Subjective ratings of odorants by women with chemical sensitivity

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 57-581
Author(s):  
Mercedes Fernandez ◽  
Gary E.R. Schwartz ◽  
Iris R. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Sexually Abused ◽  
Sensory Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chemical Sensitivity ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
History Of ◽  
Experimental Group

The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether women with chemical sensitivity rated the intensity and pleasantness of three odorants [peppermint, vanilla, and propylene glycol (PG)] and odorless room air differently than women without chemical sensitivity. The ratings of the experimental group (women with self-reported chemical sensitivity and no history of sexual abuse) were compared to those of two control groups who did not report chemical sensitivity [sexually abused (SA) women and healthy women without sexual abuse history]. All subjects were exposed to odorants and odorless control stimuli once a week for 3 consecutive weeks. Our findings indicate that women with chemical sensitivity perceive odorants as neither more or less intense nor more or less pleasant than women without chemical sensitivity. Moreover, the control women without sexual abuse outperformed the women in the other two groups by correctly identifying the target bottle containing the odorant. These findings suggest that perception of odorants alone is unlikely to account for the symptoms associated with chemical sensitivity. These findings, along with those of Doty et al. (1988), support the notion that olfactory-sensory function does not differ between individuals with and without chemical sensitivity.

scholarly journals Maternal History of Child Sexual Abuse and Maladaptive Outcomes in Sexually Abused Children: The Role of Maternal Mental Health

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110139
Author(s):  
Rachel Langevin ◽  
Martine Hébert ◽  
Audrey Kern
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Sexually Abused ◽  
Maternal Mental Health ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Abused Children ◽  
Maternal History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sexually Abused Children

The effects of child sexual abuse (CSA) have been found to surpass generations as maternal history of CSA is associated with increased difficulties in sexually abused children. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this association. The present study aimed to test maternal mental health symptoms including psychological distress, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and dissociation as mediators of the relationship between maternal CSA and children’s internalizing, externalizing, and dissociation symptoms in a large sample of sexually abused children. A total of 997 sexually abused children aged 3-14 years old and their mothers were recruited at five specialized intervention centers offering services to sexually abused children and their families. The children were divided into two groups depending on their mothers’ self-reported history of CSA. Mothers completed a series of questionnaires assessing their mental health and children’s functioning. Maternal history of CSA was associated with increased maternal psychological distress, PTSD symptoms, and dissociation following children’s disclosure of CSA. In turn, maternal psychological distress and maternal dissociation were associated with increased child internalizing, externalizing, and dissociation symptoms. Maternal PTSD symptoms were associated with child internalizing symptoms. Maternal mental health difficulties mediated the association between maternal CSA and sexually abused children’s maladaptive outcomes. Clinicians should assess for possible history of CSA in mothers of sexually abused children and determine how best to support them to cope with the aftermaths of their child’s disclosure and with their own traumatic past.

The Evaluation of a Training Programme in Rape Crisis Intervention for Lay Therapists

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Alan J. Flisher ◽  
Gordon M. Isaacs
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Intervention ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Rape Crisis

A training programme in rape crisis intervention for lay therapists (members of Rape Crisis in Cape Town) is described and evaluated. Apart from this experimental group ( N = 8), there were two control groups: one consisting of members of Rape Crisis who did not attend the programme ( N = 9) and the other consisting of people who were not members of Rape Crisis and had not attended the programme ( N = 8). Levels of facilitativeness (FAC) and action orientatedness (ACT) that subjects were able to offer before and after the programme were assessed, using a modification of the instrument developed by Carkhuff. The levels of FAC that subjects were able to offer were not affected by the programme. Members of Rape Crisis offered significantly lower levels of FAC than those subjects who were not members of Rape Crisis, both before or after the programme. The programme appeared to increase the levels of ACT that subjects were able to offer. Theoretical and practical explanations for, and implications of, these results are examined.

