scholarly journals Review of Histological Grading Systems in Veterinary Medicine

2021 ◽  
pp. 030098582199983
Author(s):  
Giancarlo Avallone ◽  
Roberta Rasotto ◽  
James K. Chambers ◽  
Andrew D. Miller ◽  
Erica Behling-Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Validation Studies ◽  
Prognostic Impact ◽  
Tumor Grading ◽  
Mast Cell Tumor ◽  
Grading Systems ◽  
Veterinary Pathology ◽  
Tumor Types ◽  
Carcinoma Renal Cell ◽  
Prognostic Power

Tumor grading is a method to quantify the putative clinical aggressiveness of a neoplasm based on specific histological features. A good grading system should be simple, easy to use, reproducible, and accurately segregate tumors into those with low versus high risk. The aim of this review is to summarize the histological and, when available, cytological grading systems applied in veterinary pathology, providing information regarding their prognostic impact, reproducibility, usefulness, and shortcomings. Most of the grading schemes used in veterinary medicine are developed for common tumor entities. Grading systems exist for soft tissue sarcoma, osteosarcoma, multilobular tumor of bone, mast cell tumor, lymphoma, mammary carcinoma, pulmonary carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, prostatic carcinoma, and central nervous system tumors. The prognostic relevance of many grading schemes has been demonstrated, but for some tumor types the usefulness of grading remains controversial. Furthermore, validation studies are available only for a minority of the grading systems. Contrasting data on the prognostic power of some grading systems, lack of detailed instructions in the materials and methods in some studies, and lack of data on reproducibility and validation studies are discussed for the relevant grading systems. Awareness of the limitations of grading is necessary for pathologists and oncologists to use these systems appropriately and to drive initiatives for their improvement.

scholarly journals Canine Bite-Mark Evidence in Veterinary Necropsy: Case Studies Featuring the Bite-Mark Examination

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Adrian Florin GAL ◽  
Roxana CORA ◽  
Flaviu TᾸBᾸRAN ◽  
Andras NAGY ◽  
Cornel CǍTOI
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Veterinary Science ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Cutaneous Wounds ◽  
Bite Marks ◽  
Bite Mark ◽  
Veterinary Pathology ◽  
Tissue Rupture ◽  
Bite Wounds

Forensic veterinary medicine tends to gain increasing importance in veterinary pathology, the number of such cases being still limited. The paper describes cases with multiple cutaneous wounds, with emphasis on bite-mark analysis. The material was represented by corpses (deer and dogs) brought by local authorities to Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca (Romania), along with preliminary reports issued by the competent organs. A complete medicolegal survey was done. The cases analyzed by us displayed numerous usually symmetrical (opposed) wounds, with angular margins and elongated aspect (somehow specific to bite wounds). All cases assessed presented laceration of the skin from the subcutaneous tissue, rupture of muscle and (in some cases) perforation of internal organs. The features of the bite-marks described were typical for carnivores. Depending on the species involved, the topography of lesions varied. In deer, the ventrolateral area of the neck and the lumbar/dorsal region were more commonly affected. The distribution suggests the hunting instinct of carnivores by trying to induce suffocation of the prey. In the analyzed dog corpses, the most affected areas were the auricular, limbs, sternal region, abdominal region. Investigation of bite-marks is an evolving field of forensic veterinary science and remains a provocation for veterinary pathologists.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Hemostatic Parameters in Tumor-Bearing Dogs

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Denner Santos Dos Anjos ◽  
Juliana Santilli ◽  
Aline Fernandes Vital ◽  
Jéssica Rodrigues De Oliveira ◽  
Márcia Ferreira da Rosa Sobreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Mammary Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Tumor ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tumor Bearing ◽  
Mast Cell Tumor ◽  
Tumor Group ◽  
Multicentric Lymphoma

