Effect of occupational co-exposure to lead and cadmium on selected immunomodulatory cytokines

2021 ◽  
pp. 074823372110191
Author(s):  
Taru Goyal ◽  
Prasenjit Mitra ◽  
Preeti Singh ◽  
Shailja Sharma ◽  
Purvi Purohit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphite Furnace ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Exposed Group ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Th2 Cytokine ◽  
Group A ◽  
Th1 Cytokine

Occupational exposure to heavy metals like lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) is associated with the development of several diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of occupational co-exposure to Pb and Cd on the blood levels of selected immune-modulatory cytokines related to T helper (Th), that is, Th1, interleukin-2 (IL-2), Th2, (IL-4 and IL-10), and Th17, (IL-17) cells. The study comprised 207 individuals divided into two groups: exposed ( n = 110) and nonexposed ( n = 97). Blood Pb and Cd were determined using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, and serum levels of cytokines were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The study revealed significantly higher blood Pb and Cd levels in the exposed group. A significant decrease in Th1 cytokine-IL-2 and Th2 cytokine-IL-10 was found, while IL-4 (Th2 cytokine) and IL-17 (Th17) levels were higher in the exposed group. In the mixed exposure analysis, among all the selected cytokines, IL-4 levels were significantly different between individuals having higher levels of both Pb and Cd versus lower levels of Pb and Cd. While IL-2 levels were highest among the low Pb and Cd group, the IL-17 levels were highest among individuals with higher Cd levels. The study demonstrated that co-exposure to low levels of Pb and Cd might have an immune-modulatory effect. The data suggested a metal-induced pro-inflammatory immune response.

scholarly journals Correlation between Serum Osteopontin and miR-181a Levels in Allergic Rhinitis Children

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenlong Liu ◽  
Qingxiang Zeng ◽  
Renzhong Luo
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Allergic Airway Inflammation ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Th2 Cytokine ◽  
Th2 Immune Response ◽  
Th1 Cytokine

Background. Osteopontin (OPN) has been proved to be associated with allergic airway inflammation. However, the roles of OPN and its regulation in childhood allergic rhinitis (AR) are poorly understood.Objective. This study aims to evaluate the expression of OPN and miR-181a in children with AR and their association with Th1/Th2 immune response.Methods. Children who suffered from AR were included along with control subjects. Serum was collected to examine the level of OPN and Th1/Th2 cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the level of miR-181a by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).Results. Children with AR had significantly higher serum levels of OPN and lower serum levels of miR-181a than healthy controls. Furthermore, serum levels of OPN were positively correlated with Th2 cytokine and negatively correlated with Th1 cytokine. On the contrary, miR-181a level had a negative correlation with IL-4/IL-5 and positive correlation with IFN-γ/IL-12. More importantly, there was also significant negative correlation between OPN and miR-181a.Conclusion. The OPN protein and miR-181a levels may serve as predictors of disease severity in childhood AR and appear to be promising targets for modulating AR.

scholarly journals High serum levels of soluble interleukin 2 receptor in patients with B chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 396-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Semenzato ◽  
R Foa ◽  
C Agostini ◽  
R Zambello ◽  
L Trentin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Interleukin 2 Receptor

Abstract By using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the presence of the soluble form of the interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) was evaluated in the peripheral blood of 54 patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Serum levels of sIL-2R were correlated with clinical features, relevant hematologic and immunological data, and in some cases, with in vitro functional studies. In 51 patients (94.4%), the levels of sIL-2R were increased as compared with normal age-matched controls (1,781 U/mL +/- 231 v 276 U/mL +/- 26, respectively; P less than .001). Although this increase was observed in all stages of the disease and independently of several hematologic and immunologic parameters, a trend toward lower levels of sIL-2R was documented in patients with a less-invasive disease. When the values were correlated with the functional status of the residual T cell population, it was found that patients with the lowest levels of sIL-2R showed the best mitogenic response and helper capacity. It is suggested that in B-CLL patients the high levels of serum sIL-2R, capable of binding to its ligand, may block the T cell-produced IL-2, thus contributing toward a defective physiological action by this lymphokine. In turn, this defective availability of IL-2 may play a part in the abnormal immunoregulation that is implicated in the hypogammaglobulinemia, susceptibility to infections, and incidence of second neoplasias often observed in this disease.

