scholarly journals Criminal Behaviour among Schizophrenics

1987 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry T. Chuang ◽  
Richard Williams ◽  
J. Thomas Dalby
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Dependent Measure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Criminal Behaviour ◽  
Medical Patients ◽  
Violent Offense ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Criminal Charges ◽  
Antisocial Personality Traits ◽  
Age And Sex

This study compared the criminal behaviour of schizophrenic patients with a group of hospitalized medical patients who were matched on the basis of age and sex. In addition to the typically employed dependent measure of offense conviction, this study also examined antisocial personality traits, undetected criminal behaviours, criminal charges, and incarceration. No significant differences between the groups were found across offense type (against property, against persons, victimless and motor vehicle violations). Schizophrenic patients, however, were found to be at greater risk for being victims of a violent offense when compared to the control group which seemed to be at a greater risk for becoming victims of non-violent crime.

scholarly journals Serum Cortisol and DHEA-S Levels in Schizophrenic Patients with Different Response to Antipsychotic Therapy: Association with Psychopathology / Серумски Концентрации На Кортизол И DHEA-S Кал Пациенти Со Шизофренша Со Различен Одговор На Антипсихотичната Терапша Асоци.1Аци.1А Со Психопатологшата

PRILOZI ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoja Babinkostova ◽  
Branislav Stefanovski ◽  
Danijela Janicevic-Ivanovska ◽  
Valentina Samardziska ◽  
Lila Stojanovska
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Antipsychotic Treatment ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Symptom Scale ◽  
Antipsychotic Therapy ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Background: Previous studies suggested that alterations in serum cortisol and DHEA-S levels may play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Imbalance in serum cortisol and DHEA-S levels may be related to responsivity to antipsychotic treatment. Aim: To compare serum cortisol and DHEA-S levels between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls and to evaluate their association with psychopathology in schizophrenic patients with different response to antipsychotic treatment. Material and Methods: This clinical prospective study included 60 patients with schizophrenia and 40 healthy age and sex matched controls. All patients experienced an acute exacerbation of the illness (PANSS: P1 and P3 ≥ 4). Clinical evaluation of patients was performed using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale. A questionnaire for socio-demographic and clinical data collection was used. For the purposes of the study, the examined group was divided in two subgroups: responders and nonresponders. Serum cortisol and DHEA-S levels were measuredat baseline in all participants and after 3 and 6 weeks of the antipsychotic treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Results: Patients with schizophrenia had significantly higher serum cortisol and DHEA-S levels comparedwith control group. Responders had significantly higher serum cortisol and DHEA-S levels compared with nonresponders. Responders group had significant correlation between serum cortisol and PANSS positive scale score as well as between hostility and serum DHEA-S. Conclusion: Elevated serum cortisol and DHEA-S levels may play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Serum cortisol and DHEA-S are associated with psychopathology in schizophrenic patients with different response to antipsychotic therapy.

Post-mortem Study of Chronic Schizophrenic Brains

1987 ◽  
Vol 151 (6) ◽  
pp. 744-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bente Pakkenberg
Keyword(s):  
Grey Matter ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Stereological Method ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenic ◽  
Central Grey Matter ◽  
Volume Measurements ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Age And Sex

Volume measurements were carried out on 29 brains from institutionalised, chronic schizophrenic patients and 30 age and sex-matched controls using a stereological method. The volumes of the total fixated brain, the hemispheres, the cortex, and the central grey matter of the schizophrenic brains were significantly reduced while the volumes of the ventricles were significantly enlarged compared with the control group. The patients had been diagnosed by a psychiatrist on the basis of their case records as having either a Type I or Type II syndrome according to the symptoms they presented in the first years of their disease. The Type II patients were found to have significantly enlarged ventricles compared with the Type I patients.

scholarly journals Interaction of apelin, elabela and nitric oxide in schizophrenia patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zekiye Catak ◽  
Hilal Kaya ◽  
Esra Kocdemir ◽  
Kader Ugur ◽  
Saadet Pilten Guzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Operating Characteristic ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Healthy Participants ◽  
Age And Sex

