scholarly journals The financialization of remittances and the individualization of development: A new power geometry of global development

2021 ◽  
pp. 0308518X2110380
Author(s):  
Hannes Warnecke-Berger
Keyword(s):  
Moral Economy ◽  
Global South ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Global North ◽  
Remittance Flows ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Power Geometry

The article argues that the increasing financialization of remittances produces an enormous shift in the political economy of development and contributes to a new power geometry of development. Exploring this power geometry, the article focuses on three main issues: First, migrants intend to support their friends and families on an individual level as remittance senders, and together with the corresponding recipients they form a translocal moral economy. On a macro level, the value of these transactions is high when currency hierarchies remain strong. Financialization of remittances amplifies this micro–macro divergence inherent to remittance flows. Deepening the financial “development” impact of remittances then goes hand in hand with cementing global inequality. Second, economic and political elites in remittance-receiving societies who are able to organize direct and indirect access to remittances with the help of financial instruments and through financialization are able to emancipate from national political control. This indirectly contributes to fostering elite rule in remittance-receiving societies. Third and finally, development is no longer a “national” objective but has become the individual risk of migrants and their relatives and friends. Financialization of remittances therefore consolidates an individualized notion of development. This paper aims to go beyond the narrow economistic and problem-solving approach on which many studies on remittances and financial inclusion draw. It illustrates how financialization of remittances (re)shapes power relations both within the Global South and between the Global South and the Global North.

scholarly journals Publication outperformance among global South researchers: An analysis of individual-level and publication-level predictors of positive deviance

2021 ◽  
Vol 126 (10) ◽  
pp. 8375-8431
Author(s):  
Basma Albanna ◽  
Julia Handl ◽  
Richard Heeks
Keyword(s):  
Research Performance ◽  
Global South ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Research Collaborations ◽  
Global North ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Citation Metrics ◽  
Number Of Authors

AbstractResearch and development are central to economic growth, and a key challenge for countries of the global South is that their research performance lags behind that of the global North. Yet, among Southern researchers, a few significantly outperform their peers and can be styled research “positive deviants” (PDs). In this paper we ask: who are those PDs, what are their characteristics and how are they able to overcome some of the challenges facing researchers in the global South? We examined a sample of 203 information systems researchers in Egypt who were classified into PDs and non-PDs (NPDs) through an analysis of their publication and citation data. Based on six citation metrics, we were able to identify and group 26 PDs. We then analysed their attributes, attitudes, practices, and publications using a mixed-methods approach involving interviews, a survey and analysis of publication-related datasets. Two predictive models were developed using partial least squares regression; the first predicted if a researcher is a PD or not using individual-level predictors and the second predicted if a paper is a paper of a PD or not using publication-level predictors. PDs represented 13% of the researchers but produced about half of all publications, and had almost double the citations of the overall NPD group. At the individual level, there were significant differences between both groups with regard to research collaborations, capacity development, and research directions. At the publication level, there were differences relating to the topics pursued, publication outlets targeted, and paper features such as length of abstract and number of authors.

scholarly journals Almost at Home in South Sudan: International Christian Humanitarians and the Theopolitics of Recognition

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-164
Author(s):  
Amy Kaler ◽  
John Parkins ◽  
Robin Willey
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
South Sudan ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aid Workers ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Humanitarian Aid Workers ◽  
The People ◽  
Global North ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relations Of Power

In this study, we examine the experience of international Christian humanitarian aid workers and who work in South Sudan. From interviews with thirty people in east Africa and north America, we derive a relationship between Christianity as our participants understand it, and their modalities of encountering “the other” – the people of South Sudan, who may seem different and unfamiliar, yet who must be met as part of religiously motivated life and work. In terrain of South Sudan, we argue that our participants enact a theopolitics of recognition, in which their emotional and practical connections to the people they serve are triangulated through God. This theopolitics operates almost entirely at the individual level, as personal encounters and work are mediated by the assumption of a shared relationship to God. The people of South Sudan are recognized as both familiar and strange, because they share a posited connection to the divine with humanitarians from the global north. We argue that this recognition is different from other ways of encountering the other found in literature ranging from feminist theory to international development. This study thus adds to scholarly knowledge of faith-based organizations and global humanitarianism. We also argue that while the theopolitical modality makes possible certain kinds of ethical action, it may close off other forms of action based in broader political critiques of global relations of power.

What Does the Concept of Ambidexterity Mean in the Current Military Planning Process and Organization Construction?

