Predicting the Future Capacity and Dimensions of Container Ships

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (9) ◽  
pp. 177-190
Author(s):  
Javier Garrido ◽  
Sergi Saurí ◽  
África Marrero ◽  
Ümit Gül ◽  
Carles Rúa
Keyword(s):  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Peak Capacity ◽  
Design Criteria ◽  
Container Ship ◽  
Shipping Container ◽  
Port Authorities ◽  
Equivalent Unit ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Port Infrastructure

Since the introduction of the container ship, there has been an impressive increase in its use to take advantage of economies of scale. In the last two decades, the capacity of vessels has trebled. Currently, vessels of 23,000 TEU (20-ft equivalent unit) sail the seas. With the exponential growth experienced in this sector, the question arises if it is possible to reach a peak capacity, as has occurred with bulk cargo vessels and, recently, aircraft. This paper aims to predict the possible size and dimensions of a new generation of mega container ships. Based on economies of scale, port infrastructure, demand, environmental trends, and naval design criteria, the limit to ship size has been estimated. The results suggest that additional increases in ship size are still possible. The aim of this study is to help port authorities to understand the needs of the shipping container industry and to calculate the expansion and investment necessary.

Australian Seaport Infrastructure Resilience to Climate Change

2012 ◽  
Vol 238 ◽  
pp. 350-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kong ◽  
Sujeeva Setunge ◽  
Thomas C.K. Molyneaux ◽  
Guo Min Zhang ◽  
David W. Law
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Budget Planning ◽  
Capital Budget ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Port Authorities ◽  
Port Structures ◽  
Port Infrastructure

A research project continuing at RMIT University is exploring the resilience of port structures in a changing climate. Research completed to date comprises of identifying types of port infrastructure vulnerable to climate change, establishing materials and exposure conditions, developing deterioration models based on current knowledge to simulate the effect of climate change on key port infrastructure and modeling the selected elements of infrastructure to derive outcomes which will aid in decision making in port infrastructure management. A considerable effort has been concentrated on identifying input climate data most appropriate for the models developed. The modeling approach is presented in this paper for quantitative projections of damage probability on port infrastructure taking into account the variability of material type, design considerations and environmental exposures with a changing climate. This paper provides a summary of the research undertaken in the development of material deterioration models and their responses to a changing climate load. Using climate information drawn from historical weather records and future climate projections, existing deterioration models were refined to include climate data into modeling runs in order to analyse changes to deterioration rates of different materials when impacted by a change in climate variables. Outputs from this modeling process will assist port authorities in making informed decisions on maintenance and capital budget planning allowing for impacts of climate change.

scholarly journals Effects of Inefficiency on Marginal Costs, Degree of Economies of Scale and Technical Change: A Theoretical Relationship

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 190-207
Author(s):  
Juan José Díaz-Hernández ◽  
Eduardo Martínez-Budría ◽  
Rosa Marina González
Keyword(s):  
Technical Change ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Output Level ◽  
Theoretical Relationship ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Pricing Decisions ◽  
Port Authorities ◽  
Time Variations ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper, a theoretical relationship is obtained to measure the effect that inefficiency has on marginal costs, degree of economies of scale and technical change. It is shown that when the relationship between inefficiency and output level is ignored, the estimation of marginal costs and the degree of economies of scale are incorrect. The measurement of technical change is also wrongly calculated if one does not consider the variation of inefficiency over time. This could lead to incorrect pricing decisions that would transfer inefficiency to the consumer via prices and non-optimal investments in productive capacity. In addition, the effect of technical change on costs could be erroneously estimated. The empirical application of this theoretical model to Spanish port authorities during the period 2008-2016 shows that marginal costs of port services were overestimated, the degree of economies of scale was underestimated and the time variations of the inefficiency were interpreted erroneously as technical change when the relationship between inefficiency and output and time is not considered.

scholarly journals Analysis of Demand and Operations of Inter-modal Terminals

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
soumya banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Rail Network ◽  
Port Authorities ◽  
Road Congestion ◽  
Open Government Data ◽  
Total Travel Time ◽  
Lift Off ◽  
Surrounding Areas

Inter-modal terminals (IMT) reduce road congestion and exploit economies of scale by pooling demand from surrounding areas and using rail to transport containers to and from ports. The alternative to using IMTs is using trucks to transport containers directly to and from the port. Trucks increase road congestion but rail requires additional handling of containers (lift on and lift off). The attractiveness of truck versus rail is dependent on a number of variables such as costs, total travel time, frequency of services, risk, and material resources. To date, the use of open data to analyse and model freight movements has been minimal, primarily because of the shortage of open data focusing on freight movements across cities, regions or countries. In this paper we leverage open government data for the Port Botany rail network and use it to develop flexible and dynamic simulation and optimisation tools that enable various stakeholders including IMT operators, port authorities, and government policy makers to make more informed decisions not only about pricing, but also operation scheduling and internal operations.