Summary BackgroundApelin (APLN), elabela (ELA), and nitric oxide (NO) have effects on physiological and behavioural properties in biological systems. This study was designed to determine APLN, ELA and NO levels in schizophrenia patients and assess whether these molecules are of diagnostic value. Methods A total of 33 schizophrenic patients and 32 age- and sex-adjusted healthy participants were included in the study. ELA, APLN and NO levels were measured using ELISA methods. Results Although the ELA and NO levels of the patients were lower than the control group, APLN levels were higher (p = 0.039, p = 0.019, p = 0.048, respectively). There was a significant negative correlation between APLN levels and triglyceride (TG) and body mass index (BMI) levels (r = -0.426, p = < 0.001 and r = -0.330, p = 0.007, respectively). Respectively, the areas under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the ELA/APLN, ELA/NO and APLN/NO ratios were 0.628, 0.590 and 0.709, 95% confident intervals (CI): 0.491–0.764, 0.450–0.730 and 0.579–0.840. Conclusions Decreased levels of ELA and NO and increased APLN levels in schizophrenia suggest that these molecules may be involved in its etiopathology. The APLN/NO ratio also seems to show promise in the diagnosis of the disease and may be used in future.

Choice of Comparison Group and Findings of Computerised Tomography in Schizophrenia

1988 ◽  
Vol 153 (5) ◽  
pp. 667-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey N. Smith ◽  
William G. Iacono ◽  
Margaret Moreau ◽  
Karen Tallman ◽  
Morton Beiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Population ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Medical Patient ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Medical Patients ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Schizophrenic Group

The literature indicates that whether or not schizophrenic patients are reported to have significant lateral ventricular enlargement depends on control, and not schizophrenic-group values. This discrepancy does not result from differences in age, the ratio of males to females, the number of control subjects used in each study, or whether control groups are comprised of normal subjects or medical patients. However, medical-patient controls tend to have smaller ventricles than do normal individuals. Thus, we assessed lateral-and third-ventricle size and the degree of cortical atrophy in 30 normal volunteers, 30 medical patients, and 30 chronic schizophrenic patients. The use of a medical control group seemed to result in underestimates of ventricle and sulcal size in the normal population and, therefore, overestimates of these values in schizophrenic groups.

The self and schizophrenia: a cognitive approach

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Nieznanski
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Self Schema ◽  
Persons With Schizophrenia ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
Trait Words ◽  
Patients Experience ◽  
Normal Controls

The aim of the study was to explore the basic features of self-schema in persons with schizophrenia. Thirty two schizophrenic patients and 32 normal controls were asked to select personality trait words from a check-list that described themselves, themselves as they were five years ago, and what most people are like. Compared with the control group, participants from the experimental group chose significantly more adjectives that were common to descriptions of self and others, and significantly less that were common to self and past-self descriptions. These results suggest that schizophrenic patients experience their personality as changing over time much more than do healthy subjects. Moreover, their self-representation seems to be less differentiated from others-representation and less clearly defined than in normal subjects.

Gene Frequency of CYP2D6*4 and *10 Variants in Karachi Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamkeen Fatima ◽  
Farah Zeb ◽  
A. Dar Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Antipsychotic Drugs ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Poor Metabolizer ◽  
Cyp2d6 Polymorphism ◽  
Wild Allele ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Intermediate Metabolizer

