scholarly journals How Cities Erode Gender Inequality: A New Theory and Evidence from Cambodia

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 961-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Evans
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Male Breadwinner ◽  
Garment Factories ◽  
Equality In Education

Support for gender equality has increased globally, and studies of this trend usually examine individual- and/or country-level factors. However, this overlooks subnational variation. City-dwellers are more likely to support gender equality in education, employment, leadership, and leisure. This article investigates the causes of rural–urban differences through comparative, qualitative research in Cambodia. The emergence of rural garment factories presents a quasi-natural experiment to test the theory that female employment enhances support for gender equality. Rural female employment may diminish rural–urban differences in gender inequalities or there may be other important aspects of city-living (beyond female employment) that amplify support for gender equality. Drawing on Cambodian fieldwork, I suggest that cities raise the opportunity costs of the male breadwinner model, increase exposure to women in socially valued roles, and provide more associational avenues to collectively contest established practices. Interests, exposure, and association reinforce a snowballing process of social change. By investigating the causes of subnational variation, I advance a new theory of growing support for gender equality.

Gender Inequality in Work Organizations

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-99
Author(s):  
Safak Oz Aktepe
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Work Organizations ◽  
Hrm Practices ◽  
Gender Diverse ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Two Sides

In this chapter, the author aims to present, through a review of literature, that the gender equality assumption of the human resource management (HRM) approach is not taken for granted. It seems there exist two sides of the same coin, one representing the HRM approach and the other representing the gendered approach to HRM practices. This chapter reviews HRM practices in work organizations as the potential facilitator of gender inequalities in organizations. In addition, the contentious function of HRM practices in maintaining gender inequalities within work organizations is reviewed. In spite of knowing the implication of HRM practices on being a gender-diverse organization, there remain few studies on the relationship between HRM practices and gender inequality in work organizations. Such research will add a different perspective to HRM practices and contribute to the awareness related to the gendered nature of organizations and their organizational practices.

Culture and context matter: gender in international business and management

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorraine Eden ◽  
Susan Forquer Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
International Business ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
Very High

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to argue that culture and context (policy and environment) are key factors affecting gender inequalities within and across countries. Design/methodology/approach This paper applies conceptual and descriptive statistics. Findings The authors found evidence of increasing gender equality in the workplace, but only for rich countries. Gender inequalities persist in the poorest countries, and the gap between rich and poor countries appears to be widening not narrowing. Research limitations/implications This paper demonstrates the need for a comprehensive research program on gender and international business. Practical implications The authors provided useful statistics that could possibly be picked up by newspapers. The paper also highlights the need for a more sustained research program on gender and development. Social implications This paper demonstrates that the public perception of increasing gender equality applies only in very high development (rich) countries. In fact, gender inequality rises as economic development levels decline across countries, and the gap between very high and low countries has widened over the past 15 years. Originality/value The empirical findings with respect to gender inequality across United Nations Development Program country categories over time are, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, novel and original. Relating the gender inequality gap to culture and context highlights the roles that social issues and the environment play in affecting gender inequality across countries and across time.

scholarly journals Gender issue in modern education: Theory and practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
Stepanenko et al. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Gender Imbalance ◽  
Gender Parity ◽  
Inequality In Education ◽  
Equality In Education ◽  
The Impact

So far, gender inequality in education has been considered in the context of inequality in women’s access to technical specialties, the impact of education on the fertility rate and wages of women, the impact of religious, cultural, social-economic values on women’s education level. However, this concept does little to explain the gender imbalance and low quality of human capital in an environment where women have the opportunity to be educated in any field of knowledge through a feminization in the European countries. The research methodology is based on the correlation analysis of indicators of gender equality in education in Germany, France, Poland, and Ukraine for 1991-2018. The purpose of the study is to identify the trends and dynamics of gender changes in education, the level of gender inequality and establish the causes and effects of gender asymmetry in some European countries. To evaluate gender equality in education, we used the Gender Parity Index. The results of correlation analysis prove the presence of a direct connection between the level of fertility and the Gender Parity Index in the field of primary and higher education, while in the field of secondary education-reverse. Such tendencies are inherent in almost all countries of Europe. The analysis of indicators characterizing the level of education of women within the Eurozone countries shows the decisive role of the structure of the economy and the needs of the labor market in specialists with digital skills and mental abilities. The structure of the economy and the efficiency of various sectors ensure the reduction of gender inequality in education, contributing to overall economic growth and GDP per capita. Political institutions and national policies indirectly influence gender inequality in education by regulating the development of sectors of the economy with different levels of female employment. The proposed paradigm of gender inequality is based on the crucial role of skills, competencies, and abilities regardless of gender. The gender imbalance has been overcome in countries with a high level of women’s competence. Competence is a new paradigm in overcoming gender inequality.

scholarly journals Are Sex Differences in Preferences for Physical Attractiveness and Good Earning Capacity in Potential Mates Smaller in Countries With Greater Gender Equality?