scholarly journals Micro Resolution

2001 ◽  
Vol 123 (07) ◽  
pp. 70-72
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Free Surface ◽  
Inkjet Printing ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Mems Technology ◽  
Squeeze Out ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Printing Speed

This article focuses on researchers at Eastman Kodak Co. who are working toward a new generation of inkjet printheads that are based on microelectromechanical (MEMS) technology. The prize is that the MEMS scale has the potential to advance the quality of inkjet images by permitting larger and denser arrays of smaller ink orifices, to increase resolution and printing speed. In addition, the company expects that economies of scale of MEMS manufacturing will make printers more affordable by decreasing production costs. Currently, inkjet printheads use one of two approaches for ejecting ink. One uses piezoelectric channels filled with ink. The printer applies a voltage across each channel, which deforms to squeeze out the ink. But limitations in the manufacturing process make it difficult to increase the size of the orifice array. The biggest challenge in using CFD to simulate the inkjet printing process is keeping track of the drops free surface. Modeling problems such as Delametter’s, where the surface tension plays an important role, require accurate resolution and tracking of fluid surfaces. They also require an evaluation of surface curvatures and sensing where and how fluid adheres to solids.

One Love Bob Marley, The Mystic, and the Market

2019 ◽  
pp. 161-184
Author(s):  
Jeremy Prestholdt
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Soft Drinks ◽  
Discrete Elements ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Cold War Era ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Intense Debate

This chapter explores how anti-systemic figures of the Cold War era were reimagined in the post-Cold War world. It begins by considering the exponential growth of Bob Marley's popularity after his death, and the amplification of discrete elements of his message. Specifically, it concentrates on the alternative meanings listeners have projected onto Marley since the 1980s, notably the view of him as a spiritual lodestar. From the mid-1980s Marley's record label and many fans began to champion him as a suprareligious figure and a symbol for politically neutral concepts like "One Love". This reinterpretation of Marley flattened his message but substantially widened his appeal. In the 1990s a new generation of Bob Marley fans looked to him as a voice of imprecise yearnings for spiritual fulfillment and social change. But Marley's skyrocketing popularity also contributed to increasingly vapid forms of commodification, which reduced Marley's message to cultural style. By the early 2000s, Marley's image appeared on a dizzying array of products, from underwear to soft drinks. Consequently, an intense debate ensued over the meaning of Marley's music and legacy, one in which Marley's heirs, seeking to redeem his name as an ethical brand, have played an increasingly important part.

scholarly journals Safety of container ship (un)loading operations in the Port of Antwerp

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-127
Author(s):  
Thibaut Van Zwijnsvoorde ◽  
Marc Vantorre ◽  
Katrien Eloot ◽  
Stefaan Ides
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Container Ship ◽  
Mooring Lines ◽  
Content Type ◽  
External Forces

Purpose Economies of scale drive container ship owners towards ordering larger vessels. Terminals need to ensure a safe (un)loading operation of these vessels, which can only be guaranteed if the mooring equipment is not overloaded (lines, fenders and bollards) and if the motions of the vessel remain below set limits, under external forces. This paper aims to focus on the passing vessel effect as a potential disturbing factor in the Port of Antwerp. Design/methodology/approach Motion criteria for allowing safe (un)loading of container vessels are established by considering the container handling process and existing international standards (PIANC). A case study simulation is presented where the behaviour of the moored vessel under ship passages is evaluated. Starting from a representative event, the effect of changes in passing speed and distance is discussed. Findings The study illustrates the influence of passing velocity and distance on the behaviour of the moored vessel, showing that when passing speeds are higher and/or distances lower than the reference event, safety limits are potentially exceeded. Possible mitigating measures, including the use of stiffer mooring lines and/or a change in arrangement, are discussed. Research limitations/implications This paper serves as a basis for future research on safety criteria and optimisation of the mooring equipment and configuration to deal with passing vessel effects. Practical implications The presented results can be used by ship and terminal designers to gain familiarity with passing vessel effects and adopt suggested best practice. Social implications By restricting the motions of the passing vessels, the focus and general well-being of the crane operator is enhanced, as is the safety of workers. Originality/value The paper provides a unique combination of container fleet observation, safety criteria establishment and case study application.

