Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Glare from following Vehicles on Target Detection in Driving Simulator

1996 ◽  
Vol 1550 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Ranney ◽  
Anthony J. Masalonis ◽  
Lucinda A. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Target Detection ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Fixed Base ◽  
Episode Duration

Nine hypotheses concerning the immediate and long-term effects of glare were tested in a fixed-base truck simulator. Eight subjects completed two 4-hr sessions. During one session, simulated headlight glare from following vehicles was presented intermittently in the cab's side mirrors. Designated targets, including pedestrians and vehicles in the mirrors, were presented at the beginning, middle, end, or 5 sec following glare episodes. Response times and accuracy for detecting targets were recorded. Target detection in the presence of glare was slower than in the absence of glare. Pedestrians appearing in the middle of a glare episode were detected faster than those appearing at glare onset, indicating adaptation to glare. Target detection following a 5-sec recovery period was faster than for targets appearing immediately following the glare episode. A longer recovery period did not provide an additional benefit. Glare episode duration did not affect target-detection speed following the glare. Performance did not deteriorate over the course of the glare session, indicating no cumulative effect of glare on target detection. Overall, the impairment effects associated with glare were not as strong and consistent as in previous laboratory studies. Differences in attentional demands between laboratory studies and driving were used to explain these differences.

Long-term effects of early pain and injury

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-37
Author(s):  
Orla Moriarty ◽  
Suellen M. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Afferent Input ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Nociceptive Pathways ◽  
Noxious Stimuli ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Nociceptive pathways are functional following birth, and acute responses to noxious stimuli have been documented from early in development in clinical and laboratory studies. The ability of noxious afferent input to alter the level of sensitivity of nociceptive pathways in the adult nervous system, with, for example, the development of central sensitization, is well established. However, the developing nervous system has additional susceptibilities to alterations in neural activity, and pain in early life may produce effects not seen following the same input at older ages. As a result, early tissue injury may lead to persistent changes in somatosensory processing and altered sensitivity to future noxious stimuli. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that neonatal pain can result in long-term changes in cognitive and affective behavior. Effects of pain in early life are superimposed on a highly plastic developing system, and long-term outcomes vary depending on the type and severity of the injury, and on the evaluation methods used. Laboratory studies allow evaluation of different injuries, potential confounding factors, underlying mechanisms, and potential analgesic modulation.

scholarly journals Long-term effects of NO3– on the relationship between oxygen uptake and power after three weeks of supplemented HIHVT

2018 ◽  
Vol 125 (6) ◽  
pp. 1997-2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Finkel ◽  
Magdalena Aleksandra Röhrich ◽  
Norbert Maassen ◽  
Moritz Lützow ◽  
Larissa Sarah Blau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Period ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Supplementation Period ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study was to investigate the later effects of daily [Formula: see text] supplementation over 3 wk of training on the relationship between O2 uptake and power at different intensities with an incremental test (IT), a double-wingate test (WT), and an endurance capacity test at 80% Wmax (ECT) before and after the supplementation period. Seventeen male recreational athletes participated in this double-blind placebo (PL)-controlled study. Subjects participated in a 3-wk intermittent high-intensity, high-volume training period with 45 intervals of Wmax − 10 W and an active recovery period of 10 W in between with dietary [Formula: see text] (NaNO3) or placebo supplementation (NaCl) (both 8.5 mg·kg−1·day−1) on a cycle ergometer. During a training session, plasma [[Formula: see text]] ( P < 0.001) and plasma [[Formula: see text]] ( P < 0.01) were higher in nitrate (N), whereas in pre- and posttests mean plasma [[Formula: see text]] and [[Formula: see text]] were not different between groups. In the WT [48 h after cessation of supplementation (C)], the ratio between V̇o2 and power decreased in N ( P < 0.01) with no changes in PL. Endurance capacity (4–5 days after C) similarly increased in both groups ( P < 0.01). However, the total oxygen consumption decreased by 5% ( P < 0.01) in N, with no change in PL. The slope of V̇o2·W−1 in IT (5–7 days after C) decreased in N ( P < 0.01), whereas no changes were found in PL. During low- and moderate-intensity workloads, no changes and differences in V̇o2 could be detected. We conclude that nitrate supplementation causes a sustaining reduction of the oxygen cost per watt during exercise with a large recruitment of type II muscle fibers without affecting endurance capacity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Because most studies focused on the acute effects of [Formula: see text] supplementation on exercise performance during a supplementation period, the sustainability of the effects of the [Formula: see text] supplementation remain unknown. We followed the development of V̇o2/W at different intensities during the first week after cessation of daily [Formula: see text] supplementation over 3 wk. The results indicate that [Formula: see text] supplementation has a long-term effect for at least 7 days after cessation during heavy all-out workloads without affecting endurance capacity.