Understanding Revictimization Among Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivors: An Interpersonal Schema Approach

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marylene Cloitre ◽  
Lisa R. Cohen ◽  
Polly Scarvalone
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Childhood Sexual Abuse ◽  
Childhood Abuse ◽  
Sexually Abused ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
Trauma Survivors ◽  
Repetition Compulsion ◽  
History Of Childhood ◽  
History Of ◽  
Interpersonal Schema

Revictimization among women with a history of childhood sexual abuse was investigated within the context of a developmental model of interpersonal schemas. Data from the Interpersonal Schema Questionnaire (ISQ) revealed contrasting schema characteristics among sexually revictimized women (those sexually abused in childhood and sexually assaulted in adulthood) (n = 26), compared to those only abused in childhood (n = 18), and those never abused or assaulted (n = 25). Both revictimized women and never victimized women significantly generalized their predominant parental schemas to current relationships and differed only in the content of the schemas. The generalized parental schema of revictimized women viewed others as hostile and controlling while that of never victimized women viewed others as warm and noncontrolling. Women who had only been abused in childhood held schemas of parents as hostile but not controlling and did not generalize from parental to current schemas. The tendency to generalize observed in the first two groups suggest that “repetition compulsion” is not limited to those who were traumatized and are psychologically distressed. In this article, reasons for the absence of generalization among the childhood abuse only group are explored and implications for the treatment of childhood trauma survivors are discussed.

Examination Findings in Legally Confirmed Child Sexual Abuse: It's Normal to be Normal

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce A. Adams ◽  
Katherine Harper ◽  
Sandra Knudson ◽  
Juliette Revilla
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Child Sexual Abuse ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Sexually Abused ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Case Files ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Physical Findings ◽  
Behavioral Information

Background. Studies of alleged victims of child sexual abuse vary greatly in the reported frequency of physical findings based on differences in definition of abuse and of "findings." This study was designed to determine the frequency of abnormal findings in a population of children with legal confirmation of sexual abuse, using a standardized classification system for colposcopic photographic findings. Methods. Case files and colposcopic photographs of 236 children with perpetrator conviction for sexual abuse, were reviewed. The photos were reviewed blindly by a team member other than the examiner, and specific anatomical findings were noted and classified as normal to abnormal on a scale of 1 to 5. Historical and behavioral information, as well as legal outcome was recorded, and all data entered into a dBase III program. Correlations were sought between abnormal findings and other variables. Results. The mean age of the patients was 9.0 years (range 8 months to 17 years, 11 months), with 63% reporting penile-genital contact. Genital examination findings in girls were normal in 28%, nonspecific in 49%, suspicious in 9%, and abnormal in 14% of cases. Abnormal anal findings were found in only 1% of patients. Using discriminant analysis, the two factors which significantly correlated with the presence of abnormal genital findings in girls were the time since the last incident, and a history of blood being reported at the time of the molest. Conclusions. Abnormal genital findings are not common in sexually abused girls, based on a standardized classification system. More emphasis should be placed on documenting the child's description of the molestation, and educating prosecutors that, for children alleging abuse: "It's normal to be normal."

scholarly journals role of instruction in the perception of English high back vowels

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-41
Author(s):  
Raimundo Nonato Sousa Filho ◽  
Rafael Zaccaron ◽  
Rosane Silveira ◽  
Carlla Dall’Igna
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Pronunciation Instruction ◽  
Formal Instruction ◽  
Single Category ◽  
Beginning Learners ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

This article aims to analyze whether formal instruction influences Brazilian speakers' perception of the English high back vowels contrast. There have been a few L2 pieces of research that focused on the instruction of specific vowel contrasts. Previous studies indicate that a single L1 category seems to be a source of difficulty to L2 vowel discrimination. However, some of these investigations did not focus on the role of instruction to such discrimination. The participants of the present study were 17 Brazilian speakers of Portuguese as L1, beginning learners of English, divided into experimental and control groups. The study included a perception pretest, a pronunciation instruction class, taught only to the experimental group, and a perception posttest. Results showed that experimental and control groups obtained similar results. Based on that, some factors were pointed to possibly explain this outcome, such as the duration of the pronunciation instruction, the possibility of participants learning with the pretest itself, the duration of the data collection, the participants' possible assimilation of the target contrast into a single category, and the interference of the mid central vowel /?/ used as a distractor in the data collection. On the other hand, a qualitative analysis revealed that all participants in the experimental group found the pronunciation instruction helpful. Such findings seem to agree entirely or in part with other similar studies' results.