Background: Hemostatic alterations are commonly detected in canine cancer patients. However, few studies have described hemostatic dysfunction in dogs with different tumor subtypes. In Veterinary Medicine, the state of hypercoagulability is hardly diagnosed alive, since laboratory exams for evaluate hemostatic function are not always requested. Due to importance of homeostatic disorders in cancer patients, this study aimed to evaluate hemostatic alterations such as platelet count, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT) and fibrinogen in tumor-bearing dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: From the 55 dogs evaluated, 30 had mammary carcinoma, 6 visceral hemangiosarcoma, 9 high-grade cutaneous mast cell tumor and 10 multicentric lymphoma. The results were compared to a control group composed by 10 Beagle dogs. Thrombocytosis was observed in 26.6% (8/30) of mammary carcinoma group and thrombocytopenia in 10% (3/30). The patients with hemangiosarcoma and mast cell tumor did not reveal thrombocytosis, however, thrombocytopenia was present in 16.6% (1/6) and 33% (3/9), respectively. Three dogs with multicentric lymphoma showed thrombocytopenia and other three showed thrombocytosis. From patients with thrombocytosis, one was classified as severe thrombocytosis (1077 x 10³/µL). Therefore, there were no statistically significant associations between neoplasia group with control group (P > 0.05). Regarding the aPTT and PT evaluation, mammary carcinoma (P = 0.0005), hemangiosarcoma (P = 0.033) and mast cell tumor (P = 0.012) patients showed statistical difference for aPTT, while the evaluation for PT was not significant (P > 0.05). We grouped all patients as a “tumor group” and compared to the control group. It was possible to observe increased aPTT and PT in 89% (49/55) and 50.90% (28/55) respectively, in tumor group compared to normal. A total of 47.27% (n = 26) of the patients with tumors presented increased aPTT and PT concomitantly. In the present study, 14.54% of the patients presented elevated levels of fibrinogen associated with increased aPTT. However, only the mast cell tumor group was statistically significant (P = 0.043).Discussion: Hemostatic alterations can be found in dogs with cancer and when these alterations occurs, can be directly associated with tumoral non-invasive actions called as paraneoplastic syndrome. However, the hemostatic paraneoplastic syndrome is poorly reported in veterinary medicine, with limited number of papers describing this condition. Our results indicated that the presence of thrombocytosis in patients with tumors could be related with the production of granulocytemacrophage colony stimulating factors (GM-CSF) and IL-6 by tumor cells. A total of 26 patients with tumors presented increased aPTT and PT concomitantly, confirming that hemostatic dysfunction is a common alteration in dogs with neoplasia. However, despite alterations in coagulation parameters, there were no clinical manifestations of bleeding such as petechial or bruising in these patients. The increased fibrinogen and aPTT can be caused by a systemic inflammatory reaction mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by tumors cells. Based on that, 14.54% of the animals presented elevated levels of fibrinogen associated with elevated aPTT suggesting that these patients are associated with systemic inflammation and tumor progression. This study suggested that bearing-tumors patients shows important hemostatic dysfunctions, elucidating the clinical importance of these results in veterinary medicine.

scholarly journals Canine cutaneous neoplasms in the metropolitan region of Goiânia, Goiás state, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 614-620
Author(s):  
Igor R. Santos ◽  
Ana C.M.P. Lima ◽  
Hugo H. Ferreira ◽  
Brunna R. Rezende ◽  
Anderson R. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Skin Neoplasms ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Biological Behavior ◽  
Pathology Laboratory ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
Mast Cell Tumor ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Veterinary Pathology ◽  
Purebred Dogs

ABSTRACT: The present study aimed to describe the occurrence and epidemiological features of skin neoplasms diagnosed in dogs in the metropolitan region of Goiânia, Goiás state, Brazil. Diagnoses from dog biopsies from 2011 to 2016 provided by a private veterinary pathology laboratory were analyzed. The main diagnoses were mast cell tumor, hemangiosarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and hemangioma. Highest frequency of neoplasms was found in female dogs, dogs aged >8 years, and purebred dogs, particularly the American Pit Bull Terriers and the Poodles. Most common sites affected by the neoplasms were the limb and the head. Using multiple correspondence analysis, groups of neoplasms were found to be associated with different epidemiological features and the size of the neoplasms was associated with the biological behavior. The results of this study described predispositions and verified the importance of different types of skin neoplasms in dogs in the region being studied.

scholarly journals Diagnostic and prognostic impact of cytokeratin 18 expression in human tumors: a tissue microarray study on 11,952 tumors

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Menz ◽  
Timo Weitbrecht ◽  
Natalia Gorbokon ◽  
Franziska Büscheck ◽  
Andreas M. Luebke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Microarray ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Renal Cell ◽  
Precursor Cells ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinomas ◽  
Type I ◽  
Prognostic Impact ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Cytokeratin 18 ◽  
Tumor Types

