The Independence of Hyperactivity from Conduct Disorder: Methodological Considerations

1989 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur G. Blouin ◽  
C. Keith Conners ◽  
William T. Seidel ◽  
Jane Blouin
Keyword(s):  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Factor Score ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factor Scores ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Behavioural Factors ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Methodological Considerations

It has been claimed that the childhood behavioural factors “hyperactivity” and “conduct disorder” are highly correlated. The fact that hyperactive symptoms load heavily on the conduct disorder factor has also been used to support the notion that hyperactivity is not an independent behavioural dimension. The present study employs a large sample of combined clinic and normal children to demonstrate that both of these observations are artifacts of methodological technique. When factor score coefficients are used to interpret factors, the hyperactive symptoms do not load on the conduct disorder factor. If factor scores are defined by the use of unit weights, as in previous studies, then the inter-correlation between the hyperactive and conduct disorder factors is high. The use of factor score coefficients to define factors, on the other hand, produces uncorrelated factors. The results support the idea that hyperactivity and conduct disorder are independent behavioural dimensions.

scholarly journals Depression and Psychological Well-Being as Distinct Constructs: Mutually Exclusive Associations With Biomarker

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 251-251
Author(s):  
Kheng Siang Ted Ng ◽  
Shu Cheng Wong ◽  
Glenn Wong ◽  
Ee Heok Kua ◽  
Anis Larbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Factor Score ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factor Scores ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Despite increasing emphasis on assessing the mental health of older adults, there has been inconclusive evidence on whether depression and psychological well-being (PWB) are fundamentally distinct constructs or representations of the opposite ends of the mental health spectrum. To instantiate either hypothesis, investigation of the associations between mental health scales and biomarkers have been proposed. First, we assessed depressive symptoms and PWB in community-dwelling older adults (N=59, mean age=67) using the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Ryff’s Scale of PWB (comprising six sub-scales). We measured a wide range of immune markers employing ELISA and flow cytometry. Subsequently, we used principal component analysis (PCA) to aggregate and derived biomarker factor scores. Lastly, multiple linear regressions were performed to examine the associations between the scales and the derived biomarker factor scores, controlling for covariates. PCA extracted six biomarker factors. Biomarker factor score 1 was significantly associated with PWB (β=-0.029, p=0.035) and the PWB sub-scale, self-acceptance (β=-0.089, p=0.047), while biomarker factor score 4 was significantly associated with the PWB sub-scale, purpose in life (β=-0.087, p=0.025). On the other hand, biomarker factor 6 was significantly associated with SDS (β=-0.070, p=0.008). There were mutually- exclusive associations between the scales with biomarker factor scores, supporting the hypothesis of distinct constructs. Our findings expanded the biomarkers of depression and PWB, deepening understanding of the biological underpinnings of depressive symptoms and PWB. These findings have implications in field work, since researchers could not infer one construct from the other, the examination of both constructs are essential.

scholarly journals Coming to Grips With Variation in Sociocultural Interpretations: Methodological Considerations

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 1198-1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Terkourafi
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Age Class ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Context Variables ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Empirically capturing sociocultural interpretations—situated interpretations of linguistic expressions shared among members of a group—can be difficult for two reasons: First, the interpretations themselves cannot be directly observed and, second, the contexts that enable these interpretations cannot be defined independently of them. Yet, the reality of such interpretations attested in piece after piece of empirical research calls for an explanation. This article outlines a bottom-up methodology that seeks to extract context-sensitive definitions of, on one hand, sociocultural interpretations and, on the other hand, the context variables that covary with them, from the data itself. Uptake-based definitions of sociocultural interpretations are empirically verifiable and include speaker, context, and addressee contributions to the bringing about of a certain sociocultural interpretation. Dynamic definitions of macro-social variables (gender, age, class, ethnicity, region, etc.) can emerge by gradually abstracting over the minimal contexts that are found to enable particular sociocultural interpretations. The article outlines with examples how this methodology can be applied to spoken conversational data, as well as some of its limitations.

scholarly journals N400 Evidence That the Early Stages of Lexical Access Ignore Knowledge About Phonological Alternations

2021 ◽  
pp. 002383092110200
Author(s):  
Stephen Politzer-Ahles ◽  
Jueyao Lin ◽  
Lei Pan ◽  
Ka Keung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Access ◽  
The Other ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Total N ◽  
Brain Potential ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Lexical Tones ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Potential Component

