Fluoride and Enamel Defects

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.S. Horowitz
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Primary Teeth ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Enamel Defects ◽  
Traditional Belief ◽  
Maturation Stages ◽  
Dark Staining

The concentration of fluoride in drinking water is the major determinant of the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in a community. Fluorosis is more prevalent and discernible in permanent teeth than in primary teeth; the intensity can range from barely perceptible, whitish striations in enamel to confluent pitting and dark staining. The traditional belief is that fluorosis is produced only during the secretory stages of ameloblastic activity. Some recent reports suggest that the maturation stages of enamel development are as important as or even more important than the secretory stages as the time when fluorosis can be produced. The question of timing remains unresolved. Many questions also remain about general and individual physiologic variations in relation to susceptibility to dental fluorosis. Good criteria for differential diagnosis exist to distinguish dental fluorosis from non-fluoride enamel opacities. An increasing number of reports indicates that the prevalence of fluorosis may be increasing among children in fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities. Reasons for the increases may relate to misuse of dietary fluoride supplements, ingestion of fluoride toothpastes, or increasing amounts of fluoride in foods or the atmosphere. The intensity of the increased fluorosis is in the milder categories and is not generally unsightly. It should be recognized that a small amount of fluorosis may be an alternative to a greater prevalence of dental caries, a disease that may produce cosmetic problems and sequelae worse than those produced by fluorosis.

scholarly journals Distinguishing between enamel fluorosis and other enamel defects in permanent teeth of children

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aira Sabokseir ◽  
Ali Golkari ◽  
Aubrey Sheiham
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Fars Province ◽  
Enamel Defects ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Anterior Teeth ◽  
Health Related

Background.The inconsistent prevalence of fluorosis for a given level of fluoride in drinking water suggests developmental defects of enamel (DDEs) other than fluorosis were being misdiagnosed as fluorosis. The imprecise definition and subjective perception of fluorosis indices could result in misdiagnosis of dental fluorosis. This study was conducted to distinguish genuine fluorosis from fluorosis-resembling defects that could have adverse health-related events as a cause using Early Childhood Events Life-grid method (ECEL).Methods.A study was conducted on 400 9-year-old children from areas with high, optimal and low levels of fluoride in the drinking water of Fars province, Iran. Fluorosis cases were diagnosed on the standardized one view photographs of the anterior teeth using Dean’s and TF (Thylstrup and Fejerskov) Indices by calibrated dentists. Agreements between examiners were tested. Early childhood health-related data collected retrospectively by ECEL method were matched with the position of enamel defects.Results.Using both Dean and TF indices three out of four dentists diagnosed that 31.3% (115) children had fluorosis, 58.0%, 29.1%, and 10.0% in high (2.12–2.85 ppm), optimal (0.62–1.22 ppm), and low (0.24–0.29 ppm) fluoride areas respectively (p< 0.001). After matching health-related events in the 115 (31.3%) of children diagnosed with fluorosis, 31 (8.4%) of children had fluorosis which could be matched with their adverse health-related events. This suggests that what was diagnosed as fluorosis were non-fluoride related DDEs that resemble fluorosis.Discussion.The frequently used measures of fluorosis appear to overscore fluorosis. Use of ECEL method to consider health related events relevant to DDEs could help to differentiate between genuine fluorosis and fluorosis-resembling defects.

scholarly journals The impact of histopathological celiac disease activity on dental enamel defects and dental caries

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
Zainab Q Al-Obaidi ◽  
Nada J Radhi
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Villous Atrophy ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Enamel Defects ◽  
The Impact

Background: Celiac disease is an autoimmune chronic disease that affects the human’s intestine and subsequently reflects its effect on the entire body health by retardation the absorption and immune mediated complications cause the involvement of oral health. The present study intended to evaluate the impact of the histopathological disease activity upon dental enamel defects and dental caries. Subjects and methods: Forty celiac-diseased patients aged 7-11 years were collected from 3 different teaching hospitals in Baghdad classified by means of the histopathological activity of the intestinal disease according to modified Marsh-Rostami classification. Dental enamel defects were measured by Aine’s classification, while dental caries experience and severity were measured using d1-4mfs/t and D1-4MFS/T. Results: The majority of the sample came with partial villous atrophy of the small intestine (Marsh III-a) and almost half of the sample were with no celiac disease specific dental enamel defects (Aine’s 0), while Aine’s I was the most predominant than Aine’s II. Most missed surfaces due to dental caries in permanent teeth came with Marsh II. Conclusion: The more the severity of celiac disease histopathological activity the more the severity of celiac specific dental enamel defects and the less experienced dental caries. Keywords: Celiac disease, histopathological activity, dental enamel defects, dental caries.