Abstract Background Cytokeratin 18 (CK18) is an intermediate filament protein of the cytokeratin acidic type I group and is primarily expressed in single-layered or “simple” epithelial tissues and carcinomas of different origin. Methods To systematically determine CK18 expression in normal and cancerous tissues, 11,952 tumor samples from 115 different tumor types and subtypes (including carcinomas, mesenchymal and biphasic tumors) as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray format. Results CK18 was expressed in normal epithelial cells of most organs but absent in normal squamous epithelium. At least an occasional weak CK18 positivity was seen in 90 of 115 (78.3%) tumor types. Wide-spread CK18 positivity was seen in 37 (31.9%) of tumor entities, including adenocarcinomas of the lung, prostate, colon and pancreas as well as ovarian cancer. Tumor categories with variable CK18 immunostaining included cancer types arising from CK18 positive precursor cells but show CK18 downregulation in a fraction of cases, tumor types arising from CK18 negative precursor cells occasionally exhibiting CK18 neo-expression, tumors derived from normal tissues with variable CK18 expression, and tumors with a mixed differentiation. CK18 downregulation was for example seen in renal cell cancers and breast cancers, whereas CK18 neo-expression was found in squamous cell carcinomas of various origins. Down-regulation of CK18 in invasive breast carcinomas of no special type and clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC) was related to adverse tumor features in both tumors (p ≤ 0.0001) and poor patient prognosis in ccRCC (p = 0.0088). Up-regulation of CK18 in squamous cell carcinomas was linked to high grade and lymph node metastasis (p < 0.05). In summary, CK18 is consistently expressed in various epithelial cancers, especially adenocarcinomas. Conclusions Down-regulation or loss of CK18 expression in cancers arising from CK18 positive tissues as well as CK18 neo-expression in cancers originating from CK18 negative tissues is linked to cancer progression and may reflect tumor dedifferentiation.

Prognosis and Reproducibility of New and Existing Binary Grading Systems for Endometrial Carcinoma Compared to FIGO Grading in Hysterectomy Specimens

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 654-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Guan ◽  
Assaad Semaan ◽  
Sudeshna Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Haitham Arabi ◽  
Jining Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Grading System ◽  
Gynecology And Obstetrics ◽  
Grading Systems ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Endometrial Carcinomas ◽  
Prognostic Power

Background:The current International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) grade in endometrial carcinomas requires the evaluation of histologic features with proven prognostic value but with questionable reproducibility. This study tests the prognostic power and reproducibility of a new binary grading system.Study Design:Specimens from 254 hysterectomies were graded according to the new 3- and 2-tiered FIGO grading systems described by Alkushi et al. The selected morphologic parameters for the new grading system included the presence of predominant solid or papillary architecture pattern, severe nuclear atypia, tumor necrosis, and vascular invasion. The Cox proportional hazards and κ statistics were used for comparisons.Results:On multivariate analysis, and looking at all tumor cell types, the 4 tested grading systems were independent predictors of survival, with the 3-tiered FIGO grading system being the most predictive (P = 0.005). In the subset of endometrioid tumors, the 3- and 2-tiered FIGO grading systems and the new grading system retained their statistical significance as predictors of survival (P = 0.004, P = 0.03, and P = 0.007, respectively), whereas the grading system of Alkushi et al did not (P = 0.1). In nonendometrioid tumors, the new grading system proved to be the best predictor of survival, reaching near statistical significance (P = 0.06). The new grading system had acceptable intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility assessment (κ = 0.87 and κ = 0.45, respectively).Conclusion:The 3-tiered FIGO grading system retained its superior prognostic power. However, available binary grading systems remain an attractive option by being highly reproducible and by eliminating the clinical ambiguity of intermediate grades of disease.

scholarly journals The Prognostic Value of CD206 in Solid Malignancies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3422
Author(s):  
Jens M. Debacker ◽  
Odrade Gondry ◽  
Tony Lahoutte ◽  
Marleen Keyaerts ◽  
Wouter Huvenne
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Prognostic Value ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Prognostic Impact ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Tumor Types