Comparison of Immunological and Endocrinological Markers Associated with Major Depression

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Jozuka ◽  
E Jozuka ◽  
S Takeuchi ◽  
O Nishikaze
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Nk Cell Activity ◽  
Self Rating

Natural-killer-(NK)-cell activity and blood levels of interleukin 2 (IL-2), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulphate (DHEA-S) and cortisol were measured in 17 patients with major depression and 10 control subjects. Depression severity was evaluated using the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale. NK-cell activity and IL-2 levels were measured using a chromium-51 release test and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Radioimmunoassays were used to measure serum cortisol, DHEA and DHEA-S. As would be expected, patients with major depression had a higher score on the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale than healthy controls. Compared with controls, NK-cell activity and levels of cortisol and DHEA were reduced in patients with major depression, whereas IL-2 levels were increased. No difference was observed in DHEA-S levels between patients and controls. A reduction in NK-cell activity and DHEA levels, and an increase in IL-2 levels appear to be associated with major depression. Whether these changes are the cause or the consequence of the depression remains to be determined.

Phase I evaluation of recombinant interleukin-2 in patients with advanced malignant disease.

1986 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 1380-1391 ◽  
Author(s):  
M B Atkins ◽  
J A Gould ◽  
M Allegretta ◽  
J J Li ◽  
R A Dempsey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Tumor Regression ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Tumoricidal Activity

Seventeen patients with refractory malignant tumors were treated with recombinant human interleukin-2 (IL-2) administered by weekly bolus intravenous (IV) injection in a phase I dose escalation trial. Patients received 10,000 to 1,000,000 U/m2 per injection over a course of 3 to 33 weeks. Toxicity was dose related and consisted primarily of fever, chills, nausea, and vomiting. Hypotension was observed at doses of 500,000 U/m2 or higher and in one instance was sufficiently severe to require pressors. No tumor regression was seen and all patients eventually developed progressive disease. Blood levels of cortisol, ACTH, prolactin, and growth hormone as well as the acute phase reactant C-reactive protein (CRP) increased after the administration of IL-2 in most patients. Serum IL-2 levels in excess of 250 U/mL were detected five minutes after an IV injection of 1,000,000 U/m2, after which the levels declined with a half-life of approximately 25 minutes. No alteration in lymphocyte surface phenotype or enhancement in natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity against natural killer (NK)-sensitive and resistant tumor cell lines was observed when these parameters were measured weekly just before the IL-2 injections. However, a dramatic but transient decline in circulating lymphocytes and NK activity was noted within hours of receiving IL-2. This effect was independent of fever and was not abrogated by pretreatment with ibuprofen or metyrapone. The majority of patients developed serum IgG antibodies of IL-2 detectable with a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a nitrocellulose dot blot assay. The development of anti-IL-2 antibodies was not associated with symptoms suggestive of serum sickness, reductions in serum complement levels, or deterioration in lymphocyte tumoricidal activity. This investigation provides insight into the in vivo actions of this potent biological response modifier and will assist in the design of future studies with IL-2 administered alone or in conjunction with other treatment modalities.

scholarly journals Cytokine Involvement in Immunomodulatory Activity Affected by Candida albicans Mannan

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1384-1391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanyun Wang ◽  
Shaokang P. Li ◽  
Stephen A. Moser ◽  
Kenneth L. Bost ◽  
Judith E. Domer
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Murine Splenocytes ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
In Vivo Administration

