Quantifying Bridge Element Vulnerability over Time

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110363
Author(s):  
Subasish Das ◽  
Xiaoqiang Kong
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Empirical Bayes ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Data Mining Algorithm ◽  
Severe Condition ◽  
Rating Data ◽  
Bridge Joints ◽  
National Bridge Inventory ◽  
Data Driven Decisions ◽  
Transportation Agencies

The bridge has been a crucial element of the transportation system of the U.S.A. for many years. The National Bridge Inventory (NBI) reported more than 615,000 national bridges in 2018. Maintaining and fixing bridges is a crucial task for transportation agencies to keep the road network connected. Louisiana, which has 12,899 bridges, was selected as the study site for this study. The American Road and Transportation Builders Association (ARTBA) reported in 2019 that 13% of all Louisiana bridges were classified as structurally deficient. This study applies a data mining algorithm, the empirical Bayes geometric mean (EBGM) method, to identify critical patterns of the bridge inventory condition at element level as a measure of vulnerability, using NBI rating data from 2015 to 2018. It finds that severe condition is highly associated with the following elements, regardless of their structural importance: bridge joints, and “bridge rail timber,”“bearing other,” and “superstructure floor beam reinforced concrete” elements. Poor condition is highly associated with elements like “top flange reinforced concrete,”“bearing movable,” and “superstructure floor beam reinforced concrete.” The quantification scores developed in this study could help transportation agencies and bridge engineers to identify more easily the key element or combination of elements associated with poor or severe condition, so that they can make data-driven decisions in maintaining and repairing the most needed bridge elements.

Seismic capacity estimation of a reinforced concrete containment building considering bidirectional cyclic effect

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 1106-1120
Author(s):  
Zhi Zheng ◽  
Changhai Zhai ◽  
Xu Bao ◽  
Xiaolan Pan
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Pushover Analysis ◽  
Incremental Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Dissipated Energy ◽  
Seismic Capacity ◽  
Capacity Estimation ◽  
Earthquake Intensity ◽  
Static Pushover Analysis

This study serves to estimate the seismic capacity of the reinforced concrete containment building considering its bidirectional cyclic effect and variations of energy. The implementation of the capacity estimation has been performed by extending two well-known methods: nonlinear static pushover and incremental dynamic analysis. The displacement and dissipated energy demands are obtained from the static pushover analysis considering bidirectional cyclic effect. In total, 18 bidirectional earthquake intensity parameters are developed to perform the incremental dynamic analysis for the reinforced concrete containment building. Results show that the bidirectional static pushover analysis tends to decrease the capacity of the reinforced concrete containment building in comparison with unidirectional static pushover analysis. The 5% damped first-mode geometric mean spectral acceleration strongly correlates with the maximum top displacement of the containment building. The comparison of the incremental dynamic analysis and static pushover curves is employed to determine the seismic capacity of the reinforced concrete containment building. It is concluded that bidirectional static pushover and incremental dynamic analysis studies can be used in performance evaluation and capacity estimation of reinforced concrete containment buildings under bidirectional earthquake excitations.

Monolithic reinforced concrete bridge joints under cyclic excitation

2015 ◽  
Vol 101 ◽  
pp. 477-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Timosidis ◽  
K.G. Megalooikonomou ◽  
S.J. Pantazopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Concrete Bridge ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Bridge ◽  
Bridge Joints

scholarly journals Kidney Injury Following Ibuprofen and Acetaminophen: A Real-World Analysis of Post-Marketing Surveillance Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi-hui Shao ◽  
Xue-dong Yin ◽  
Hong-xia Liu ◽  
Bin Zhao ◽  
Jian-quan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Empirical Bayes ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Adverse Event Reporting System ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Reporting Odds Ratio ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Aged Patients ◽  
Post Marketing Surveillance

