Acute Liver Failure ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Immunohistochemical Study ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
The Brain

The aim of the study was to determine the immunohistochemical level of glutamine synthetase (GS) expression in different brain regions in the conditions of experimental acute liver failure in rats. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in Wistar rats: 5 sham (control) animals and 10 rats with acetaminophen induced liver failure model (AILF). The immunohistochemical study of GS expression in the sensorimotor cortex, white matter, hippocampus, thalamus, caudate nucleus/putamen was carried out in the period of 12-24 h after acetaminophen treatment. Results. Beginning from the 6th hour after acetaminophen treatment all AILF-animals showed the progressive increase in clinical signs of acute brain disfunction finished in 6 rats by comatose state up to 24 h - they constituted subgroup AILF-B, “non-survived”. 4 animals survived until the 24 h - subgroup AILF-A, “survived”. In the AILF-B group, starting from 16 to 24 hours after treatment, a significant (relative to control) regionally-specific dynamic increase in the level of GS expression was observed in the brain: in the cortex – by 307.33 %, in the thalamus – by 249.47%, in the hippocampus – by 245.53%, in the subcortical white matter – by 126.08%, from 12th hour – in the caudate nucleus/putamen, by 191.66 %; with the most substantive elevation of GS expression in the cortex: by 4.07 times. Conclusion. Starting from the 16th hours after the acetaminophen treatment (from the 12th h in the caudate nucleus/putamen region) and up to 24 h, it is observed reliable compared to control dynamic increase in GS protein expression in the cortex, white matter, hippocampus, thalamus, caudate nucleus/putamen of the rat brain with the most significant elevation in the cortex among other regions. The heterogeneity in the degree of GS expression rising in different brain regions potentially may indicate regions more permeable for ammonia and/or other systemic toxic factors as well as heterogeneous sensitivity of brain regions to deleterious agents in conditions of AILF. Subsequently, revealed diversity in the GS expression reflects the specificity of reactive response of local astroglia in the condition of AILF-encephalopathy during specific time-period. The dynamic increase in the GS expression associated with impairment of animal state, indicates involvement of increased GS levels in the mechanisms of experimental acute hepatic encephalopathy.

Lens and Anterior Uvea

2022 ◽  
pp. 359-392
Keyword(s):  
Macular Edema ◽  
Anterior Uveitis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Systemic Diseases ◽  
Intravitreal Triamcinolone ◽  
Keratic Precipitates ◽  
Intravitreal Triamcinolone Injection

This chapter illustrates photos of clinical signs seen in uveitis and interesting cases of lens pathologies. Anterior uveitis is the inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body. Anterior uveitis can be idiopathic, isolated, or associated with systemic diseases. The clinical findings observed in anterior uveitis include keratic precipitates, inflammatory cells and flare in anterior chamber, hypopyon, rarely hyphema, miosis, iris nodules and atrophy, synechiae, and band keratopathy in chronic cases (shown in corneal degenerations chapter). The inflammation in anterior uveitis is almost always immune. Treatment includes steroid eye drops, cycloplegic drops, sub-Tenon steroid injections when cystoid macular edema is present. Chronic macular edema can be treated with intravitreal Triamcinolone injection and Dexamethasone implants. In cases of refractory anterior uveitis or associated immune systemic diseases, immunomodulatory treatment or biologic agents are prescribed.

scholarly journals Review of idiopathic eosinophilic meningitis in dogs and cats, with a detailed description of two recent cases in dogs : review and clinical communication

2008 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.H. Williams ◽  
L.S. Koster ◽  
V. Naidoo ◽  
L. Odendaal ◽  
A. Van Veenhuysen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Immunohistochemical Staining ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Central Nervous Tissue ◽  
Eosinophilic Meningoencephalitis

Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis (EME) has been described in various species of animals and in humans. In dogs it has been associated with protozoal infections, cuterebral myiasis and various other aetiologies. Ten cases of idiopathic eosinophilic meningoencephalitis have been reported in dogs and one in a cat where the origin was uncertain or unknown. The dogs were all males, of various breeds but with a predominance of Golden Retrievers and Rottweilers; they generally had a young age of onset. Two cases with no apparent underlying aetiology were diagnosed on post mortem examination. The 18-month-old, male Boerboel presented with sudden onset of cerebellar ataxia, as well as various asymmetrical cranial nerve deficits of 2 weeks' duration and without progression. Haematology revealed a peripheral eosinophilia. Necropsy showed extreme generalised congestion especially of the meninges and blood smear and histological sections of various tissues showed intravascular erythrocyte fragmentation with the formation of microcytes. Histopathology revealed severe diffuse cerebrocortical subarachnoidal meningitis and submeningeal encephalitis, the exudate containing variable numbers of eosinophils together with neutrophils and mononuclear cells. There was also deeper white matter and hippocampal multifocal perivascular mononuclear encephalitis and multifocal periventricular malacia, gliosis and phagocytosis of white matter. The cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord showed only mild multifocal oedema or scattered occasional axon and myelin degeneration respectively, with no inflammation. Immunohistochemical staining of central nervous tissue for Toxoplasma gondii failed to show any antigen in the central nervous tissue. Ultrastructure of a single submeningeal suspected parasitic cyst showed it to be chromatin clumping within a neuron nucleus indicating karyorrhexis. Gram stain provided no evidence of an aetiological agent. The 3-year-old Beagle bitch had a Caesarian section after developing a non-responsive inertia 8 days prior to presentation. This animal's clinical signs included status epilepticus seizures unrelated to hypocalcaemia and warranted induction of a barbiturate coma. She died 4 hours later. Post mortem and histopathological findings in the brain were almost identical to those of the Boerboel and she also showed histological evidence of recent active intravascular haemolysis with microcyte formation. Rabies, distemper and Neospora caninum immunohistochemical stains were negative in the brains of both dogs. Immunohistochemical staining of the cerebral and meningeal exudates of the Beagle for T- and B-lymphocyte (CD3 and CD79a) markers showed a predominance of T-lymphocytes with fewer scattered B lymphocytes. A possible allergic response to amoxicillin / clavulanate is considered, as this appeared to be the only feature common to the recent history of both animals. An overview of EME in humans, dogs and cats is given and the previously published cases of idiopathic EME in dogs and the single published cat case are briefly reviewed.

