A comparison between constitutive models for the municipal solid waste

2021 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2110450
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Yousefi ◽  
Nader Shariatmadari ◽  
Ali Noorzad ◽  
Amirhossein Mohammadi ◽  
MohammadJavad Mahmoodi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Equivalent Stress ◽  
Constitutive Models ◽  
Stress Curve ◽  
Strain Stress ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

This paper compares the behavioural models of municipal solid waste (MSW) using the corresponding experimental data. To do so, the proposed models are first reviewed and, then, the algorithms and codes of different models are written. After obtaining each model’s algorithm, the same experimental data are considered as input, and the strain–stress curve is plotted for each model. In the first method, the total strain in the waste is obtained based on the summation of the elastic, plastic, biological, and creep strains. Afterward, the equivalent stress is obtained. In this method, using biological changes over time, the age of the waste is calculated as an effective parameter in MSW behaviour. Moreover, the effect of creep on the waste is considered independently. In the second algorithm, MSW is considered as fibre and paste material, and the strain–stress curve is obtained. In this method, the waste is considered as a soil model, and the effect of different parameters are calculated. Due to the complexity of the MSW behaviour and considering various parameters, such as the age of the waste, E changes over time, creep, and biological changes, the Krase model has less error than the other models. Using the soil behaviour model for the waste has a significant error, indicating the difference between the results for the behaviours of the two substances.

scholarly journals Major Elements to Consider in Developing Ammonia Emission Factor at Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Incinerators

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2197
Author(s):  
Seongmin Kang ◽  
Joonyoung Roh ◽  
Eui-chan Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Nh3 Emission ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

NH3 is one of the major substances contributing to the secondary generation of PM2.5; therefore, management is required. In Korea, the management of NH3 is insufficient, and the emission factor used by EPA is the same as the one used when calculating emissions. In particular, waste incineration facilities do not currently calculate NH3 emissions. In the case of combustion facilities, the main ammonia emission source is the De-NOx facility, and, in the case of a power plant with a De-NOx facility, NH3 emission is calculated. Therefore, in the case of a Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) incinerator with the same facility installed, it is necessary to calculate NH3 emissions. In this study, the necessity of developing NH3 emission factors for an MSW incinerator and calculating emission was analyzed. In addition, elements to be considered when developing emission factors were analyzed. The study found that the NH3 emission factors for each MSW incinerator technology were calculated as Stoker 0.010 NH3 kg/ton and Fluidized Beds 0.004 NH3 kg/ton, which was greater than the NH3 emission factor 0.003 NH3 kg/ton for the MSW incinerator presented in EMEP/EEA (2016). As a result, it was able to identify the need for the development of NH3 emission factors in MSW incinerators in Korea. In addition, the statistical analysis of the difference between the incineration technology of MSW and the NH3 emission factor by the De-NOx facility showed a difference in terms of both incineration technology and De-NOx facilities, indicating that they should be considered together when developing the emission factor. In addition to MSW, it is believed that it will be necessary to review the development of emission factors for waste at workplaces and incineration facilities of sewage sludge.

Using a Carbon Balance to Estimate Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Mitigation From Municipal Solid Waste Management

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Bahor ◽  
Keith Weitz ◽  
Andrew Szurgot
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Management ◽  
Msw Management ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Changes Over Time

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is internationally recognized for its potential to be both a source and mitigation technology for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Historically, GHG emission estimates have relied upon quantitative knowledge of various MSW components and their carbon contents, information normally presented in waste characterization studies. Aside from errors associated with such studies, existing data do not reflect changes over time or from location to location and are therefore limited in their utility for estimating GHG emissions and mitigation due to proposed projects. This paper presents an alternative approach to estimate GHG emissions and mitigation using the concept of a carbon balance, where key carbon quantities are determined from operational measurements at modern municipal waste combustors (MWCs).

scholarly journals KuLGaP: A Selective Measure for Assessing Therapy Response in Patient-Derived Xenografts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janosch Ortmann ◽  
Ladislav Rampášek ◽  
Elijah Tai ◽  
Arvind Singh Mer ◽  
Ruoshi Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Tumor Size ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Therapy Response ◽  
Treatment Development ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

AbstractQuantifying response to drug treatment in mouse models of human cancer is important for treatment development and assignment, and yet remains a challenging task. A preferred measure to quantify this response should take into account as much of the experimental data as possible, i.e. both tumor size over time and the variation among replicates. We propose a theoretically grounded measure, KuLGaP, to compute the difference between the treatment and control arms. KuLGaP is more selective than currently existing measures, reduces the risk of false positive calls and improves translation of the lab results to clinical practice.