Background: CYP2D6 is to be considered the most pronounced gene in pharmacegenetic field which is involved in metabolizing ~25% of all clinically used neuroleptic drugs and other antidepressants. We designed a study to evaluate differential expression of CYP2D6*4 and CYP2D6*10 variants which are very prevalent in Asian countries and exhibit variation in drug metabolizing ability that affect therapeutic responses. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the genotypic frequencies of CYP2D6 *1 (normal metabolizer), *4 (poor metabolizer) and *10 (intermediate metabolizer) variants among schizophrenic subjects and compared with control group from a sub-set of Karachi population. Method: Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA ) was extracted and amplified with CYP2D6*4 and *10 primers using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and digested by Bacillus stereothermophilus (BstN1) and Hemophilus parahemolyticus (Hph1) restriction enzymes. The digested bands were identified as wild type or mutants and their genotypic frequencies were estimated statistically by Hardy-Weinberg equation (HWE) and analyzed further under non-parametric Chi-square test. Results: The results mentioned the frequencies of CYP2D6*1 wild allele (57%) which produces functional enzyme in normal subjects but CYP2D6*4 variant (9%) that produces non-functional enzyme and CYP2D6*10 allele (70%) produces altered enzyme with reduced activity that was most prevalent in schizophrenic patients. Conclusion : Genotyping of CYP2D6 alleles among schizophrenic patients indicated prevalence of *4 and *10 variants in Karachi population producing non-functional and reduced functional drugs metabolizing enzymes respectively that increases the incurability rate of schizophrenia. Therefore, CYP2D6 gene screening program should be conducted routinely in clinical practice to help clinicians to prescribing appropriate doses according to patient’s genotype and minimize the sufferings of schizophrenia. Discussion: In last, drug response is a complex phenomenon that is dependent on genetic and environmental factors. CYP2D6 polymorphism may un-cured the schizophrenia due to improper drug metabolism and protein-proteins interaction that may alter the antipsychotic drugs metabolism among patients with variable drug resposes. Gene testing system need to establish for analyzing maximum patient’s genotypes predicted with poor metabolizer, intermediate metabolizer and ultrarapid metabolizer for the adjustment of antipsychotic drugs.

scholarly journals Circulating miRNA-202-3p is a potential novel biomarker for diagnosis of type 1 gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dou Dou ◽  
Xiao-kou Li ◽  
Qi-sheng Xia ◽  
Ying-ying Chen ◽  
Yuan-liang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Standard Curve ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Background Currently, there are no circulating diagnostic biomarkers for gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (g-NENs). In previous studies, we found that miRNA-202-3p is overexpressed in the tumour tissue of type 1 g-NEN. We speculated that miRNA-202-3p is also likely to be highly expressed in circulating blood. Methods A total of 27 patients with type 1 g-NEN and 27 age- and sex-matched control participants were enrolled in this study. The miRNA-202-3p levels in serum obtained from the participants were measured by qRT‐PCR. The expression level of miRNA-202-3p in the samples was calculated by comparison with a standard curve. Results The clinical characteristics of the patients were similar to those of the patient samples in previous reports. Expression of miRNA-202-3p was significantly higher in the patient group (3.84 × 107 copies/nl) than in the control group (0.635 × 107 copies/nl). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.878 (95% CI: 0.788–0.968), and the optimal cut-off point was approximately 1.12 × 107 copies/nl. The sensitivity and specificity were 88.9% and 77.8%, respectively. Conclusion This study suggests that miRNA-202-3p is potentially useful as a biomarker of type 1 g-NEN; further investigation and verification should be performed in future research.

Halstead-Reitan Test Battery: A Problem of Differential Diagnosis

1980 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 611-630
Author(s):  
Irmingard I. Lenzer
Keyword(s):  
Brain Damage ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Construct Validation ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Summary Score ◽  
Test Battery ◽  
Medical Patients ◽  
Test Taking ◽  
Limited Applicability ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

