Application Tool for Two-Variable Cost Allocation for Small Urban, Rural, and Tribal Transit Agencies

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-418
Author(s):  
Todd Hansen ◽  
Michael Walk ◽  
Shuman Tan
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Cost Allocation ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Agency Cost ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Service Information ◽  
Transit Agencies

The paper presents the development and methodology of application tools for use in transit agency cost allocation. Researchers worked with the National Rural Transit Assistance Program to develop the Two-Variable Cost Allocation Calculator applications as a resource for small transit agencies. Reports and guidance on cost allocation were reviewed to identify key considerations for application design, was also informed by previous experience with transit agencies for examples of cost and data considerations with respect to agency size, travel mode, and type of service. The applications use a two-variable methodology of vehicle hours and miles to allocate variable costs for each service, then allocate fixed costs according to the proportions of variable costs. The applications also provide a process to sub-allocate costs for shared-ride demand responsive services using passenger hours and miles data. A common set of data requirements needed to run the applications into groups of service, financial, and operational data was developed. The applications use standard definitions of data elements from the National Transit Database and Federal Transit Administration to streamline the data needed in the application with existing reporting requirements. The applications are designed for ease of use by small transit agencies with limited staff and different levels of training in data collection or financial management. The applications allow small transit agencies to specify aspects of service information to be used in cost allocation while relying on the applications to sort expenses into appropriate cost function categories, calculate costs by service type, and generate summary reports and performance metrics.

On-Demand Public Transit: A Markovian Continuous Approximation Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F. Silva ◽  
Alexander Vinel ◽  
Bekircan Kirkici
Keyword(s):  
System Performance ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Continuous Approximation ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Fleet Sizing ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Single Vehicle ◽  
Transit Agencies ◽  
Using Data

With recent advances in mobile technology, public transit agencies around the world have started actively experimenting with new transportation modes, many of which can be characterized as on-demand public transit. Design and efficient operation of such systems can be particularly challenging, because they often need to carefully balance demand volume with resource availability. We propose a family of models for on-demand public transit that combine a continuous approximation methodology with a Markov process. Our goal is to develop a tractable method to evaluate and predict system performance, specifically focusing on obtaining the probability distribution of performance metrics. This information can then be used in capital planning, such as fleet sizing, contracting, and driver scheduling, among other things. We present the analytical solution for a stylized single-vehicle model of first-mile operation. Then, we describe several extensions to the base model, including two approaches for the multivehicle case. We use computational experiments to illustrate the effects of the inputs on the performance metrics and to compare different modes of transit. Finally, we include a case study, using data collected from a real-world pilot on-demand public transit project in a major U.S. metropolitan area, to showcase how the proposed model can be used to predict system performance and support decision making.

B. ANALISA KELAYAKAN BISNIS PADA UMKM (Study Kasus Pada Usaha Tempe Murni Ita)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Agus Jonikar Ndraha ◽  
Avan Joko Prasetyawan ◽  
Ida Kurnia Wati ◽  
Ilmia Cahyasari ◽  
Nafa Alya Shintya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Costs ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Business Analysis ◽  
Gross Income

Abstrak Tahun demi tahun, persaingan bisnis tempe di wilayah Surabaya kian ketat. Oleh karena itu diperlukan sebuah studi untuk mengkaji kelayakan bisnis tersebut. Tujuan dari makalah ini adalah Sebagai acuan untuk mengetahui semua biaya produksi, pendapatan kotor dan pendapatan bersih usaha tempe serta kelayakan usaha tempe di Surabaya. Penelitian dilaksanakan di daerah Sukomanunggal dengan menggunakan metode surve. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: Rata-rata biaya total sebesar Rp 2.144.590 yang dihasilkan dari penjumlahan biaya tetap rata-rata sebesar Rp 160.590 dengan biaya variabel rata-rata sebesar Rp 1.984.000. Laba bersih rata-rata sekitar Rp 955.410 dari pendapatan rata-rata sebesar Rp 3.100.000 dikurangi dengan semua pengeluaran Rp 2.144.590. Analisis kewajaran usaha adalah dengan menyusun pendapatan dan pengeluaran secara keseluruhan. Rata-rata semua pendapatan Rp 3.100.000 dan semua pengeluaran rata-rata sebesar Rp 2.144.590. Dengan rasio 1,45 usaha tempe murni ITA layak untuk dijalankan.  Kata Kunci : Biaya produksi, Pendapatan kotor, Pendapatan bersih, Kelayakan usaha   Abstract From year to year, Tempe business competition in the Surabaya area is getting tougher. Therefore a study is needed to study the feasibility of the business. The purpose of this paper is as a reference to find out all the production costs, gross income, and net income of tempe businesses and the feasibility of tempe businesses in Surabaya. The study was carried out in the Sukomanunggal area using a survey method. The results showed that: The average total cost of Rp 2,144,590 resulted from the sum of the average fixed costs of Rp 160,590 with an average variable cost of Rp 1,984,000. Net profit averaged around Rp. 955,410 from an average income of Rp. 3,100,000 minus all expenses of Rp. 2,144,590. The reasonableness of business analysis is to compile overall income and expenditure. The average income of all Rp 3,100,000 and all expenses averaged Rp 2,144,590. With a ratio of 1.45, pure ITA tempe business is feasible to run.  Keywords : Production costs, Gross income, Net income, Business feasibility