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 147470491985292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingshan Zhang ◽  
Anthony J. Lee ◽  
Lisa M. DeBruine ◽  
Benedict C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
Mate Preferences ◽  
Earning Capacity ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Physically Attractive

On average, women show stronger preferences for mates with good earning capacity than men do, while men show stronger preferences for physically attractive mates than women do. Studies reporting that sex differences in mate preferences are smaller in countries with greater gender equality have been interpreted as evidence that these sex differences in mate preferences are caused by the different roles society imposes on men and women. Here, we attempted to replicate previously reported links between sex differences in mate preferences and country-level measures of gender inequality in a sample of 3,073 participants from 36 countries (data and code available at https://osf.io/4sr5f/ ). Although women preferred mates with good earning capacity more than men did and men preferred physically attractive mates more than women did, we found little evidence that these sex differences were smaller in countries with greater gender equality. Although one analysis suggested that the sex difference in preferences for good earning capacity was smaller in countries with greater gender equality, this effect was not significant when controlling for Galton’s problem or when correcting for multiple comparisons. Collectively, these results provide little support for the social roles account of sex differences in mate preferences.

The Geography of Gender Inequality in International Higher Education

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Myers ◽  
Amy L. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Higher Education ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Underrepresentation Of Women ◽  
Education Decision

The internationalization of higher education results in 4.6 million students attending colleges and universities outside their home countries. In the United States and other countries, there is significant underrepresentation of women among inbound international higher education students. Gender equality in education cannot be achieved so long as women are underrepresented in participation in this important educational venue. To better understand the drivers of gender inequalities in international higher education, this study examines the low participation rate by women coming to the United States by comparing it with participation data for women coming to the United Kingdom and Germany. Gender participation rates from both source regions and countries vary by destination country. By exploring the geography of gender inequality in international higher education, decision makers can better understand barriers to achieving international gender equality goals.

Gender Policies and Gender Inequalities in Health in Europe

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laia Palència ◽  
Deborah De Moortel ◽  
Lucía Artazcoz ◽  
María Salvador-Piedrafita ◽  
Vanessa Puig-Barrachina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Family Policy ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Inequalities In Health ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Current Economic Crisis ◽  
Gender Regimes ◽  
Gender Policies ◽  
And Gender

The aim of this article is to explain the results of the SOPHIE project regarding the effect of gender policies on gender inequalities in health in Europe. We start with the results of a systematic review on how gender regimes and gender equality policies at the country level impact women’s health and gender inequalities in health. Then, we report on three empirical analyses on the relationship between different family policy models existing in Europe and gender inequalities in health. Finally we present four case studies on specific examples of gender policies or determinants of gender inequalities in health. The results show that policies that support women’s participation in the labor force and decrease their burden of care, such as public services and support for families and entitlements for fathers, are related to lower levels of gender inequality in terms of health. In addition, public services and benefits for disabled and dependent people can reduce the burden placed on family caregivers and hence improve their health. In the context of the current economic crisis, gender equality policies should be maintained or improved.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Gender Inequality in Nigeria: Education and Empowerment of Women in Focus

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 2275-2285
Author(s):  
Ganiat Mobolaji Olatokun
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Nigerian Women ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government