scholarly journals Ovine Myeloencephalitis-Leukomyelomalacia Associated with a Sarcocystis-Like Protozoan

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donal O'Toole ◽  
Martin Jeffrey ◽  
Derek Challoner ◽  
Roz Maybey ◽  
Valerie Welch
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Recent Exposure ◽  
The North ◽  
Sarcocystis Spp ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Pelvic Limb ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
Glial Nodules

Bilateral pelvic limb paresis developed in 7 of 15 10-month-old Blueface Leicester ram lambs on a mixed enterprise farm in the North of England. Clinical signs were principally mild to severe paresis of the pelvic limbs. Two mildly affected lambs recovered. Multifocal spinal cord white matter edema and necrosis, glial nodules, and mild to moderate nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis were the principal findings in 3 severely paretic lambs examined histologically. Protozoan bodies (12.7–23.0 μm) that stained immunocytochemically for Sarcocystis epitopes were in spinal cord glial cells of 2 of 3 lambs. Protozoa did not react immunocytochemically with anti-Toxoplasma gondii or Neospora canium antisera. Serology indicated there was recent exposure to Sarcocystis spp. in some surviving lambs. These cases resembled those in previous reports of paresis due to an unidentified Sarcocystis-like protozoan in sheep (ovine protozoan myeloencephalitis) in the British Isles, the USA, France, Australia, and New Zealand.

Demyelination in Mice After Two or Three Infections with Avirulent Semliki Forest Virus

1977 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
May Chew-Lim ◽  
A. J. Suckling ◽  
H. E. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Viral Encephalitis ◽  
Semliki Forest Virus ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cerebellar White Matter ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Adult Mice

Adult mice given two or three intraperitoneal inoculations with avirulent Semliki Forest Virus showed typical lesions of a viral encephalitis similar to those caused by a virulent strain of the virus. Demyelination also was seen in the medulla and in the folia of the cerebellar white matter. Neuronophagia was seen only in mice that had had three successive infections. The repeated inoculations of avirulent virus exacerbates the encephalitis of a single inoculation and causes demyelination. The mice did not have neurological clinical signs except for a short-lived weakness of the hind legs. No central nervous system lesions were seen by the 7th and 8th week after the initial infection and all mice recovered.

Granular cell tumour of the larynx

1998 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis V. Victoria ◽  
Henry T. Hoffman ◽  
Robert A. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Granular Cell ◽  
Cell Tumour ◽  
Granular Cell Tumour ◽  
Routine Examination ◽  
Common Region ◽  
Complete Excision ◽  
Neuronal Tissue ◽  
Eosinophilic Cytoplasm ◽  
Abundant Eosinophilic Cytoplasm ◽  
Uncommon Location

AbstractGranular cell tumour (GCT) is a benign tumour with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm filled with granules of varying sizes. These granules are the defining characteristic of the GCT and are believed to represent lysosomes in varying stages of fragmentation. The commonly used term granular cell myoblastoma, found in the older literature, is a misnomer because the tumour is clearly not of muscle origin. Among the major theories of origin, some support the tumour's derivation from neuronal tissue, histiocytes, fibroblast or Schwann cells. In the larynx, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia may predispose to confuse the GCT with squamous cell carcinoma.The most common region of GCT is in the head and neck, accounting for approximately 30 to 50 per cent of all lesions. The larynx is relatively an uncommon location for these tumours, accounting for approximately three to 10 per cent of the reported cases.Affected patients typically present with persistent hoarseness, stridor, haemoptysis, dysphagia, and otalgia, but the tumour may be asymptomatic and be discovered only incidentally during a routine examination.Complete excision with an attempt to maintain normal stuctures generally results in cure.We present the case of a patient with typical features of a GCT of the larynx. The gross appearance, histopathology and brief discussion of the current literature are also presented.

Potential Side Effects of Dendritic Cells Pulsed with Allogenic Melanoma Cell Lysate in Mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
Shin-Young Park ◽  
Woo Hyuck Choi ◽  
Yong Bum Kim ◽  
Chang Su Ha ◽  
Hyunah Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Melanoma Cell ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Test Substance ◽  
Tunica Media ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Pulmonary Arteriole

An attempt has been made to investigate the toxicity of cancer immunotherapy based on the dendritic cells pulsed with lysate of allogenic melanoma cell, DM401. Dendritic cells pulsed with lysate of clone M3 were subcutaneously administered once a week eight times to C57BL/6 mice at 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 × 107 cells/kg. No changes attributable to the administration were observed in clinical signs and food and water consumption. The administration induced slight increases in body weights, white blood cells, total protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipids, and absolute spleen weights, but a slight decrease in albumin/globulin ratio. Microscopic examinations revealed the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lung, mainly in the pulmonary arteriole, in which the tunica media thickened, and in the pulmonary alveoli and alveolar space. Thickened tunica media of pulmonary arteriole was observed in both males and females at all selected doses. In addition, the subcutis at the test substance-application site showed inflammation and fibrosis. In conclusion, lung is a target organ of DM401, and most of the changes including the findings in lung are considered as the immunomodulatory functions of dendritic cells.

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