scholarly journals Comparative Profitability and Impact of BINA Developed Aman Mutant Rice Binadhan-7 with Non-Mutant Variety in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-25
Author(s):  
M. H. Rahman ◽  
R. Sultana ◽  
M. M. A. Sarkar ◽  
S. Islam ◽  
M. A. K. Azad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Proper Time ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
High Price ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Cost Of Production

This papar examined the cost and revenue as well as impact of mutant rice on fourteen region of Bangladesh namely Mymensingh, Jashore, Cumilla, Bogura, Rajshahi, Sylhet, Dinajpur, Rangpur, Dhaka, Khulna, Chattagram, Rangamati, Barishal and Faridpur. A total of 560 farmers were randomly selected to fulfill the objectives where 280 farmers were mutant growers and 280 were non- mutant growers. A pre-designed interview schedule was used to collect the necessary data. Descriptive statistics, profit function and livelihood assets were used to analyzed the collected data. The study revealed that total variable cost of rice cultivation was BDT.40589 and BDT.43927 per hectare for mutant and non mutant, respectively which was around 71 percent of total cost of production. On an average, the total cost of production was BDT.59584 per hectare, where 29 percent was fixed costs and 71 percent was variable cost. For Binadhan-7 cultivation per hectare average net return was found highest in Dinajpur region i.e. BDT.70919 and the lowest in Jashore region i.e. BDT.33703. BCR on total cost basis was found 1.90 which was the highest in Sylhet 2.56 and the lowest 1.51 in Jashore region for Binadhan-7 production. In case of non-growers BCR on total cost basis was found 1.43 which was lower than Binadhan-7 production in the study areas indicating Binadhan-7 growers earn much than the non growers. The asset pentagon approach showed that there is a noteworthy increases in capitals of sampled farm households and the highest for financial capital that was 20.05 percent and the lowest was for natural capital i. e., 5.38 percent. Among the list of preferences, the highest was 88.93 percent for short duration and it was ranked I, the lowest was high yielding i.e. 81.43 percent which was ranked as V. Among the constraints, the highest constraint reported by the farmer was labour crisis as well as high price of labour i.e. 80.71 percent and it was ranked I and the lowest ranked V was lack of quality seed at proper time i.e. 48.93 percent in Binadhan-7 cultivation. Finally it is remarked that short duration high yielding variety Binadhan-7 plays a vital role in the monga mitigation of the northern areas of Bangladesh.

Nutrition and Production – the Scientist

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 267-267
Author(s):  
M Lewis ◽  
B. G Lowman
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
Meat Yield ◽  
The Future ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
Unit Output ◽  
The Uk

Reducing costs for unit output, be it per kg liveweight gain, per kg carcass gain or per kg saleable meat yield will be essential for the future of the UK beef industry. Traditionally emphasis has been placed on reducing feed costs per unit output and data from MLC’s Beefplan shows that between 65 – 82% of the variable cost of UK beef systems are accounted for by feed costs. However, with fixed costs being similar to total variable costs, it is also important to reduce the major components of fixed costs specifically associated with the production of feed and feeding it which are labour and machinery. As far as nutrition/feeding of beef cattle is concerned, there are a number of areas where a reduction in costs can be achieved using existing knowledge but in other areas there are obvious gaps in knowledge which require further research. However, there appears to very little research into aspects of the nutrition/production of beef cattle going on, or being published, in the UK. (Only 4 out of a total of 113 papers presented at this conference are on nutrition/production of beef cattle.)