scholarly journals An Investigation into the Suitability of GGBS and OPC as Low Percentage Single-Component Binders for the Stabilisation and Solidification of Harbour Dredge Material Mildly Contaminated with Metals

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Michael O’Shea ◽  
Kim Gray ◽  
Jimmy Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Blast Furnace Slag ◽  
Ordinary Portland Cement ◽  
Port Authorities ◽  
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ◽  
Contaminant Remediation ◽  
Port Infrastructure ◽  
Furnace Slag

The occurrence of contaminated materials encountered during harbour dredging is becoming increasingly problematic for harbour and port authorities. The risks to human health, wildlife and port infrastructure of exposure to such contaminants necessitates the removal or containment of such risks. As with contaminated terrestrial sites the solidification and stabilization (S/S) of this material has been proven to be an effective alternative to disposing of contaminants off-site, typically via dumping at sea or in a landfill. Research, to date, on S/S has been focused on heavily contaminated sediments in large industrial ports. However, with tightening environmental regulations, the limits of acceptable contamination are generally decreasing. This means the number of port dredging projects requiring contaminant remediation is increasing. There is now a need to examine the effectiveness of S/S on harbour sites that are mildly contaminated from both an environmental and project feasibility viewpoint. To that end, this study examines the effectiveness of various S/S mix percentages of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) in retarding the leaching of contaminants from a mildly contaminated harbour site.

scholarly journals ES-3100: A New Generation Shipping Container for Bulk Highly Enriched Uranium and Other Fissile Materials

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey G. Arbital ◽  
Gerald A. Byington ◽  
Dean R. Tousley
Keyword(s):  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Department Of Transportation ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Dynamic Impact ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Shipping Container ◽  
Nuclear Security ◽  
Enriched Uranium ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The U.S

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) is shipping bulk quantities of surplus fissile materials, primarily highly enriched uranium (HEU), over the next 15 to 20 years for disposition purposes. The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) specification 6M container is the package of choice for most of these shipments. However, the 6M does not conform to the Type B packaging requirements in the Code of Federal Regulations (10CFR71) and, for that reason, is being phased out for use in the secure transportation system of DOE. BWXT Y-12 is currently developing a package to replace the DOT 6M container for HEU disposition shipping campaigns. The new package is based on state-of-the-art, proven, and patented insulation technologies that have been successfully applied in the design of other packages. The new package, designated the ES-3100, will have a 50% greater capacity for HEU than the 6M and will be easier to use. Engineering analysis on the new package includes detailed dynamic impact finite element analysis (FEA). This analysis gives the ES-3100 a high probability of complying with regulatory requirements.

Probabilistic Modelling of the Deterioration of Reinforced Concrete Port Infrastructure

2013 ◽  
Vol 569-570 ◽  
pp. 207-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C.K. Molyneaux ◽  
David W. Law ◽  
Frank Collins ◽  
Frederic Blin ◽  
Roger Zou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Probabilistic Modelling ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Damage Propagation ◽  
Port Authorities ◽  
Funded Project ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Port Infrastructure ◽  
Asset Managers

Port infrastructure is vulnerable to the corrosive marine environment leading to deterioration, loss of functionality, delays in shipping, major maintenance, remediation and, in the worst cases, loss of structural integrity and consequent replacement of the asset. Despite this, asset managers are unable to adequately plan for the prevention and minimisation of maintenance due to a lack of reliable predictive tools, that simulate the deterioration and a lack of a lifecycle model incorporating protection/maintenance options. This paper reports on a project to develop such a tool to facilitate the probabilistic modelling of the deterioration of reinforced concrete elements from construction through onset of corrosion to subsequent cracking and spalling. The Australian government funded project is in collaboration with several port authorities. The study has narrowed the key factors that have the most impact on the estimation of corrosion initiation and damage propagation allowing better definition of what data should be collected, how much and levels of accuracy required to ensure that predictive outputs obtained are as ‘robust’ as possible.

Visual Ontology Modeling and the Semantic Web

2010 ◽  
pp. 198-223
Author(s):  
Gilbert Paquette
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Web ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Intelligent Agents ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Ontology Modeling ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Search Information ◽  
The Web

The exponential growth of information available on the Internet makes it increasingly necessary to introduce intelligent agents to facilitate the processing of information and knowledge. A few years ago, one of the founders of the Web and current director of the W3 Consortium, Tim Berners-Lee, along with his colleagues (Berners- Lee, Hendler, and Lassila, 2001), proposed to provide the Internet with information whose meaning, beyond its syntax, could be interpreted by a program that would search information in ways that are far more intelligent than now. This new generation of the Internet has been termed “the Semantic Web”.

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