Spiritual Effects of Childhood Sexual Abuse in Adult Christian Women

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terese A. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Childhood Sexual Abuse ◽  
Sense Of Community ◽  
Sexually Abused ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Christian Women ◽  
Spiritual Functioning

Long-term spiritual functioning in adult Christian women who had been sexually abused as children was the focus of this study. The Religious Status Inventory was completed by 75 women divided into three groups: 33 abused clinical subjects, 20 nonabused clinical subjects, and 22 nonabused nonclinical subjects. The abused group demonstrated significantly lower spiritual functioning than both of the other groups on the total score as well as on four of the eight subscales of the RSI. There were no significant differences between the nonabused clinical group and the nonclinical control group. It appears that sexual abuse adversely impacts spiritual functioning in three broad areas: a sense of being loved and accepted by God, a sense of community with others, and trust in God's plan and purpose for the future.

Sexual abuse as a factor in child maltreatment by adolescent mothers of preschool aged children

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Spieker ◽  
Lillian Bensley ◽  
Robert J. McMahon ◽  
Hellen Fung ◽  
Eric Ossiander
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Child Maltreatment ◽  
Adolescent Mothers ◽  
Sexually Abused ◽  
Strange Situation ◽  
Infant Attachment ◽  
Protective Service ◽  
Teaching Interaction ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Prospective Study

AbstractWe examined the role of a history of sexual abuse as a predictor of child maltreatment by adolescent mothers in a prospective study of 104 mother-child dyads. Mothers were interviewed about any experienced abuse, and the mother-child dyads were observed in a teaching interaction and in the Strange Situation when the children were 1 year old. Three and a half years later, the mothers were interviewed about their Child Protective Service (CPS) contacts since the birth of their children. The percentage of mothers reporting CPS contacts for their own children was 15.4%, 38.5%, and 83.3%, respectively, for those mothers with no history of sexual abuse, a history of a single incident or brief duration of sexual abuse, and those mothers with a history of chronic sexual abuse (median 24 months duration; test of increasing trend significant atp< .000009). Mothers who reported having been chronically sexually abused as children were significantly more likely to have CPS contacts for their own children, after controlling for history of physical abuse, quality of early teaching interactions, and infant attachment security (both of which also predicted CPS contacts), race, IQ, welfare status at 1 year postpartum, and history of foster care.

Anti-Emetic Effect of Oculo-Acupuncture on Dogs with Xylazine Induced Vomiting

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (03) ◽  
pp. 447-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianzhu Liu ◽  
Yoo-Teak Lee ◽  
Sang-Eun Lee ◽  
Jung-Yeon Lee ◽  
Duck-Hwan Kim
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group A ◽  
Body Acupuncture ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Group B ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Needle Acupuncture

The present study was conducted in order to clarify the anti-emetic effect of oculo-acupuncture (OA) on dogs with xylazine-induced vomiting, and also to compare the anti-emetic effect of OA and body acupuncture (AP). Twelve dogs induced to vomit by xylazine were selected from total 29 mongrel dogs in preliminary experiment and were used as subjects in this study. This study was comprised of two experiments. In experiment 1, the anti-emetic effects of OA on dogs were examined in the stomach/spleen region (experimental group I), the zhongjiao region (experimental group II), and the stomach/spleen region plus the zhongjiao region (experimental group III) using 12 dogs induced to vomit for one week interval repeatedly. On the other hand, needle acupuncture (AP) (BL20 + BL21, experimental group A) and OA (stomach/spleen and zhong jiao regions) combined with needle AP (BL20 + BL21) (experimental group B) were examined using 6 vomiting dogs, for one week interval repeatedly in experiment 2. As a result, the vomiting rates of experimental group I (50%, p < 0.05), experimental group II (58.3%) and experimental group III (41.6%, p < 0.01) were lower than that of control (100%), respectively in experiment 1. The vomiting rates of both experimental group A (50%, p < 0.05) and experimental group B (50%, p < 0.05) were lower than that of control (100%) in experiment 2. The starting vomiting time in experimental groups was similar to that of the control groups in experiment 1 and 2. This study demonstrated that OA had anti-emetic effects on dogs with xylazine-induced vomiting and OA in the stomach/spleen region plus the zhongjiao region was the most effective in anti-emesis among the experimental groups. In addition, body AP and OA combined with body AP had a similar anti-emetic effect on dogs with xylazine-induced vomiting.

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