scholarly journals Modification of peritoneal dialysis model on rabbits: A pilot study

2008 ◽  
Vol 136 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Snezana Zunic-Bozinovski ◽  
Biljana Stojimirovic ◽  
Zeljko Lausevic ◽  
Slobodan Krstic ◽  
Jasna Trbojevic-Stankovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Peritoneal Membrane ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Peritoneal Tissue

INTRODUCTION. Long-term peritoneal dialysis, a well-established method of depuration in end-stage renal disease patients, is assosiated with morphological and functional alterations of the peritoneal membrane due to the use of bioincompatible dialysis solutions. Studying effects of dialysate on the peritoneal tissue in humans is still a challenge due to ethical and technical limitations. There has been a variety of peritoneal dialysis experimental models but without consensus on the ideal model so far. OBJECTIVE. We aimed to develop a new, modified experimental rabbit model of peritoneal dialysis which would be practical, easy to conduct, relatively inexpensive and convenient to study long-term effects of dialysis solution on the peritoneal membrane. METHOD. This pilot study was performed on five healthy Chinchilla rabbits of both sexes. After i.v. Thiopental injection BP 1G, 0.5 ml/kg body mass, a catheter, especially made from Tro-soluset (Troge Medical GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) infusion system, was surgically tunneled from the animals? neck to the abdomen and inserted to the bottom of the peritoneal cavity. After one week recovery period, peritoneal dialysate instillations were performed for four weeks. During the whole five week experimental period a follow-up diary was kept. RESULTS. All procedures were well tolerated by the animals. The rabbits gained body weight, had normal body temperature and no complications were noted. CONCLUSION. The presented modified peritoneal dialysis model is practical, reproducible, does not require sophisticated technology and is well tolerated by the animals. That is why it is convenient for studying long-term effects of dialysate on the rabbit?s peritoneal membrane.

Assessment of long-term effects of smoke from wildfires on white rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 720-722
Author(s):  
Elizaveta S. Andreeva
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
White Male ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Wildfire Smoke ◽  
White Rats

Introduction. The study of the effects of wildfire smoke on the reproductive function is the most important scientific problem at the present stage. The aim of study is to study the behavior and cognitive abilities of sexually mature offspring obtained from white male rats exposed to the smoke of wildfires. Materials and methods. Experiments were carried out on 30 white male rats and 60 adult male of their offspring. The duration of exposure was 4 weeks, 4 hours/day. To obtain progeny exposed males were mated with intact females immediately after the exposure and in long-term period after exposure. Examination of adult progeny was performed using the "open field", Morris water maze, and histological examination of brain tissue. Results. Behavioral and cognitive alterations in offspring of male rats exposed to wildfire smoke were obtained: significant decrease in motor activity and research on higher level of negative emotional state, impaired spatial memory performance. Individuals from offspring obtained in a long-term period after exposure to smoke showed a normalization of the studied parameters to background values. Conclusions. The long-term consequences of exposure to the smoke of wildfires were revealed, manifested in the offspring of the first generation in the form of impaired behavior and cognitive abilities. The recovery period after prolonged smoke intoxication, which is 60 days and is comparable in duration with the duration of spermatogenesis in rats, is important for reducing the risk of developing CNS disorders in offspring.

The Effect of Variable Lower Extremity Immobilization Devices on Emergency Brake Response Driving Outcomes

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (sp1) ◽  
pp. 2-2
Author(s):  
Laura E. Sansosti ◽  
Zinnia M. Rocha ◽  
Matthew W. Lawrence ◽  
Andrew J. Meyr
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Operative Recovery ◽  
Driving Outcomes ◽  
Healthy Participants