Managing Unplanned Rail Disruptions: Policy Implications and Guidelines Towards an Effective Bus Bridging Strategy

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alaa Itani ◽  
Aya Aboudina ◽  
Ehab Diab ◽  
Siva Srikukenthiran ◽  
Amer Shalaby
Keyword(s):  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Demand Reduction ◽  
Incident Duration ◽  
Transit Agencies ◽  
Bridging Strategy ◽  
Forecasting Errors ◽  
The City ◽  
Rail Service

Bus bridging is a key strategy used by transit agencies to handle rail service interruptions. In practice, buses are dispatched from scheduled services to act as temporary shuttles along the disrupted rail segment. This study provides a robust analysis of four factors affecting bus bridging policies: 1) initial dispatch direction of shuttle buses, 2) dispatch time (i.e., the response time for requesting shuttle buses), 3) uncertainty in predicting the incident duration, and 4) reduction of metro passengers demand because of disruption. A user delay modeling tool is used to assess various bus bridging policies based on their resulting users’ delays (for affected passengers) and other system performance measures. The tool was validated, and sensitivity analysis was conducted based on real disruption scenarios that suspended various segments of the metro service in the City of Toronto. The main results indicate that: 1) the initial dispatch direction of shuttle buses should take into consideration the demand at the disrupted segment while maintaining a moderate level of shuttle bus utilization; 2) a 1-min increase in the dispatch time causes about 0.4 min additional waiting time at disrupted metro stations per passenger; 3) incidents with high forecasting errors can cause excessive delays for metro passengers and significant wasted time of non-utilized shuttle buses; and, 4) significant users’ delay savings are observed at higher demand reduction levels. This paper provides transportation practitioners and planners with a better understanding of the different aspects of bus bridging policies based on users’ delays and shuttle buses’ performance metrics.

USE METHODOLOGY OF BEP TO ANALYZE MECHANIZATION COSTS ON FARM

2017 ◽  
Vol XIX (3) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Hornowski ◽  
Tomasz Kondraszuk
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Variable Component ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
Technical Potential ◽  
The Cost

The article attempts to adapt the BEP analysis methodology to assess the viability of agricultural machinery. It was assumed to treat the machine depreciation cost as a fixed cost, but only to the rational use threshold. Above this threshold, it was considered that depreciation should be calculated using the active method and treated as a variable cost. In this case it’s a technical potential and its wear becomes a bottleneck. In addition, it was considered reasonable to take into account the cost of interest on the capital employed, which would be a fixed cost. So far research on the efficiency of machinery utilization has focused on the quantitative analysis of their use, and the financial aspects are ignored. The proposed use of the BEP methodology allows not only quantitative and qualitative yield thresholds for the analyzed machine, but also the calculation of the limit values of the variable component costs (fuel prices, repairs) and fixed costs (garage, maintenance, interest rates).

scholarly journals Impact of Financial Management Practices on SMEs Profitability with Moderating Role of Agency Cost

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saqib Muneer ◽  
Rao Abrar Ahmad ◽  
Azhar Ali
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Agency Cost ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
The Impact

The importance of Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) towards economic development and growth is considerable. Some SMEs are facing difficulties to their development due to the lack of financial resources and management experience. The objective of this study is to check the relationships of financial management practices on profitability of small and medium enterprises and also to check the impact of agency cost on this relationship. This study consists of data analysis of two hundred SMEs from Faisalabad Pakistan. The study used primary data predominantly. SPSS 23 is used for descriptive analysis and Structural Equation Model (SEM) through Partial Least Square (PLS) 3 for hypothesis testing. The findings of this study indicate the presence of positive relationship between financial management practices and SMEs profitability but agency cost as a moderator has no effect on this relationship. The study strongly recommends higher adherence to financial management practices. Policy makers, developments partners, owners, and managers of SMEs may use these findings for sustainability of their business in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Cost-based transfer pricing with the existence of a direct channel in an integrated supply chain

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jumpei Hamamura
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Cost Allocation ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Direct Channel ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fixed Cost Allocation ◽  
Transfer Prices ◽  
Integrated Supply Chain