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Aki-Mauri Huhtinen
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Security ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Organizational Adaptation ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Military Organizations ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Organization Construction

How do organizations survive in the face of change? This is a key question for Western military organizations after the Iraq War and its consequences. All human crises are manmade because of we are human beings. The spreading of individual risk also increases systemic risk. The root cause of the problem is what has been termed “rational irrationality” – behavior that, on the individual level, is perfectly reasonable but that, when aggregated in a complex system, produces calamity (Alpaslan & Mitroff, 2010, xvii). From the perspective of organizational adaptation and learning, March (1991) argues that a significant number of competencies needs to be learnt and unlearnt during each and every process of change. According to Birkinshaw and Gibson (2011, 2004), in many sports, ambidexterity is a competitive advantage. Footballers are encouraged to use both left and right foot; left-handed batsmen have a slight advantage against right handed bowlers; the southpaw boxer presents a rarely encountered challenge to a boxer with an orthodox stance; some ambidextrous tennis players even use both hands, separately, to play strokes during a rally. And while some individuals are naturally two-handed or two-footed, many work hard to gain an advantage by practising until they master ambidexterity. The challenge for public security and safety organizations is that with terrorism and changes brought on by cyber-security they are faced with their greatest challenge since the end of World War Two. Not only are the structures and operating procedures undergoing change but also attitudes and values are pressed on by a changing society. Rational black and white thinking no longer functions when immigrants, various ethnic backgrounds, social media and the operating mechanisms and values of market economy force their way into the training grounds of military bases and battlefields. This article examines the usefulness of the concept of ambidexterity as part of the Comprehensive Approach planning and decision-making process adopted by Western military organizations.

In the grip of politics? How political journalists in France and Germany perceive political influence on their work

Journalism ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1242-1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Maurer
Keyword(s):  
Political Influence ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Political Views ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Political Sources ◽  
Political Journalists ◽  
Media Systems ◽  
The Individual

The purpose of this study was to find out whether countries with different media systems differed when exercising political influence (1) on political coverage and (2) in the exchanges of journalists and sources. France and Germany are suitable objects of comparison because Hallin and Mancini (2004) and others argued that French journalism showed higher levels of political parallelism. Hence, we should expect to find more influence in the French context. However, Hallin and Mancini did not focus on the rules shaping exchanges at the individual level. Taking this as our starting point, we compared high-ranking political journalists’ ( N = 284) perspectives on their interaction with political elites presenting them two statements measuring political influence. Our results suggest that French journalists perceived greater political influence on news content than did German journalists. In contrast, journalists working in France perceived that their political views had less influence on access to information than did their German counterparts. These results are in line with institutional and cultural differences between the countries’ politics-media contexts and suggest that political parallelism at the individual level plays a stronger role in the interactions of political journalists and political sources in Germany.

scholarly journals How host heterogeneity governs tuberculosis reinfection?

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1737) ◽  
pp. 2473-2478 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gabriela M. Gomes ◽  
Ricardo Águas ◽  
João S. Lopes ◽  
Marta C. Nunes ◽  
Carlota Rebelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Differential Host ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Epidemiology Studies

Recurrent episodes of tuberculosis (TB) can be due to relapse of latent infection or exogenous reinfection, and discrimination is crucial for control planning. Molecular genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates offers concrete opportunities to measure the relative contribution of reinfection in recurrent disease. Here, a mathematical model of TB transmission is fitted to data from 14 molecular epidemiology studies, enabling the estimation of relevant epidemiological parameters. Meta-analysis reveals that rates of reinfection after successful treatment are higher than rates of new TB, raising an important question about the underlying mechanism. We formulate two alternative mechanisms within our model framework: (i) infection increases susceptibility to reinfection or (ii) infection affects individuals differentially, thereby recruiting high-risk individuals to the group at risk for reinfection. The second mechanism is better supported by the fittings to the data, suggesting that reinfection rates are inflated through a population phenomenon that occurs in the presence of heterogeneity in individual risk of infection. As a result, rates of reinfection are higher when measured at the population level even though they might be lower at the individual level. Finally, differential host recruitment is modulated by transmission intensity, being less pronounced when incidence is high.

scholarly journals Neighbourhood variation in incidence of schizophrenia

2000 ◽  
Vol 176 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Van Os ◽  
Ger Driessen ◽  
Nicole Gunther ◽  
Philippe Delespaul
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Neighbourhood Environment ◽  
Case Register ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Single Person ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
The Individual