The Oral Health of Children with Clefts of the Lip, Palate, or Both

2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 525-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Chapple ◽  
J. H. Nunn
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Primary Teeth ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Aggressive Approach ◽  
Developmental Defects Of Enamel

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of dental caries, developmental defects of enamel, and related factors in children with clefts. Design: This cross-sectional prevalence study used standard dental indices for assessment. Setting: Children underwent a dental examination under standard conditions of seating and lighting in the outpatient department of a dental hospital as part of an ongoing audit to monitor clinical outcomes. Participants: Ninety-one children aged 4, 8, and 12 years were included in the study. Outcome Measurements Dental caries were assessed by use of the decayed, missing, and filled index for primary teeth (dmft); Decayed, Missing, and Filled index for permanent teeth (DMFT) according to the criteria as used in the national survey of children's dental health in the United Kingdom (O'Brien, 1994). Developmental defects were assessed using the modified Developmental Defects of Enamel Index (Clarkson and O'Mullane, 1989). Dental erosion was assessed using the criteria derived for the national survey of children's dental health (O'Brien, 1994). Results: Caries prevalence increased with age; 63% of patients at 4 years and 34% at 12 years were caries free. The mean dmft for the 4-year-olds was 1.3 with a mean DMFT for the 12-year-olds of 1.8. All the 4-year-olds had evidence of erosion of enamel in the primary teeth (incisors and first molars) and 56% of the 12-year-olds had erosion of permanent teeth (incisors and first permanent molars). Developmental defects of enamel became more prevalent with age, with at least one opacity in 56% of 4-year-olds and 100% of 12-year-olds. Hypoplasia was not found in the primary dentition but affected permanent teeth in 38% of 8-year-olds and 23% of the 12-year-olds. Conclusion: This study has shown that dental disease is prevalent in these patients. These assessments not only provide a baseline on oral health parameters in young people with clefts but underline the need for a more aggressive approach to prevention of oral disease to optimize clinical outcome.

Does Caries in Primary Teeth Predict Enamel Defects in Permanent Teeth? A Longitudinal Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Broadbent ◽  
W.M. Thomson ◽  
S.M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Primary Teeth ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Primary Tooth ◽  
Water Fluoridation ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Maxillary Incisors ◽  
Developmental Defects Of Enamel

The notion that caries in primary teeth causes developmental defects of enamel in permanent teeth has been recently revived. The research objective was to test this hypothesis through analysis of data from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, a longstanding prospective cohort study. The maxillary incisors of 663 children were assessed for existing restorations and dental caries at age five and for developmental defects of enamel at age nine. Where a primary tooth had been carious, the permanent successor was more likely to have a demarcated opacity after adjustment for gender, family socio-economic status, years of exposure to water fluoridation, trauma to primary teeth, and early loss of primary teeth (unadjusted OR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.3, 4.1; adjusted OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.1, 4.3). These findings support a time-ordered association between dental caries in primary maxillary incisors and demarcated opacities in their permanent successors.

scholarly journals The Importance of Preserving the Primary Teeth before the Permanent Teeth Eruption

2018 ◽  
pp. 55-55
Author(s):  
Mohammad Karimi
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Primary Teeth ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Dental Decay ◽  
The Right

One of the important factors of referring children to dentistry is dental caries in the primary teeth. It is commonplace to see moments of anxiety for both the child and their parents when a tooth decays happen. It should be noted that the thickness of enamel in children is little, which is one of the factors that affect dental caries to develop more easily. In order to prevent the dental decay of primary teeth, there are several ways in which a dentist can present in order to guide the child and their parents into the right preventive path.

scholarly journals THE QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER AS A FACTOR IN THE FORMATION OF DENTAL PATHOLOGY OF THE HARD TISSUES OF THE TEETH IN CHILDREN

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 1120-1124
Author(s):  
Oksana V. Klitynska ◽  
Natalia V. Hasiuk ◽  
Volodymyr І. Struk ◽  
Roksolana Yu. Kruchak ◽  
Viacheslav R. Gurando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Mineral Components ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The aim: A study of the impact of drinking water quality on the state of dental health in schoolchildren who permanently live in areas of biogeochemical deficiency of fluorine and iodine. Material and methods: The composition of the drinking water of the city of Uzhhorod and the city of Rakhiv has been investigated. The prevalence and intensity of dental caries in children is determined, drinking water is taken in accordance with Uzhhorod and Rakhiv. Results: The regional features of the composition of drinking water of the mountain Rakhivsky district of the Transcarpathian region are the high variety of combinations of mineral components and the frequent excess of the normative content of dry residue components, namely nitrates, sulfates, chlorides, magnesium and calcium.Water oxidation, total stiffness and total alkalinity were significantly different. The established drinking water quality indicators have a direct dependence on the prevalence and intensity of dental caries in children, that is, a significant increase in the number of carious temporary, carious and distant permanent teeth and a decrease in filled temporary and permanent teeth (p < 0. 05) were diagnosed. Conclusions: One of the most pressing problems in water hygiene is the urgent need to review and improve regulations, State sanitary regulations, standards and other regulations in the field of drinking water, including through the development of regional drinking water quality standards.

