Personality Dimensions and Depression: Review and Commentary

1997 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray W Enns ◽  
Brian J Cox
Keyword(s):  
Lower Order ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Powerful Predictor ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Personality Dimensions ◽  
Clinically Depressed ◽  
The Relationship

Objectives The relationship between dimensionally assessed personality and the onset, features, and course of depressive illness will be critically examined and considered in relation to 4 hypothesized models: predisposition or vulnerability; pathoplasty; complication or scar; and spectrum or continuity. Method Studies that have used clinically depressed adult patients to explore the relationship between personality dimensions and depression will be reviewed. Results Higher-order personality factors that have shown a significant and consistent association with major depressive illness include neuroticism, extraversion (negative relationship), and the factors of Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Model. Neuroticism appears to be the most powerful predictor of depression. Lower-order factors showing a significant and consistent relationship with depressive illness include dependency, self-criticism, obsessionality, and perfectionism. The links between depression and dependency and self-criticism have the strongest empirical support. Conclusions Several personality dimensions are significantly associated with depressive illness, but the evidence that unequivocally demonstrates a true personality predisposition for depression is modest. Measures of personality may prove to be clinically useful for treatment selection.

scholarly journals Perceptions of Parental Bonding and Symptom Severity in Adults with Depression: Mediation by Personality Dimensions

2000 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray W Enns ◽  
Brian J Cox ◽  
Derrick K Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Parental Bonding ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Mediating Effects ◽  
Personality Dimensions ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Socially Prescribed Perfectionism ◽  
Parental Rearing ◽  
Personality Vulnerabilities ◽  
Concern Over Mistakes ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: An association between anomalous parental bonding experiences (lack of parental care, overprotection, or both) and depression during adulthood has been observed in several studies. The objective of the present study was to evaluate several different personality dimensions as possible mediators of the relationship between perceptions of parental bonding and depressive symptoms in adulthood. Methods: Outpatients with depression (n = 138) completed the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and several measures of proposed personality vulnerabilities to depression. The conceptual and methodological criteria of Baron and Kenny (1986) were used to assess possible mediating effects of personality variables. Results: In men, overprotection by their fathers was significantly associated with depression; neuroticism, socially prescribed perfectionism, and concern over mistakes acted as mediators of this relationship. In women, lack of care by their mothers was significantly associated with depression; self-criticism, socially prescribed perfectionism, and concern over mistakes mediated this relationship. Conclusions: The present study provides evidence that personality factors may mediate the observed relationship between parental rearing style and depression. These potential causal mechanisms warrant longitudinal evaluation.

scholarly journals Personality, Resilience, and Psychopathology: A Model for the Interaction between Slow and Fast Network Processes in the Context of Mental Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 969-987
Author(s):  
Gabriela Lunansky ◽  
Claudia van Borkulo ◽  
Denny Borsboom
Keyword(s):  
Personality Factors ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Interactive Simulation ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Strong Relation ◽  
Fast Network ◽  
Affect States ◽  
The Relationship

Network theories have been put forward for psychopathology (in which mental disorders originate from causal relations between symptoms) and for personality (in which personality factors originate from coupled equilibria of cognitions, affect states, behaviours, and environments). Here, we connect these theoretical strands in an overarching personality–resilience–psychopathology model. In this model, factors in personality networks control the shape of the dynamical landscape in which symptom networks evolve; for example, the neuroticism item ‘I often feel blue’ measures a general tendency to experience negative affect, which is hypothesized to influence the threshold parameter of the symptom ‘depressed mood’ in the psychopathology network. Conversely, events at the level of the fast–evolving psychopathology network (e.g. a depressive episode) can influence the slow–evolving personality variables (e.g. by increasing feelings of worthlessness). We apply the theory to neuroticism and major depressive disorder. Through simulations, we show that the model can accommodate important phenomena, such as the strong relation between neuroticism and depression and individual differences in the change of neuroticism levels and development of depression over time. The results of the simulation are implemented in an online, interactive simulation tool. Implications for research into the relationship between personality and psychopathology are discussed. © 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

Personality as Predictor of Achievement

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hartmann ◽  
Lars Larsen ◽  
Helmuth Nyborg
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Lower Order ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Incremental Validity ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Cognitive Variables ◽  
Powerful Predictor ◽  
Job Status ◽  
Socioeconomic Achievement

General intelligence, g, is a powerful predictor of education, job status and income, but the predictive power of personality is less clear. The objective of the present paper was to investigate the predictive power of personality (and g) with respect to education, job status, and income. We derived Eysenckian personality factors (P, E, N, L) from MMPI data; g was distilled from a large number of highly diverse cognitive variables. Linear, nonlinear, and interaction power in predicting socioeconomic achievement in 4200+ middle-aged American males was tested. In the present study, broad personality factors provided little incremental validity to g, in predicting socioeconomic achievement across type of education and job categories. This is at odds with previous studies, and does not exclude the possibility that certain personality factors (higher or lower order) have more predictive validity within certain job categories and education types.