An increased presence of CD206-expressing tumor associated macrophages in solid cancers was proposed to be associated with worse outcomes in multiple types of malignancies, but contradictory results are published. We performed a reproducible systematic review and meta-analysis to provide increased evidence to confirm or reject this hypothesis following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement. The Embase, Web of Science, and MEDLINE-databases were systematically searched for eligible manuscripts. A total of 27 papers studying the prognostic impact of CD206 in 14 different tumor types were identified. Meta-analyses showed a significant impact on the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). While no significant differences were revealed in progression-free survival (PFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS), a shift towards negative survival was correlated with increased CD206-expresion. As a result of the different tumor types, large heterogeneity was present between the different tumor types. Subgroup analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma and gastric cancers revealed no heterogeneity, associated with a significant negative impact on OS in both groups. The current systematic review displays the increased presence CD206-expressing macrophages as a significant negative prognostic biomarker for both OS and DFS in patients diagnosed with solid cancers. Because a heterogenous group of tumor types was included in the meta-analysis, the results cannot be generalized. These results can, however, be used to further lead follow-up research to validate the specific prognostic value of CD206 in individual tumor types and therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals Cytologic Criteria for Mast Cell Tumor Grading in Dogs With Evaluation of Clinical Outcome

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1117-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Camus ◽  
H. L. Priest ◽  
J. W. Koehler ◽  
E. A. Driskell ◽  
P. M. Rakich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Cell Tumor ◽  
Tumor Grading ◽  
Mast Cell Tumor

Prognostic role of standard uptake value according to pathologic features of lung adenocarcinoma

2021 ◽  
pp. 030089162110185
Author(s):  
Pietro Bertoglio ◽  
Luigi Ventura ◽  
Vittorio Aprile ◽  
Maria Angela Cattoni ◽  
Dania Nachira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Standard Uptake Value ◽  
Prognostic Impact ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Prognostic Effect ◽  
Pathologic Features ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Prognostic Power

Objective: To evaluate the influence of lung adenocarcinoma second predominant pattern on the maximal standard uptake value (SUVmax) and its prognostic effect in different histologic groups. Methods: We retrospectively collected surgically resected pathologic stage I and II lung adenocarcinoma from nine European institutions. Only patients who underwent preoperative PET-CT and with available information regarding SUVmax of T (SUVmaxT) and N1 (SUVmaxN1) component were included. Results: We enrolled 344 patients with lung adenocarcinoma. SUVmaxT did not show any significant relation according to the second predominant pattern ( p = 0.139); this relationship remained nonsignificant in patients with similar predominant pattern. SUVmaxT influenced the disease-free survival in the whole cohort ( p = 0.002) and in low- and intermediate-grade predominant pattern groups ( p = 0.040 and p = 0.008, respectively). In the high-grade predominant pattern cohort and in the pathologic N1 cases, SUVmaxT lost its prognostic power. SUVmaxN1 did not show any significant correlation with predominant and second predominant patterns and did not have any prognostic impact on DFS. Conclusions: SUVmaxT is influenced only by the adenocarcinoma predominant pattern, but not by second predominant pattern. Concurrently, in high-grade predominant pattern and pN1 group the prognostic power of SUVmaxT becomes nonsignificant.

Virchow's Contributions to Veterinary Medicine: Celebrated Then, Forgotten Now

2000 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Z. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Veterinary Education ◽  
Contagious Diseases ◽  
Veterinary Research ◽  
Veterinary Pathology ◽  
Veterinary Pathologist ◽  
Cellular Pathology ◽  
Shed Light

In 1858, Rudolf Virchow, the professor of pathology in Berlin University, published the book “Cellular Pathology”. A compendium of his lectures to physicians and medical students, he introduced the use of microscopy for the study of human diseases. To an astonishing extent Rudolf Virchow was helpful to the disciplines of veterinary medicine (and veterinary pathology). Considered a scientific genius in several disciplines, this essay deals exclusively with the devotion of Virchow, a scholarly physician, to the profession of veterinary medicine. He respected veterinary research, supported governmental veterinary education, and provided a role model for the veterinarians who were drafting control legislation of contagious diseases in livestock. Repeatedly, he responded in help when seemingly irretrievable problems arose. Examples of Virchow's activities in the realms of veterinary medicine and pathology are marshalled here to shed light on this pioneer “veterinary pathologist”. In celebration of 50 years of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists in 1999, it is timely to remember that Rudolf Virchow, the father of cellular pathology, also fathered veterinary pathology, whose offsprings in Canada and the U.S.A. (Osler, Clement, Williams, Olafson, Jones 26 ) had enabled them to form and foster the A.C. V.P.

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