Background: Although kidney injury has been reported as a serious adverse effect in patients treated with ibuprofen or acetaminophen (APAP), there are still few real-world studies to compare the specific differences in the adverse effects of nephrotoxicity.Methods: Disproportionality analysis and Bayesian analysis were devoted to data-mining of the suspected kidney injury after using ibuprofen and APAP based on the FDA’s Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) from January 2004 to March 2021. The times to onset, fatality, and hospitalization rates of ibuprofen-associated kidney injury and APAP-associated kidney injury were also investigated.Results: 2,453 reports of ibuprofen-associated kidney injury and 1,288 reports of APAP-associated kidney injury were identified. Ibuprofen appeared to affected more middle-aged patients than elderly ones (27.76 vs 16.53%) while APAP appeared to affected more young patients than middle-aged patients (45.24 vs 29.10%) and elderly patients were fewer (13.99%). Compared to ibuprofen, APAP had the higher association with renal injury based on the higher reporting odds ratio (ROR = 2.45, 95% two-sided CI = 2.36–2.56), proportional reporting ratio (PRR = 2.39, χ2 = 2002.94) and empirical Bayes geometric mean (EBGM = 2.38, 95% one-sided CI = 2.3). In addition, APAP-associated kidney injury had earlier onset (32.74 vs 115.82 days, p < 0.0001) and a higher fatality rate (44.43 vs 7.36%, p < 0.001) than those of ibuprofen-associated kidney injury.Conclusion: The analysis of FAERS data provides a more accurate profile on the incidence and prognosis of kidney injury after ibuprofen and acetaminophen treatment, enabling continued surveillance and timely intervention in patients at risk of kidney injury using these drugs.

New Procedure to Evaluate the Post-Crack Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (11) ◽  
pp. 573-582
Author(s):  
Bryce Hansen ◽  
Manik Barman
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Lateral Stiffness ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Crack Behavior ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Transportation Agencies

This study attempted to identify the challenges in testing and characterization of the post-crack behavior of structural fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) for use in pavements. The benefits and challenges associated with three different FRC testing methods, ASTM C1550, C1399, and C1609 were discussed and compared. Two new parameters, post-crack toughness, and post-crack performance (PCP) index were proposed to characterize the post-crack behavior of FRC. These parameters are a function of the fibers’ contribution and are minimally influenced by the properties of the non-fiber ingredients of concrete such as aggregates, cement, and water. A laboratory study conducted on 10 different types of FRCs validated the applicability of the two proposed new parameters. Transportation agencies can use the PCP index to shortlist effective fibers and post-crack toughness to determine fiber dosage. The study found that fibers with irregular cross-section or geometry and high lateral stiffness provide a high post-crack contribution.

scholarly journals Risk of Developing Melanoma With Systemic Agents Used to Treat Psoriasis: A Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
pp. 120347542110385
Author(s):  
Amy Semaka ◽  
Thomas G. Salopek
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Empirical Bayes ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Inflammatory Skin Disease ◽  
Collective Data ◽  
Substantial Risk ◽  
Systemic Agents

Background Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease induced by autoimmune-like dysregulation of the immune system. Treatment options have drastically evolved in recent years, and treatment advances that target specific cytokines and other molecules involved in dysregulation have had a profound effect in controlling the disease. Objective We reviewed the literature to assess the risk of developing melanoma with conventional therapies and newer agents used to treat psoriasis. Methods A comprehensive literature search using Medline (via Ovid) and Embase was conducted. Results The majority of studies reviewed reported insignificant results. Potential risk for melanoma was identified for only 3 out of 15 anti-psoriatic treatments analyzed: adalimumab (relative risk 1.8, 95% CI 1.06-3.00), etanercept (relative risk 2.35, 95% CI 1.46-3.77) and infliximab (Empirical Bayes Geometric Mean 7.90, 95% CI 7.13-8.60). The confidence intervals provided are from prior studies. There are not enough collective data on newer agents to make any conclusions on risk. Conclusions We were unable to identify any substantial risk for developing melanoma due to the use of anti-psoriatic treatments. Until additional long-term registry data become available, it would be prudent to continue screening patients with psoriasis at baseline and periodically for melanoma when these agents are used.

Influence of ground motion duration on the dynamic deformation capacity of reinforced concrete frame structures

2021 ◽  
pp. 875529302110338
Author(s):  
Vishvendra Bhanu ◽  
Reagan Chandramohan ◽  
Timothy J Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Dynamic Deformation ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Deformation Capacity ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Frame ◽  
Moment Frame ◽  
Concrete Frame ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Frame Structures

This study investigates the influence of ground motion duration on the dynamic deformation capacity of a suite of 10 modern reinforced concrete moment frame buildings. A robust numerical algorithm is proposed to estimate the dynamic deformation capacity of a structure by conducting incremental dynamic analysis. The geometric mean dynamic deformation capacity of the considered buildings was, on average, found to be 26% lower under long duration ground motions, compared to spectrally equivalent short duration ground motions. A consistent effect of duration on dynamic deformation capacity was observed over a broad range of structural periods considered in this study. Response spectral shape, however, was found to not significantly influence dynamic deformation capacity. These results indicate that the effect of duration could be explicitly considered in seismic design codes by modifying the deformation capacities of structures.