scholarly journals Differences in personality related determinants of empathetic sensibility in female and male students of medicine

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254458
Author(s):  
Barbara Bętkowska-Korpała ◽  
Roksana Epa ◽  
Karolina Sikora-Zych ◽  
Katarzyna Olszewska-Turek ◽  
Anna Pastuszak-Draxler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Psychological Skills ◽  
Medical Studies ◽  
Personality Dimensions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Interaction Component

The issues of personality and its relations with the level of empathetic sensibility of medical doctors are broadly discussed in the literature. The aim of this study was an assessment of personality related predictors of empathy indicators in female and male students of medicine with consideration of gender differences. Methods applied were Empathic Sensitiveness Scale (ESS) and Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R). The study included 153 participants, who were students of the fifth year of medical studies. Students filled in questionnaires during workshops in clinical psychological skills. Participation in the study was voluntary and anonymous. The statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 13 PL and PS IMAGO PRO (SPSS). Linear regression analysis with the interaction component was performed to explore the relationship between personality factors and gender and their interaction with the variable dependent level of empathy. The analysis showed that Extraversion, Openness and Agreeableness are associated with the level of Empathic Concern. Neuroticism, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness are associated with the level of Personal Distress. Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness are associated with the level of Perspective-taking. The regression analysis with the interactive component showed that there is no relationship between gender and the level of empathy, therefore the interactions were insignificant. Empathetic sensibility is related to personality dimensions of the students of medicine. Although there has been no interaction among chief personality dimensions, empathy indicators and gender, detailed analysis of personality dimensions’ components has shown differences between men and women.

scholarly journals Personality, resilience, and psychopathology: A model for the interaction between slow and fast network processes in the context of mental health

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Lunansky ◽  
Claudia D. van Borkulo ◽  
Denny Borsboom
Keyword(s):  
Personality Factors ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Threshold Parameter ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Strong Relation ◽  
Fast Network ◽  
Affect States ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Network theories have been put forward for psychopathology (in which mental disorders originate from causal relations between symptoms) and for personality (in which personality factors originate from coupled equilibria of cognitions, affect states, behaviors, and environments). Here, we connect these theoretical strands in an overarching Personality-Resilience-Psychopathology (PRP) model. In this model, factors in personality networks control the shape of the dynamical landscape in which symptom networks evolve; for example, the neuroticism item “I often feel blue” measures a general tendency to experience negative affect, which is hypothesized to influence the threshold parameter of the symptom “Depressed Mood” in the psychopathology network. Conversely, events at the level of the fast-evolving psychopathology network (e.g., a depressive episode), can influence the slow-evolving personality variables (e.g., by increasing feelings of worthlessness). We apply the theory to neuroticism and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Through simulations, we show that the model can accommodate important phenomena, such as the strong relation between neuroticism and depression, and individual differences in the change of neuroticism levels and development of depression over time. The results of the simulation are implemented in an online, interactive tool. Implications for research into the relationship between personality and psychopathology are discussed.

scholarly journals The Role of Personality Factors in Childhood Traumatic Events’ Impact on Treatment Progress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tjasa Kustrin
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Frequent Pattern ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Treatment Progress ◽  
Violent Offending ◽  
Impact On Treatment ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Attrition rates in rehabilitative programmes for violent behaviour are concerning as exiting from treatment may have implications for individuals (e.g., further offending, diminished quality of life), the organisation providing the treatment (e.g., cost, ineffectiveness), and for the society (e.g., safety, trust in the criminal justice system). Therefore, it is necessary to consider factors that may hinder the progress and completion of the treatment of violent offending. This study aimed to extend Te Hiwi's (2020) findings on negative relationship between childhood traumatic events and treatment outcomes, by exploring the role of maladaptive personality traits in this relationship. The study was based on retrospective, file-based data of 417 men who attended the high-intensity rehabilitation programme in New Zealand. Binomial and logistic regression models predicting treatment progress and outcome as well as a structural equation model showed that maladaptive personality traits – antisocial, borderline, and psychopathic – had overall no significant role in the relationship between trauma and treatment progress, despite men who were high on psychopathic traits being less likely to complete the treatment. Traumatic childhood events had a negative impact on treatment progress. In addition, treatment progress in the presence of all types of trauma was a less frequent pattern configuration than statistically expected. These findings reiterate the need for further research on the underlying mechanisms in the relationship between childhood trauma and treatment of violent offending, and self-regulation was suggested as one such mechanism.</p>

scholarly journals Clonidine test and MMPI scales in major depression: state or trait markers ?

1992 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-133
Author(s):  
M Hansenne ◽  
W Pitchot ◽  
A Gonzalez Moreno ◽  
R von Frenckell ◽  
M Ansseau
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Social Introversion ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryThe relationship between growth hormone (GH) response to clonidine and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was assessed in 20 major depressive inpatients. GH response to clonidine was negatively correlated with the depression, the psychasthenia as well as the social introversion MMPI scale scores, and positively correlated with the hypomania scale scores. In contrast, the Carroll depression scale did not exhibit any relationship with either GH response to clonidine or MMPI depression scale. These findings support the role of the clonidine test and several MMPI scales as trait markers for depressive illness.