scholarly journals Consortium genome-wide meta-analysis for childhood dental caries traits

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Haworth ◽  
Dmitry Shungin ◽  
Justin T van der Tas ◽  
Strahinja Vucic ◽  
Carolina Medina Gomez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Primary Teeth ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Permanent Dentition ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Common Genetic Variants

AbstractPrior studies suggest dental caries traits in children and adolescents are partially heritable, but there has been no large-scale consortium genome-wide association study (GWAS) to date. We therefore performed GWAS for caries in participants aged 2.5-18.0 years from 9 contributing centers. Phenotype definitions were created for the presence or absence of treated or untreated caries, stratified by primary and permanent dentition. All studies tested for association between caries and genotype dosage (imputed to Haplotype Reference Consortium or 1000 Genomes phase 1 version 3 panels) accounting for population stratification. Fixed–effects meta-analysis was performed weighted by inverse standard error. Analysis included up to 19,003 individuals (7,530 affected) for primary teeth and 13,353 individuals (5,875 affected) for permanent teeth. Evidence for association with caries status was observed at rs1594318-C for primary teeth (intronic within ALLC, Odds Ratio (OR) 0.85, Effect Allele Frequency (EAF) 0.60, p 4.13e-8) and rs7738851-A (intronic within NEDD9, OR 1.28, EAF 0.85, p 1.63e-8) for permanent teeth. Consortium-wide estimated heritability of caries was low (h2 of 1% [95% CI: 0%:7%] and 6% [95% CI 0%:13%] for primary and permanent dentitions, respectively) compared to corresponding within-study estimates (h2 of 28%, [95% CI: 9%:48%] and 17% [95% CI:2%:31%]) or previously published estimates. This study was designed to identify common genetic variants with modest effects which are consistent across different populations. We found few single variants associated with caries status under these assumptions. Phenotypic heterogeneity between cohorts and limited statistical power will have contributed; these findings could also reflect complexity not captured by our study design, such as genetic effects which are conditional on environmental exposure.Author summaryDental caries (tooth decay) is a common disease in children. Previous studies suggest genetic factors alter caries risk, but to date there is a gap of knowledge in identifying which specific genetic variants are responsible. We undertook analysis in a consortium including around 19,000 children and investigated whether any of 8 million common genetic variants were associated with risk of caries in primary (milk) or permanent teeth. If identified, these variants are used as ‘tags’ to highlight genes which may be involved in a disease. We identified variants in two loci associated with caries status; in the primary (rs1594318) and permanent dentition (rs7738851). The former is intronic in ALLC, a gene with poorly understood function. The latter is an intronic variant within NEDD9, a gene which has several known functions including a role in development of craniofacial structures. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of genetic effects which influence caries larger studies and a better understanding of environmental modifiers or interactions with genetic effects are required.

FLUORIDE AS A NUTRIEN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-460
Author(s):  
L. J. Filer ◽  
Lewis A. Barness ◽  
Richard B. Goldbloom ◽  
Malcolm A. Holliday ◽  
Robert W. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Normal Component ◽  
Fluoride Content ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Calcified Tissues

The association of mottled enamel and dental fluorosis with community drinking water was detected before 1920 and was specifically related to the fluoride content of the water when Churchill, in 1931,1 was able to measure trace amounts of fluoride in drinking water. Also, in areas with communal water supplies naturally contaming increased amounts of fluoride, the occurrence of dental caries was lower than that seen in the general population.2 These observations and subsequent studies3 led to the practice of adding fluoride to communal waters, with a consequent significant reduclion in the incidence of dental caries. Nearly 90 million persons in 7,500 communities4 use water supplies containing an amount of fluoride effective in reducing the dental caries rate. Fluoride is present in the customary diet and in most potable water sources in amounts that vary from 0.1 to 0.5 parts per million (ppm).5 The average dietary intake of fluoride is approximately 0.5 mg daily from these two sources. In the temperate zone, fluoridated community water supplies are increased in fluoride content to a level of 1.0 ppm, thus providing, on the average, a total fluoride ingestion of 1.5 mg per day. A lesser level of fluoridation may be sufficient in warmer climates conducive to a higher water consumption. Fluoride is regarded as an essential nutrient6 and it is now well known to be effective in the maintenance of a tooth enamel that is more resistant to decay. Fluoride is a normal component of tooth enamel and bone. Studies in vivo and in vitro demonstrate that the calcified tissues of both enamel and bone are made up of a combination of hydroxy- and fluor-apatites of varying composition, depending on the abundance of fluoride at the site of formation.

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