scholarly journals Safety Surveillance of Pneumococcal Vaccine Using Three Algorithms: Disproportionality Methods, Empirical Bayes Geometric Mean, and Tree-Based Scan Statistic

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 242
Author(s):  
Hyesung Lee ◽  
Ju Hwan Kim ◽  
Young June Choe ◽  
Ju-Young Shin
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccine ◽  
Empirical Bayes ◽  
Spontaneous Reporting ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccines ◽  
Spontaneous Reporting Database ◽  
Safety Surveillance ◽  
Safety Signals

Introduction: Diverse algorithms for signal detection exist. However, inconsistent results are often encountered among the algorithms due to different levels of specificity used in defining the adverse events (AEs) and signal threshold. We aimed to explore potential safety signals for two pneumococcal vaccines in a spontaneous reporting database and compare the results and performances among the algorithms. Methods: Safety surveillance was conducted using the Korea national spontaneous reporting database from 1988 to 2017. Safety signals for pneumococcal vaccine and its subtypes were detected using the following the algorithms: disproportionality methods comprising of proportional reporting ratio (PRR), reporting odds ratio (ROR), and information component (IC); empirical Bayes geometric mean (EBGM); and tree-based scan statistics (TSS). Moreover, the performances of these algorithms were measured by comparing detected signals with the known AEs or pneumococcal vaccines (reference standard). Results: Among 10,380 vaccine-related AEs, 1135 reports and 101 AE terms were reported following pneumococcal vaccine. IC generated the most safety signals for pneumococcal vaccine (40/101), followed by PRR and ROR (19/101 each), TSS (15/101), and EBGM (1/101). Similar results were observed for its subtypes. Cellulitis was the only AE detected by all algorithms for pneumococcal vaccine. TSS showed the best balance in the performance: the highest in accuracy, negative predictive value, and area under the curve (70.3%, 67.4%, and 64.2%). Conclusion: Discrepancy in the number of detected signals was observed between algorithms. EBGM and TSS calibrated noise better than disproportionality methods, and TSS showed balanced performance. Nonetheless, these results should be interpreted with caution due to a lack of a gold standard for signal detection.

scholarly journals Web-Based Signal Detection Using Medical Forums Data in France: Comparative Analysis (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Laure Kürzinger ◽  
Stéphane Schück ◽  
Nathalie Texier ◽  
Redhouane Abdellaoui ◽  
Carole Faviez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Empirical Bayes ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Spontaneous Reports ◽  
Reporting Systems

BACKGROUND While traditional signal detection methods in pharmacovigilance are based on spontaneous reports, the use of social media is emerging. The potential strength of Web-based data relies on their volume and real-time availability, allowing early detection of signals of disproportionate reporting (SDRs). OBJECTIVE This study aimed (1) to assess the consistency of SDRs detected from patients’ medical forums in France compared with those detected from the traditional reporting systems and (2) to assess the ability of SDRs in identifying earlier than the traditional reporting systems. METHODS Messages posted on patients’ forums between 2005 and 2015 were used. We retained 8 disproportionality definitions. Comparison of SDRs from the forums with SDRs detected in VigiBase was done by describing the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), accuracy, receiver operating characteristics curve, and the area under the curve (AUC). The time difference in months between the detection dates of SDRs from the forums and VigiBase was provided. RESULTS The comparison analysis showed that the sensitivity ranged from 29% to 50.6%, the specificity from 86.1% to 95.5%, the PPV from 51.2% to 75.4%, the NPV from 68.5% to 91.6%, and the accuracy from 68% to 87.7%. The AUC reached 0.85 when using the metric empirical Bayes geometric mean. Up to 38% (12/32) of the SDRs were detected earlier in the forums than that in VigiBase. CONCLUSIONS The specificity, PPV, and NPV were high. The overall performance was good, showing that data from medical forums may be a valuable source for signal detection. In total, up to 38% (12/32) of the SDRs could have been detected earlier, thus, ensuring the increased safety of patients. Further enhancements are needed to investigate the reliability and validation of patients’ medical forums worldwide, the extension of this analysis to all possible drugs or at least to a wider selection of drugs, as well as to further assess performance against established signals.