Hearing a word that was already expected often facilitates comprehension, attenuating the amplitude of the N400 event-related brain potential component. On the other hand, hearing a word that was not expected elicits a larger N400. In the present study, we examined whether the N400 would be attenuated when a person hears something that is not exactly what they expected but is a viable alternative pronunciation of the morpheme they expected. This was done using Mandarin syllables, some of which can be pronounced with different lexical tones depending on the context. In two large-sample experiments (total n = 160) testing syllables in isolation and in phonologically viable contexts, we found little evidence that hearing an alternative pronunciation of the expected word attenuates the N400. These results suggest that comprehenders do not take advantage of their knowledge about systematic phonological alternations during the early stages of prediction or discrimination.

scholarly journals ANAK BERKEBUTUHAN KHUSUS DAN PERMASALAHANNYA (STUDI DI KEMUKIMAN PAGAR AIR KECAMATAN INGIN JAYA KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR)

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Maisarah ◽  
Julianto Saleh ◽  
Nurul Husna
Keyword(s):  
Special Needs ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Crew Member ◽  
The Other ◽  
Children With Special Needs ◽  
Good Service ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Family ◽  
Descriptive Method

In this study, it examines children with special needs and their problems. The problem experienced by one crew member was that parents did not provide education to ABK, parents abandoned ABK and also parents did not provide good service to ABK. Although parents receive ABK in the family, parents do not provide education for various reasons. One family does not provide education on the grounds that the school specifically ABK does not want to accept children with ABK with Palsy. The schools that want to accept children with special needs are far from their homes. This study aims to determine the problems experienced by ABK in the Water Fence Settlements of Ingin Jaya District, Aceh Besar District. This study uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The results of this study the problems experienced by ABK are not properly educated, not taken care of as other children and neglected. But on the other hand, ABK has the potential and expertise even the potential it has exceeds other normal children. Parents in Islam are required or make sure their children are normal or not normal to not be weak children. In every Pagar Air Settlement Village, there are different crew members.Keywords: Children with Special Needs, Problems

scholarly journals ANAK BERKEBUTUHAN KHUSUS DAN PERMASALAHANNYA (STUDI DI KEMUKIMAN PAGAR AIR KECAMATAN INGIN JAYA KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR)

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Siti Maisarah ◽  
Julianto Saleh ◽  
Nurul Husna
Keyword(s):  
Special Needs ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Crew Member ◽  
The Other ◽  
Children With Special Needs ◽  
Good Service ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Family ◽  
Descriptive Method

In this study, it examines children with special needs and their problems. The problem experienced by one crew member was that parents did not provide education to ABK, parents abandoned ABK and also parents did not provide good service to ABK. Although parents receive ABK in the family, parents do not provide education for various reasons. One family does not provide education on the grounds that the school specifically ABK does not want to accept children with ABK with Palsy. The schools that want to accept children with special needs are far from their homes. This study aims to determine the problems experienced by ABK in the Water Fence Settlements of Ingin Jaya District, Aceh Besar District. This study uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The results of this study the problems experienced by ABK are not properly educated, not taken care of as other children and neglected. But on the other hand, ABK has the potential and expertise even the potential it has exceeds other normal children. Parents in Islam are required or make sure their children are normal or not normal to not be weak children. In every Pagar Air Settlement Village, there are different crew members.Keywords: Children with Special Needs, Problems

The Analysis and Treatment of a Case of Neurotic Conduct Disorder in a Young Child Illustrating the Value and Use of Drawing in Child Guidance Technique

1939 ◽  
Vol 85 (356) ◽  
pp. 522-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Edelston
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Young Child ◽  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Child Guidance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Mental Problems ◽  
Guidance Technique

In spite of Freud's great discoveries tracing back the origins of adult psycho-neurosis to the mental conflicts of early childhood, until comparatively recently little was done by psychiatrists generally to investigate and treat directly the mental problems of difficult and neurotic children. Though a few clinics had been established for a considerable time in Vienna and elsewhere as a result of the work of Adler and his pupils, the “Child Guidance “movement obtained its greatest impetus from America. Here it arose, however, out of social problems rather than medical; more particularly from Healey's studies of delinquent children. Partly on account of its origin in this way, and partly no doubt influenced by the behaviourist psychology so much in evidence in U.S.A., the tendency there from the beginning was to stress the importance of the child's environment and the remedial effect of altering harmful influences found in it. The psycho-analytic schools, on the other hand, have emphasized the endogenous nature of neurotic conflict, i.e., localized the trouble wholly in the child's mind; which has led them to concentrate on treatment of the child itself to the exclusion of the material surroundings.