The Halstead-Reitan Test Battery is one of the most widely recognized neuropsychological test batteries. Many claims have been made as to its validity. Despite these claims, doubts persist. A critical review of the literature shows that the battery can separate brain-damaged patients from normal patients, general medical patients, and patients with certain psychiatric disorders. However, the battery cannot separate brain-damaged patients as a group from schizophrenics as a group, though in individual cases there may exist pathognomonic signs indicating brain damage. The impairment index, as a summary score of the basic tests, as well as other “methods of inference,” fail at this point. Four alternatives are discussed. First, brain-damaged patients differ from schizophrenic patients not in test performance but in test-taking behavior. Second, the battery is a valid measure of brain damage but has limited applicability. Third, the battery is a measure not of brain damage but of degree of degradation of psychological processes. And fourth, schizophrenics perform poorly on the battery because they have undetected brain damage. Only the third and fourth alternatives appear viable. Both question the validity of the traditional criteria of brain damage. It is argued that future validation studies of the battery should be of construct validation type and not of the criterion-oriented type, as these are defined by Cronbach and Meehl (1955). Possible procedures for construct validation are briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Autistic traits in offspring of schizophrenic patients in comparison to those of normal population: a case-control study

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimaa Ibrahim Amin ◽  
Ghada Mohamed Salah EL-Deen
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Cutoff Point ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Parental History ◽  
Autism Quotient ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

Abstract Background Autism is not a discreet condition and those families members with autistic propend are more likely to display autistic symptoms with a wide range of severity, even below the threshold for diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders. Even with a parental history of schizophrenia, the likelihood of autistic spectrum disorder was found to be 3-fold greater. The aim of this study is to assess autistic traits among offspring of schizophrenic patients in the age group from 4 to 11 years and compare it in the offspring of normal individuals, and its association with the sociodemographic data. To determine whether schizophrenic parents are a risk factor to autistic traits in their children. Results There was a statistically significant (P < 0.05*) increase in Autism Quotient Child scores of the case group where 47.2% had a score equal or more than the cutoff point (76), while only 17 19.4% of the control group had the same score with odds = 3.71 indicating that children of schizophrenic parents 18 were three times likely to have Autism Quotient-Child score greater than or equal to the cutoff point (76) than 19 children of healthy parents. No statistically significant association (P ≥ 0.05) was found between all 20 sociodemographic characteristics and Autism Quotient-Child scores among the case group except for family 21 income and social class where there was a statistically significant association (P < 0.05) between insufficient income 22 and low social class and higher Autism Quotient-Child score (≥ 76). Conclusions Children of schizophrenic parents are at high risk to have autistic traits than children of normal parents.

Impact of Varying Flight Training Criteria on Flight Task Transfer Performance

1980 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 572-572
Author(s):  
Mark Nataupsky ◽  
Thomas M. McCloy ◽  
John M. Bermudez ◽  
Valentin W. Tirnan ◽  
Villiam G. Buchta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Of Training ◽  
Transfer Task ◽  
Dependent Measure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Flight Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Wind Condition ◽  
Air Force Academy ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Transfer Tasks

Recent studies have shown that criterion levels established in training directly affect later performance of subjects on experimental tasks. Approximately 20% of variance can be explained by these criteria. The purpose of this study was to determine if a similar relationship can be found in transfer of training situations. Twenty male Air Force Academy cadets were trained to one of two multiple criteria levels on a difficult flight manuever in a GAT-1 simulator. There was a easy criterion set and a more difficult criterion set. These two sets consisted of holding prescribed performance parameters in heading, vertical velocity, and altitude. After achieving their assigned criterion, all cadets in each of the two groups were then tested on the same task in a GAT-1 simulator, but this time the maneuver had to be performed under turbulent wind conditions. This wind condition served as the transfer task. Half of the cadets in each group had the same criterion in both the training and the transfer task. The other cadets had different criteria in the training and transfer tasks. Thus there were four experimental groups: easy-easy, easy-difficult, difficult-easy, difficult-difficult. One control group had the easy criterion while the other control group had the difficult criterion. There were five cadets in each control group. The dependent measure was the Transfer Effectiveness Ratio (TER), derived from trials of this criterion data. This index is an estimate of the amount of time saved in learning a transfer task when performance is adjusted to that of a control group. Several analyses of various tasks of derived scores yielded significant results, confirming that criterion levels established in training carry over to transfer of training situations. Moreover, the data showed consistency in accounting for 20% or more of the variance.

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