ABSTRACT Candida albicans mannoprotein (MAN) administered intravenously to mice stimulates the production of splenic CD8+ effector cells which downregulate delayed hypersensitivity (DH) in immunized mice. Cytokine involvement in the induction and/or elicitation of downregulation was studied by (i) examining murine splenocytes qualitatively for mRNA for interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p40, and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), (ii) quantitating splenocyte mRNA for IL-12p40 by quantitative-competitive reverse transcriptase-mediated PCR, and (iii) measuring serum levels of IL-12p40 and IL-12p70 by capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, each performed at selected intervals over 96 h after giving MAN. Further, the effect of in vivo administration of anti-IL-4 on the induction and elicitation of MAN-specific DH in MAN-treated mice was measured. Expression of IL-12p40 mRNA in the spleen was reduced to near 0 during the first 24 h but rebounded thereafter. Transcripts for IL-10 were present throughout the 96-h period, whereas those for IL-4 and IFN-γ were either weak or undetectable prior to 24 to 48 h. In vivo administration of anti-IL-4 partially abrogated the downregulatory effect of MAN only when given at the time of MAN administration. Serum levels of IL-12p40, but not IL-12p70, were increased by 24 h and maximal at 48 h. The antagonistic effect of IL-12p40 could contribute to the mechanism(s) for downregulation of DH. Moreover, IL-10, IL-4, and/or IFN-γ, interacting with MAN-activated cells in the absence of biologically active IL-12, may induce the production of CD8+ downregulatory effector cells. Partial abrogation of downregulatory activity in animals treated with anti-IL-4 at the time of induction of such activity lends support to this hypothesis.

scholarly journals High serum levels of soluble interleukin 2 receptor in patients with B chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 396-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Semenzato ◽  
R Foa ◽  
C Agostini ◽  
R Zambello ◽  
L Trentin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Interleukin 2 Receptor

By using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the presence of the soluble form of the interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) was evaluated in the peripheral blood of 54 patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Serum levels of sIL-2R were correlated with clinical features, relevant hematologic and immunological data, and in some cases, with in vitro functional studies. In 51 patients (94.4%), the levels of sIL-2R were increased as compared with normal age-matched controls (1,781 U/mL +/- 231 v 276 U/mL +/- 26, respectively; P less than .001). Although this increase was observed in all stages of the disease and independently of several hematologic and immunologic parameters, a trend toward lower levels of sIL-2R was documented in patients with a less-invasive disease. When the values were correlated with the functional status of the residual T cell population, it was found that patients with the lowest levels of sIL-2R showed the best mitogenic response and helper capacity. It is suggested that in B-CLL patients the high levels of serum sIL-2R, capable of binding to its ligand, may block the T cell-produced IL-2, thus contributing toward a defective physiological action by this lymphokine. In turn, this defective availability of IL-2 may play a part in the abnormal immunoregulation that is implicated in the hypogammaglobulinemia, susceptibility to infections, and incidence of second neoplasias often observed in this disease.

Complement systems C4, C3 and CH50 not subject to a circadian rhythm

Diagnosis ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Lung ◽  
Katja Matozan ◽  
Martin Risch ◽  
Benjamin Sakem ◽  
Urs E. Nydegger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Complement Components ◽  
25 Oh Vitamin D