This paper focuses on gender inequality in the area of education and empowerment of women in Nigeria. This has become significant in this time of novel global wealth coming with the Fourth Industrial Revolution (FIR). It was discovered through a doctrinal research that, Nigeria, aside from having many national legislations on gender equality, is also a signatory to major international human rights instruments on gender equality. However, the workability of these legal frameworks has remained doubtful as there are wide range of gender inequalities which makes it difficult for Nigerian women to achieve their full potentials. Intellectually, higher number of Nigerian men goes to school than women. It follows from here that, men in Nigeria are undoubtedly gainfully employed than the women. Women in Nigeria are often circumscribed to low-paying and very repetitive jobs. In view of this realization, there is every possibility of increased and massive inequality and unemployment as robots seems ready to replace the women work force in Nigeria. Hence, the researcher asks the question as to; how relevant will Nigerian women be in the area of education and empowerment in this time of FIR, despite the presence of the law? This paper argues that the legal framework on gender equality in Nigeria are mere cosmetological set up, which had not impacted on equality between women and men, despite the Women in Development theory (WID), which has been made part and parcel of the legal framework. The paper fears that if these inequality persists, there will be no place for Nigerian women in the FIR. Concerted efforts are required on the part of the government of Nigeria to see to the workability of the laws on gender equality so as to make women relevant in the FIR. It is in the light of the far-reaching implications of this that the makes recommendations.

COUNTRY-LEVEL SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS ASSOCIATED WITH SURVIVAL PROBABILITY OF BECOMING A CENTENARIAN AMONG OLDER EUROPEAN ADULTS: GENDER INEQUALITY, MALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION AND PROPORTIONS OF WOMEN IN PARLIAMENTS

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong In Kim ◽  
Gukbin Kim
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Survival Probability ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
National Parliaments ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Male Labour

SummaryThis study confirms an association between survival probability of becoming a centenarian (SPBC) for those aged 65 to 69 and country-level socioeconomic indicators in Europe: the gender inequality index (GII), male labour force participation (MLP) rates and proportions of seats held by women in national parliaments (PWP). The analysis was based on SPBC data from 34 countries obtained from the United Nations (UN). Country-level socioeconomic indicator data were obtained from the UN and World Bank databases. The associations between socioeconomic indicators and SPBC were assessed using correlation coefficients and multivariate regression models. The findings show significant correlations between the SPBC for women and men aged 65 to 69 and country-level socioeconomic indicators: GII (r=−0.674, p=0.001), MLP (r=0.514, p=0.002) and PWP (r=0.498, p=0.003). The SPBC predictors for women and men were lower GIIs and higher MLP and PWP (R2=0.508, p=0.001). Country-level socioeconomic indicators appear to have an important effect on the probability of becoming a centenarian in European adults aged 65 to 69. Country-level gender equality policies in European counties may decrease the risk of unhealthy old age and increase longevity in elders through greater national gender equality; disparities in GII and other country-level socioeconomic indicators impact longevity probability. National longevity strategies should target country-level gender inequality.

scholarly journals Propuesta de igualdad de género en Educación Física: adaptaciones de las normas en fútbol (A gender equality proposal in Physical Education: adaptations of football rules)

Retos ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 293-297
Author(s):  
Laura Rodríguez Rodríguez ◽  
Emilio Miraflores Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Teaching Activity ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Students Attitudes

La desigualdad de género es un problema aún existente en nuestra sociedad. Aunque va evolucionando, positivamente, en el ámbito de la actividad física y el deporte, es evidente el largo camino que aún queda por recorrer para conseguir una igualdad real entre géneros. La Educación Física escolar es un medio desde el que se puede intervenir para intentar acabar con el problema, o en su caso, mitigarlo. El artículo muestra una propuesta de innovación, cuyo objetivo es vencer las desigualdades de género y sus estereotipos, como herencia histórica en nuestra sociedad. Para ello, se plantean unas propuestas de adaptación de las normas y reglas del fútbol, para su trabajo en las clases de Educación Física con alumnado de 2º curso de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO). La consecución de los objetivos previstos necesita de una alta calidad en la labor docente, como modelo, como medio promotor y corrector de las actitudes del alumnado, además de la transmisión de valores sobre igualdad.Abstract. Gender inequality exists and still is an issue even in today’s society. Though it has improved over the years, there is still a long way to go to achieve a real equality between both sexes in the field of physical activity and sports. Physical Education is a way from where we can intervene and try to eradicate this problem, or mitigate it. This article shows a proposal for innovation, whose goal is to eliminate gender inequalities and their associated stereotypes, stem from a long time in our society. To achieve that, this article presents several proposals of adaptations of different football rules, to be applied in Physical Education classes with 2nd Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO) year students. The achievement of the expected goals needs a high quality of the teaching activity, teachers being role models, promoting and correcting students’ attitudes, as well as transmitting values of gender equality.

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