The responses of language disordered children to indirect directives in varying contexts

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn Shatz ◽  
Marsha A. Shulman ◽  
Deena K. Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Early Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Linguistic Context ◽  
Response Behavior ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Neutral Context ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Early Action ◽  
Show Evidence

ABSTRACTLanguage disordered children's responses to sentences that can carry directive import were examined under varying contextual conditions. In the first experiment, sentences were presented in a neutral context; in the second experiment, two different kinds of sentences provided linguistic contexts for test sentences. Taken together, the results of the studies indicate that language disordered children are qualitatively much like normal children with regard to early response behavior. They show evidence of an early action response strategy and some ability to take context into account. On the other hand, they do appear to have more difficulty both in generating informing responses and in utilizing information from prior linguistic context. A possible reason for this latter deficit is suggested.

scholarly journals Discrepancies between Different Northern Hemisphere Summer Atmospheric Data Products

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 1261-1273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Greatbatch ◽  
Ping-ping Rong
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Temperature Record ◽  
Atlantic Sector ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract Northern Hemisphere summer (July–August) data from the NCEP–NCAR and ECMWF 40-yr Re-Analysis (ERA-40) reanalyses are compared with each other and with Trenberth's sea level pressure (SLP) dataset. Discrepancies in SLP and 500 hPa are mostly confined to a band connecting North Africa and Asia. In the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis, there is a negative offset in SLP over North Africa and Asia prior to the late 1960s, together with a similar problem in 500-hPa height, and in Trenberth's data there is a negative offset in SLP over Asia prior to the early 1990s. Both these offsets magnify the linear trend from 1958 to 2002 over North Africa and Asia in the NCEP–NCAR and Trenberth datasets. On the other hand, the interannual variability in the three datasets is highly correlated during the periods between these offsets. Compared to SLP and 500-hPa height, there is a more extensive area of discrepancy in 2-m temperature that extends eastward from North Africa across the subtropics into the Pacific, with an additional area of discrepancy over the Arctic and parts of the American continent. At 500 and 100 hPa, the biggest differences in the temperature time series are found in the Tropics, with a marked jump being evident in the late 1970s in the NCEP–NCAR, but not in the ERA-40, reanalysis that is almost certainly associated with the introduction of satellite data. On the other hand, all three datasets agree well over Europe. The summer North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), defined here as the first EOF of summer mean SLP over the Euro-Atlantic sector, agrees well between the different datasets. The results indicate that the upward trend in the summer index in the 1960s is part of a longer-period interdecadal cycle, with relatively high index values also being found during the 1930s. The running cross correlation between the central England temperature record and the summer NAO shows a strong correlation throughout the last half of the twentieth century, but much reduced correlation in the early part of the twentieth century. It is not clear whether the change in correlation is real, or a data artifact, a topic that requires further research.

Overinclusive Thought Disorder and Symptomatology

1971 ◽  
Vol 118 (547) ◽  
pp. 663-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. V. Hawks ◽  
R. W. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Thought Disorder ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factor Scores ◽  
Personal Significance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Paranoid Schizophrenic

Payne and Hewlett (1960) found that the schizophrenics having the highest factor scores on their dimension of overinclusion were diagnosed paranoid schizophrenic. Payne (1966) has suggested that if overinclusive thinking is construed as an inability to disregard irrelevant stimulation it is conceivable that overinclusive thought-disordered schizophrenics will come to hold delusions of reference and persecution as a consequence of their giving these irrelevances personal significance. In this way the paranoid schizophrenic's thought disorder is seen as the basis of his delusional symptomatology. A number of studies have lent support to this contention (Payne, Caird and Laverty, 1964; Lloyd, 1967). On the other hand several studies have failed to find the predicted relationship between overinclusive test performance and delusional symptomatology (Hawks, 1964; Chapman and McGhie, 1962).

Can children with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome edit their intentions?

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Baron-Cohen ◽  
P. Cross ◽  
M. Crowson ◽  
M. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Involuntary Movements ◽  
Cognitive Mechanism ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Attentional System ◽  
Better Than

SynopsisIn this paper we describe a cognitive mechanism, the Intention Editor, which is triggered whenever there are several intentions competing in parallel with each other. This mechanism is hypothesized to be a subcomponent of a larger mechanism, the Supervisory Attentional System (SAS: Shallice, 1988) which serves inhibition in general. The Intention Editor interrupts one of several simultaneously activated intentions, preventing it from executing its action, utterance, or thought. This mechanism appears to develop during the first five to six years of life. We propose that an impairment in the development of this mechanism may account for the triad of symptoms in children with Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS): involuntary movements, involuntary utterances, and obsessive thoughts. This mechanism is tested with normal children aged 3–6 years old, and with children with GTS, in two experiments.In Experiment 1, subjects were required to make one hand movement while inhibiting making a (different) hand movement that the other hand was simultaneously making. In Experiment 2, they were asked to say one thing while inhibiting saying something else. On both tasks, normal 6-year-olds were significantly better than normal 4-year-olds, but children with GTS performed worse than normal 6-year-olds, despite having a mean age of 12 years. These results constitute preliminary evidence for the theory that the Intention Editor is dysfunctional in GTS.

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