BackgroundNeighbourhood characteristics may influence the risk of psychosis, independently of their individual-level equivalents.AimsTo examine these issues in a multi-level model of schizophrenia incidence.MethodCases of schizophrenia, incident between 1986 and 1997, were identified from the Maastricht Mental Health Case Register. A multi-level analysis was conducted to examine the independent effects of individual-level and neighbourhood-level variables in 35 neighbourhoods.ResultsIndependent of individual-level single and divorced marital status, an effect of the proportion of single persons and proportion of divorced persons in a neighbourhood was apparent (per 1% increase respectively: RR=1.02; 95% CI 1.00–1.03; and RR=1.12, 95% CI 1.04–1.2.1). Single marital status interacted with the neighbourhood proportion of single persons, the effect being stronger in neighbourhoods with fewer single-person households.ConclusionsThe neighbourhood environment modifies the individual risk for schizophrenia. Premorbid vulnerability resulting in single marital status may be more likely to progress to overt disease in an environment with a higher perceived level of social isolation.

scholarly journals Precision of actuarial risk assessment instruments

2007 ◽  
Vol 190 (S49) ◽  
pp. s60-s65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Hart ◽  
Christine Michie ◽  
David J. Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Assessment Instruments ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Risk Estimates ◽  
Extreme Risk ◽  
Actuarial Risk Assessment ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
Actuarial Risk ◽  
The Individual

BackgroundActuarial risk assessment instruments (ARAIs) estimate the probability that individuals will engage in future violence.AimsTo evaluate the ‘margins of error’ at the group and individual level for risk estimates made using ARAIs.MethodAn established statistical method was used to construct 95% CI for group and individual risk estimates made using two popular ARAIs.ResultsThe 95% CI were large for risk estimates at the group level; at the individual level, they were so high as to render risk estimates virtually meaningless.ConclusionsThe ARAIs cannot be used to estimate an individual's risk for future violence with any reasonable degree of certainty and should be used with great caution or not at all. In theory, reasonably precise group estimates could be made using ARAIs if developers used very large construction samples and if the tests included few score categories with extreme risk estimates.

Patterns of Neuroticism, Work-Family Stress, and Resources as Determinants of Personal Distress

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus A. Schneewind ◽  
Melanie Kupsch
Keyword(s):  
Risk Groups ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Personal Distress ◽  
Discordant Couple ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Work Family ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Risk Pattern

Abstract. Based on a sample of 632 German-speaking dual-earner couples from three European countries (Austria, Germany, and Switzerland) with at least one child aged 1 to 5 years, three different clusters representing specific risk patterns of low vs. high levels in (1) personality (neuroticism), (2) work- and family-related stress, and (3) personal and social resources were identified and related to the level of personal distress expressed by the corresponding female and male risk groups. At the individual level, the results showed marked differences in personal distress depending on which risk pattern the persons belong to. Moreover, compensatory effects that reduce the impact of high neuroticism on personal distress were found. Gender differences in personal distress were significant, albeit relatively small, for all three risk groups. At the couple level, when analyzing different within-couple constellations of risk patterns showed that concordant within-couple risk patterns corroborate both partners' gender-specific levels of personal distress whereas in discordant-couple constellations, with one partner belonging to a high and the other to a low individual risk pattern, no buffering partner-effects were found. Differential intervention strategies for reducing the level of personal distress are suggested.

Pharmacovigilance

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-129
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Drug Events ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Safety Event ◽  
Additional Level ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Specific Reactions ◽  
Event Rates

This chapter describes how pharmacovigilance systems detect safety signals from the use of medicines that are on the market. Drug safety litigation has driven turning points in regulation and provides an additional level of public health protection from the potential harm of medicines. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines pharmacovigilance as the science and activities relating to the detection, evaluation, understanding, and prevention of adverse drug reactions (ADR), or any other drug related health problems. This important definition refers to reactions, where causality is proven or assumed, rather than event rates, where causality can only be inferred for a population and not for an individual. Risk–benefit analysis at the population level mostly refers to differences in efficacy and safety event rates. At the individual level, it is possible to look at person-specific reactions. Overall risk–benefit based on reported ADRs can differ from one based on adverse drug events (ADEs).

scholarly journals Group identity, ideology or recognition? Lawmakers’ support for gender quotas in Latin America

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-120
Author(s):  
Asbel Bohigues ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Group Identity ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Gender Quotas ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Gender Quota

The adoption and improvement of gender quota laws depend on political elites, but which lawmakers believe quotas are necessary? To answer this question, we use data from surveys of the elites in 13 Latin American parliaments. The findings are unexpected, both at national and party levels: the strength of already-existing quotas does not perfectly correlate with support for quotas, and the attitudes of political parties on the matter are not consistent. At the individual level, three pro-quota groups are identified: women, the left, and those who recognise the problem of gender inequality. When comparing the significance of these three groups, it is observed that women lawmakers will always be more supportive than men, regardless of ideology and the degree of recognition of the problem.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document