Bidirectional Cyclic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Column-Superstructure Subassemblies

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid M. Mosalam ◽  
Clay J. Naito ◽  
Svetlana Khaykina
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Concrete Bridge ◽  
Joint Region ◽  
Box Girder ◽  
Displacement Ductility ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Bridge ◽  
Bridge Joints

The paper presents the methodology and findings from large-scale experiments conducted on reinforced concrete bridge subassemblies. Each subassembly consisted of the middle column/cap-beam joint of a three-column bridge bent and a large part of the monolithically cast-in-place box-girder of a typical California highway bridge. The subassemblies were subjected to constant gravity load and gradually increasing bidirectional cyclic lateral loading. One subassembly represented common practice in California and the other considered new design using headed reinforcing bars with reduced volume of transverse reinforcement to improve joint construction. When loading in the transverse direction, i.e., parallel to the cap-beam, the use of headed bars led to better global and local performances due to improved confinement of the joint region with less volume of reinforcement. On the other hand, when loading in the longitudinal direction, i.e., parallel to the box-girder, the headed bars were more engaged, as evident by their yielding, in confining the joint region than the conventional reinforcement. The effect of bidirectional loading on global damage of the box-girder slabs is presented as variation of the effective moment of inertia of the cap-beam cross section with displacement ductility indicating that Caltrans estimates are conservative up to displacement ductility of five. Key words: bidirectional cyclic loading, box-girders, bridge joints, headed reinforcement, reinforced concrete

scholarly journals Data-driven methodology for discovery and response to pulmonary symptomology in hypertension through statistical learning and data mining: Application to COVID-19 related pharmacovigilance

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Xu ◽  
Jessica Kawakami ◽  
Nuwan Indika Millagaha Gedara ◽  
Jim Riviere ◽  
Emma Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Bayes ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Adverse Event Reporting System ◽  
Antihypertensive Agents ◽  
Drug Event ◽  
Antithrombotic Agents ◽  
Drug Classes

Background: Potential therapy and confounding factors including typical co‐administered medications, patient's disease states, disease prevalence, patient demographics, medical histories, and reasons for prescribing a drug often are incomplete, conflicting, missing, or uncharacterized in spontaneous adverse drug event (ADE) reporting systems. These missing or incomplete features can affect and limit the application of quantitative methods in pharmacovigilance for meta-analyses of data during randomized clinical trials.Methods: Data from patients with hypertension were retrieved and integrated from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. 134 antihypertensive drugs out of 1151 drugs were filtered and then evaluated using the Empirical Bayes Geometric Mean (EBGM) of the posterior distribution to build ADE-drug profiles with an emphasis on the pulmonary ADEs (pADE). Afterward, the Graphical Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (GLASSO) captured drug associations based on pADEs by correcting hidden factors and confounder misclassification. Selected drugs were then compared using the Friedman test in drug classes and clusters obtained from GLASSO.Results: Following multiple filtering stages to exclude insignificant and noise-driven reports, we found that drugs from antihypertensives agents, urologicals, and antithrombotic agents (macitentan, bosentan, epoprostenol, selexipag, sildenafil, tadalafil, and beraprost) form a similar class with a significantly higher incidence of pADEs. Macitentan and bosentan were associates with 64% and 56% of pADEs, respectively. Because these two medications are prescribed in diseases affecting pulmonary function and may be likely to emerge among the highest reported pADEs, in fact, they serve to validate the methods utilized here. Conversely, doxazosin and rilmenidine were found to have the least pADEs in selected drugs from hypertension patients. Nifedipine and candesartan were also found by signal detection methods to form a drug cluster, shown by several studies an effective combination of these drugs on lowering blood pressure and appeared an improved side effect profile in comparison with single-agent monotherapy.Conclusions: We consider pADE profiles in multiple long-standing groups of therapeutics including antihypertensive agents, antithrombotic agents, beta-blocking agents, calcium channel blockers, or agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system, in patients with hypertension associated with high-risk for COVID-19. We found that several individual drugs have significant differences between their drug classes and compared to other drug classes. For instance, macitentan and bosentan from endothelin receptor antagonists show major concern while doxazosin and rilmenidine exhibited the least pADEs compared to the outcomes of other drugs. Using techniques in this study, we assessed and confirmed the hypothesis that drugs from the same drug class could have very different pADE profiles affecting outcomes in acute respiratory illness.Funding: GJW and MJD accepted funding from BioNexus KC for funding on this project, but BioNexus KC had no direct role in this article.

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