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Immobilization devices such as surgical shoes and walking boots are commonly prescribed by podiatric physicians in the treatment of a variety of lower extremity pathologies and during the post-operative recovery period, but may have the potential to affect a patient’s ability to maintain a safe level of control over the accelerator and brake pedals while operating an automobile. The objective of this investigation was to assess driving outcomes in a group of healthy participants under variable foot wear conditions. METHODS: Following IRB approval, the braking performances of participants were evaluated with a computerized driving simulator. We assessed three driving outcomes (mean emergency brake response time, frequency of abnormally delayed braking responses, and frequency of inaccurate brake responses) under three variable footwear conditions (regular shoe gear, surgical shoe, and walking boot). RESULTS: We found that mean brake response times were abnormally delayed in the walking boot compared to both the regular shoe (0.736 seconds vs. 0.575 seconds, p &lt; 0.001 seconds) and surgical shoe (0.736 seconds vs. 0.611 seconds, p &lt; 0.001). We found that abnormally delayed brake responses occurred more frequently in the surgical shoe (18.5% vs. 2.5%, p &lt; 0.001) and the walking boot (55.5% vs. 2.5%, p &lt; 0.001) compared to the regular shoe. And we found that inaccurate brake responses occurred more frequently in the walking boot compared to both the surgical shoe (18.0% vs. 4.0%, p &lt; 0.001) and the regular shoe (18.0% vs. 2.0%, p &lt; 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of these investigations provide podiatric physicians with a better understanding of how to assess the risk and how to appropriately advise their patients who have been prescribed lower extremity immobilization devices with respect to the safe operation of an automobile.

The long-term effect of training and development investment on financial performance in Korean companies

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1092-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kibum Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Training And Development ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Delayed Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Over Time

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between training and development investment and financial performance over time. Human capital literature suggests that training and development investment may not immediately affect financial performance but may instead create effects that are realized over time. However, most existing cross-sectional research explores the influence of training and development investment on performance while overlooking training and development investment’s long-term effects. Design/methodology/approach This study focuses on the recovery period following the Great Recession circa 2008 in the South Korean business context. Longitudinal data from 312 firms, including four distinct waves, were used. Latent growth modeling was used to help identify a pattern of reciprocal relationships between training and development investment and financial performance over time. Findings The results indicate that even though growth in training and development investment is stable over time, there are significant between-firm differences in training and development investment trajectories over time. Prior financial performance was shown to be positively related to higher levels of training and development investment, but it was not related to growth in training and development investment. The initial level of training and development investment did not predict subsequent profit, but growth in training and development investment was positively related to future financial performance. Originality/value This study suggests that as an organization’s training and development investment increases over time, a delayed effect on financial performance may emerge because of this accumulated investment. Ultimately, the results highlight the importance of having a stock of human capital, rather than concentrating upon momentary flows that yield immediate effects.

Violent Video Games Do Not Contribute to Societal Violence and Crime

2020 ◽  
pp. 187-201
Author(s):  
Jonathan Zachariah Gallar ◽  
Christopher J. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Video Games ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Mass Shootings ◽  
Violent Behaviors ◽  
Societal Violence ◽  
The Impact

When mass shootings and other acts of violence occur, video games are still often blamed. Yet evidence has become clearer that video games, in fact, play no substantial role in violent behaviors in society. More debate remains regarding the impact of games on milder prank-level aggression but, here too, evidence is mixed at best. Laboratory studies are often limited by methodological flaws, and results appear to have been inflated by publication bias. From longitudinal studies, evidence for long-term effects suggests that game effects are minimal, with studies often limited by the use of unstandardized aggression measures and survey self-report. Societal violence has declined substantially even as video games have increased in popularity. With the evidence examined across data sources, it appears that several decades of research has failed to identify violence in video games as a substantial contributor to societal aggression or violence.

Driver Responses to Augmented Reality Warnings and Alternatives at Urban Signalized Intersections

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1924-1928
Author(s):  
Ke Liu ◽  
Paul Green
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Warning Tone ◽  
Fixed Base ◽  
Yellow Arrow

This study examined an augmented reality warning system that highlighted threats with a yellow arrow pointing towards the potential threat and a red bar below it. Sixteen drivers drove a fixed base driving simulator in a world with 61 intersections, 10 of which contained threats. Threats could appear from any direction, and go straight or turn. Each subject completed 3 test blocks of those intersections in a different random order – no warning, a warning tone, or a warning tone accompanied by the augmented reality warning. Warnings led to significantly fewer crashes (14 for augmented reality, 24 for warning tone, 30 for no warning). When compared to no warnings, augmented reality warnings also led to shorter response times (23%/35% less, depending upon how RT was measured), greater maximum brake pressures (42%) and greater maximum decelerations (18%). These results indicate that augmented reality warnings can be beneficial to drivers.

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