Are the questionnaire and the psycho-lexical Big Twos the same? Towards an integration of personality structure within the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 18-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Włodzimierz Strus ◽  
Jan Cieciuch
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Personality Structure ◽  
Social Self ◽  
Close Correspondence ◽  
Personality Dimensions ◽  
The Relationship

The Big Two personality factors were identified independently in questionnaire (Stability and Plasticity) and in psycho-lexical studies (Social Self-Regulation and Dynamism), but despite the close correspondence between them, the existing results are inconclusive as to the degree of their similarity. The presented study involved 692 participants (55.3% females; Mage=31.5, SDage=13.1) who completed a set of instruments measuring the most general personality dimensions to clarify the relationship between the questionnaire and the psycho-lexical Big Twos within the Circumplex of Personality Metatraits (CPM). It was shown that both Big Twos can be deemed slightly different manifestations of the personality metatraits identified within the CPM. Thus, the obtained results suggest a possibility for renewed integration of the questionnaire and the psycho-lexical traditions of research on personality structure.

scholarly journals Comparison of Emotional Behaviour of Spanish, Chilean and England Adolescents, and Their Relationship with Effective Personality

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8611
Author(s):  
María Eugenia Martin-Palacio ◽  
Andrés Fernando Avilés-Dávila ◽  
Cristina Di-Giusto ◽  
José-Antonio Bueno-Álvarez ◽  
Marta Soledad García-Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Intervention Programs ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Emotional Behaviour ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Affective Competencies ◽  
Personality Construct

Analysing the emotional behaviour of adolescents is fundamental because of its relationship with maladaptive behaviour and even possible psychological maladjustments. For this reason, this study had two objectives: to analyse the existence of significant differences in socio-emotional behaviour in English, Spanish, and Chilean adolescents, taking gender into account, and to analyse the relationship between emotional behaviour and the effective personality model in the Spanish and Chilean samples. A total of 2534 adolescents participated (609 English, 1677 Spanish, and 248 Chilean). The Abbreviated Scale of Emotional Behaviour (ECEA_R: aggressive tendency, social reactivity, and social support) and the Effective Personality Questionnaire—Adolescents (CPE-A: academic self-realisation, socio-affective self-realisation, and resolute efficacy) were applied. A MANOVA was carried out to study the differences in adolescents’ socio-emotional behaviour, taking gender and nationality into account, and a correlational analysis was undertaken to explore the relationship between the variables of emotional behaviour (aggressive tendency, social reactivity, and social support) and effective personality (academic self-realisation, socio-affective self-realisation, and resolute efficacy). Regarding the first objective, for aggressive tendency, English male adolescents stood out, followed by Spanish and Chilean male adolescents and females of all nationalities. In terms of social reactivity, female adolescents stood out over male adolescents and, with regard to social support, Spanish adolescents (male and female) stood out over other nationalities, followed by Chilean and English adolescents (males and females). The results of the second objective indicated a negative relationship between aggressive tendency and academic self-realisation, but a positive relationship for social reactivity and social support (only in the Spanish sample) with most of the effective personality factors. The results are relevant for the application of prevention and intervention programs that improve or implement social and affective competencies in adolescents who develop the effective personality construct.

scholarly journals The Relationship between the Big Five Personality Factors and Work Engagement in Malayer University Staff

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janad KARIMI
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Work Engagement ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Openness To Experience ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
University Staff ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Human resource is among the factors that influence the survival of organizations. It has always been considered by organization managers and officials. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between big five personality and work engagement among Malayer University staff. Methods: This descriptive correlation study was conducted among the Malayer University staff. A total of 140 employees were selected by convenience sampling. Measurement tools in the study were: The Big Five Inventory (NEO) and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), Pearson’s correlation coefficient, as well as multiple linear regressions. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS-v 22.0. Results: Pearson correlation analysis showed that work engagement had a significant positive relationship with conscientiousness (P<0.001, r= 0.71), openness to experience (P<0.001, r= 0.78),   and extraversion (P<0.001, r= 0.76). Furthermore, a negative relationship was found between neuroticism (P<0.001, r=- 0.72), and work engagement. Multiple regression analysis also showed that extraversion (P<0.001, B= 0.29) and openness to experience (P<0.001, B= 0.27) had a positive relationship with work engagement. However, neuroticism (P<0.001, B= - 0.40) had a negative relationship with work engagement. Extraversion, openness to experience, and neuroticism were the predictive factors for work engagement and explained 40% of the variation in staff’s work engagement. Conclusions: Results indicated that neuroticism was the best predictor of work engagement and acted as a vulnerability factor. In other words, staff with stronger neuroticism have more work problems, such as low motivation and decreased performance.

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