Purpose This study aims to analytically explore the economic role of transfer pricing in a vertically integrated supply chain with a direct channel, specifically when it uses cost-based transfer prices, as is frequently observed in management practices. We compare two representative transfer pricing methods: full-cost and variable-cost pricing. Although many firms open a direct channel, which affects the optimal decision on transfer prices, prior literature has not considered this case. Design/methodology/approach We demonstrate the results using a non-cooperative game theoretical approach. Findings The results show that full-cost pricing is more profitable than variable-cost pricing when the fixed cost allocation to the marketing division is low, contrary to the established position in prior studies, from which I select their benchmark case. Moreover, we obtain a counterintuitive result, whereby, the firm-wide profit of a vertically integrated supply chain increases with fixed cost allocation. Originality/value This study considers the direct channel and internal transfer pricing in a vertically integrated supply chain, while prior research only considers one or the other. This model suggests an optimal choice of cost-based transfer pricing in managerial decisions. In addition, the authors demonstrate the positive effect of increasing fixed cost allocation, which prior management studies do not show. The findings of this study have implications for managerial practice by providing insights into supply chain design and showing that firms should consider the competition between channels when making decisions about transfer pricing methods.

scholarly journals Cost analysis of a coaching intervention to increase use of transradial percutaneous coronary intervention

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin I. Duan ◽  
Christian D. Helfrich ◽  
Sunil V. Rao ◽  
Emily L. Neely ◽  
Christine A. Sulc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Catheterization ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Personnel Cost ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Transfemoral Approach ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Cardiac Procedures ◽  
Coaching Intervention

Abstract Background The transradial approach (TRA) to cardiac catheterization is safer than the traditional transfemoral approach (TFA), with similar clinical effectiveness. However, adoption of TRA remains low, representing less than 50% of catheterization procedures in 2015. Peer coaching is one approach to facilitate implementation; however, the costs of this strategy for cardiac procedures such as TRA are unclear. Methods We conducted an activity-based costing analysis (ABC) of a multi-center, hybrid type III implementation trial of a coaching intervention designed to increase the use of TRA. We identified the key activities of the intervention and determined the personnel, resources, and time needed to complete each activity. The personnel cost per hour and the activity duration were then used to estimate the cost of each activity and the total variable cost of the implementation. Fixed costs related to designing and running the implementation were calculated separately. All costs are reported in 2019 constant US dollars. Results The total cost of the coaching intervention implementation was $374,863. Of the total cost, $367,752 were variable costs due to travel, preparatory work, in-person coaching, post-intervention evaluation, and administrative time. We estimated fixed costs of $7112. The mean marginal cost of implementing the intervention at only one additional medical center was $52,536. Conclusions We provide granular cost estimates of a conceptually rooted implementation strategy designed to increase the uptake of TRA for cardiac catheterization. We estimate that implementation costs stemming from the coaching approach would be offset after the conversion of approximately 409 to 1363 catheterizations from TFA to TRA. Our estimates provide benchmarks of the expected costs of implementing evidence-based, but expertise-intensive, cardiac procedures. Trial registration ISRCTN, ISRCTN66341299. Registered 7 July 2020—retrospectively registered

scholarly journals Design of Assistance Program for Optimization of Indonesian Labor Household (TKI) Remittance in Mojorejo Migrant Productive Village, Karangmalang, Sragen

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-134
Author(s):  
Afridah Ikrimah ◽  
Beauty Martha Lingga ◽  
Ilham Bagus Prasetia ◽  
Faris Achmad Baharudin ◽  
Mohamad Yogananta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Entrepreneurship Training ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Household Productivity ◽  
Economic Improvement

Mojorejo village is one of the productive migrant villages (DESMIGRATIF) in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the alternative way to increase TKI household productivity of through optimization of remittances and to desain a remittance optimization program in building a constructive financial management for TKI households in Mojorejo Village, Karangmalang, Sragen.  This study uses a descriptive analysis with qualitative and systematic review approach.  Data collection techniques were carried out by review the previous research and empowerement, observation through field survey, interview with informan and secondary data searching.  The results show that the problem on increasing TKI household productivity is unoptimal remittance management and it tends to use for consumptive activities.  Lack of public awareness to allocate remittances for investment and productive business causes the stagnant economic growth and does not lead to economic improvement in the surrounding environment. Therefore, remittance optimization can be done through the community empowerment that focus in four activities, namely financial planning training for TKI households, entrepreneurship training and business plan simulations, training in processing, packaging and marketing of rice rambak crackers, and managing mini tourism object of reservoir and selfies of "Kembangan Bersolek" in  Mojorejo Village, Karangmalang, Sragen.

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