Rotation as a Source of Accelerating Expansion of the Universe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Szummer
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Cosmological Parameters ◽  
Classical Mechanics ◽  
Astronomical Observations ◽  
Accelerating Expansion ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Assuming a hypothesis, that the universe is rotating from the very beginning – as soon as it appeared- creates new possibilities to explain accelerating expansion of the universe. A spinning universe is under the action of two enormous forces: gravitational force and centrifugal force. The difference between the two forces has been shown to give the resultant force that causes the expansion of the universe to accelerate. Applying classical mechanics as a method, I calculated the magnitude of this acceleration, the time when it appeared and how it changes over time. By applying only recognized cosmological parameters, interesting results were obtained that can be checked with astronomical observations. The presence of acceleration of expansion causes the rate of expansion of the universe to continue to increase, which is consistent with astronomical observations. However, the speed of this increase in the rate of expansion becomes slower over time.

scholarly journals Simulation of gas transport in a landfill with layered new and old municipal solid waste

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Jianyong Shi ◽  
Xun Wu ◽  
Hai Lin ◽  
Xiulei Li
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Gas Transport ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Gas Permeability ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Gas Pressure ◽  
Anisotropy Ratio ◽  
The Difference

AbstractAverage biodegradation rate of newly filled municipal solid waste (MSW) in landfills is relatively fast, and the landfill gas produced by the new MSW biodegradation can cause great variations in gas pressure. To predict the gas pressure distribution in the MSW layer, a one-dimensional gas transport model is established in this study. The following factors are considered in this model: (1) the variation of gas permeability with depth; (2) the anisotropy ratio of gas permeability; (3) the settlement caused by waste biodegradation. Furthermore, a single peak model for gas production is applied as the source term of gas production. The equation for settlement caused by waste biodegradation is presented, and the time of peak gas production rate is obtained by fitting the settlement of the newly filled layer. The stratification of the unsaturated and saturated regions is taken into account by distinguishing the difference in gas saturation. The layering of the new and old waste layers is considered by distinguishing the difference in the length of time that waste has been degraded to produce gas. Based on the method of numerical calculation, the gas pressure distribution in the landfill with layered new and old MSW is well simulated. The position where the maximum gas pressure occurs is found. The sensitivity analysis shows that the influence of the anisotropy ratio on gas pressure distribution is more significant.

scholarly journals Guidelines for Practical Application of the EUROPE Model to Improve Production Units’ Resource Efficiency

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Jan Stenis ◽  
William Hogland
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Resource Efficiency ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Management ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Management Schemes ◽  
Changes Over Time

Introduction & Objective: This paper describes the practical usage of the EUROPE (Efficient Use of Resources for Optimal Production Economy) model based on the equality principle to improve the resource efficiency of production units. Methodology: The EUROPE model is a tool to monitor, manage and evaluate how the economic, technological and environmental performance of a firm or other production unit changes over time. Results & Discussion: A manual for daily use was provided to industrial managers and practical operators in a municipal solid waste firm. The company was able to improve its economic, environmental and technological standards by employing the EUROPE model, which combines relevant aspects of all three standards in a single key performance indicator. The method involves allocating shadow costs to residuals and the technique is demonstrated in the case of a medium-sized Swedish municipal solid waste management firm. Conclusion: The case study indicates that the manual accompanying the model is useful for companies applying the model to industrial activities and solid waste management schemes.

scholarly journals Analysis of waste collection using different modes of transport: Planning scenarios through system dynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-236
Author(s):  
Glauco Oliveira Rodrigues ◽  
Wellington Furtado Santos ◽  
Eugênio de Oliveira Rodrigues ◽  
Marco Aurélio Denis Zazyki ◽  
Ricardo Cesar Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Systems Dynamics ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
Financial Perspective ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Over Time

Purpose – This paper aims to compare rail and road modes of transport to carry Municipal Solid Waste using a simulation based on the Systems Dynamics of the financial and environmental differences between both. Design/methodology/approach – For modeling, the methodology proposed by Law (2015) based on Systems Dynamics was adopted. As such, the Systems Dynamics methodology helped to map structures for the system developed, seeking to examine its interrelation in a broad context. Through this simulation, the applied dynamics sought to understand how the system in question evolved over time and how changes in its parts affect its behavior. From this understanding, the system could be diagnosed and predicted, in addition to allowing more scenarios to be simulated over time. The time horizon used was eleven years. Findings – The findings show that, as seen from a financial perspective, there is a large difference between road and rail modes of transport to carry MSW. Therefore, it demonstrates the importance of valuing the railroads, in addition to being another option for managers to collect and transport waste generated in the municipalities studied. Originality/value – The model developed can be used by managers in the area of Municipal Solid Waste as a focus to help in the decision-making process to choose logistical options to transport waste. Keywords – Municipal Solid Waste; Modes of Transport; Systems Dynamics; Rail, Road.

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