AbstractBackground:The circadian fluctuations in the blood levels of selected components of the complement system are ill-defined. Some authors found nadir serum levels of C4 and C3 components, together with C3a at nighttime, while others reported insomnia when pro-inflammatory components exhibited increased serum levels. In this study, we quantitatively estimate the morning and evening daytime serum levels of CH50, C4, C3, put into context with C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25(OH)vitamin D at 07:00 A.M. and at 07:00 P.M.Methods:Seven healthy adult women and 11 men who were voluntary participants agreed to a fasting venipuncture in the morning after having normally eaten through the day and in the evening. The C4 and C3 serum levels were measured on a Cobas (Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland) modular analyzer, CH50 was estimated using the COMPL300 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of Wieslab (Malmö, Sweden). CRP, 25(OH)vitamin D, PTH and cortisol concentrations were assessed with electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) on the Roche Cobas 6000 platform; IgG was measured using nephelometry (Siemens, Germany).Results:With the exception of higher PTH levels in the evening [3.12–5.46, 95% confidence interval (CI)] compared to the morning (2.93–4.65, 95% CI), the mean and median values of C4, C3, CH50 as well as CRP, PTH and 25(OH)vitamin D fell within the established reference intervals. Cortisol levels were measured as an internal positive control for diurnal fluctuations (morning: 294–522 nmol/L, 95% CI; evening: 106–136 nmol/L, 95% CI).Conclusions:The concentrations of the assessed complement components C4 and C3 as well as CH50 surrogate assay did not yield significantly different values between early morning and evening. This does not exclude their participation in the circadian metabolome; this pilot study with healthy participants suggests that patients with an autoimmune disease in remission can give their blood samples independently during daytime with or without fasting.

Effect and Mechanism of Ligustrazine on Th1/Th2 Cytokines in a Rat Asthma Model

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (06) ◽  
pp. 1011-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Xiong ◽  
Zheng-Yu Fang ◽  
Xiao-Nan Tao ◽  
Ming Bai ◽  
Gang Feng
Keyword(s):  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Th2 Cytokines ◽  
Asthma Model ◽  
Th2 Cytokine ◽  
Th1 Cytokine ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Bet Protein

Ligustrazine is an alkaloid isolated from the rhizome of Chuanxiong (Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort), which is known to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrosis and immunomodulative effects. It is used clinically to treat asthma as an assistant therapy of glucocorticoid. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of intraperitoneal ligustrazine on Th1/Th2 cytokines in a rat asthma model and the underlying mechanism. SD rats were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) to establish an asthmatic model. Within 24 hours after the last ovalbumin challenge, changes in airway histology were observed. The concentrations of IL-4 and IFN-γ in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protein expressions of GATA-3 and T-bet in lung were measured by Western blot. The results showed that an increase of Th2 cytokine and an inhibition of Th1 cytokine were accompanied by an increased expression of GATA-3 protein and a decreased expression of T-bet protein in rat asthmatic airways compared to those in normal control group. Intraperitoneal ligustrazine administration could significantly lower the level of IL-4 in BALF and the expression of GATA-3 protein in lung and also increase the level of IFN-γ and T-bet in asthmatic rats, resulting in a decreased percentage of eosinophils (EOS) in BALF and ameliorated airway inflammatory cell infiltration. In conclusion, ligustrazine inhibits OVA induced airway inflammation by modulating key master switches GATA-3 and T-bet that result in reversing the Th2 cytokine patterns in asthma.

scholarly journals Serum Interleukin 1α and Interleukin 2 Levels in Patients with Schizophrenia

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Ebrinç ◽  
C Top ◽  
O Öncül ◽  
C Başoğlu ◽  
Ş Çavuşlu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fasting Serum ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Interleukin 1Α

It has been suggested that altered interleukin (IL) regulation may be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In this cross-sectional, case-controlled study, patients with schizophrenia and a control group of healthy subjects, matched by age, sex and body mass index, were evaluated. The levels of IL-1α and IL-2 in blood serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The fasting serum IL-2 levels were significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia compared with the control subjects, but there was no difference between the fasting serum levels of IL-1α in patients with schizophrenia and the control subjects. Our results suggest that patients with schizophrenia have altered IL-2, but not IL-1α, regulation.

scholarly journals Serum Cytokine Responses in Primary Pneumonic Plague Patients

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyi Wang ◽  
Zuyun Wang ◽  
Zhaobiao Guo ◽  
Baiqing Wei ◽  
Fuzhang Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Pneumonic Plague ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Necrosis Factor

ABSTRACTThe serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 of pneumonic plague patients were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IL-6 was the only elevated cytokine in the patients, and its level increased with a clear time course, indicating that IL-6 might be a prognostic marker for predicting the progression of plague.

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