In Vitro Study of the Flush Effect in Two Reusable Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) Disconnect Systems

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Anne Luzar ◽  
Alain Slingeneyer ◽  
Alberto Cantaluppi ◽  
Francesco P. Peluso
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Single Use ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
Multiple Samples

Previously published in vitro results, confirmed by clinical studies, indicate that the use of a flush significantly reduces peritonitis in single-use and reusable continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) systems. Since reusable systems may use the flush plus inline disinfectant between exchanges, the question remains as to whether or not the flush could be used alone in all disconnect systems. Using an in vitro model, we evaluated the flush in two reusable disconnect systems that use both flush and disinfectant in vivo. In a series of twenty sets per organism per incubation (0 h and 10 h), Y sets were inoculated in the lumen with three pure cultures (103 CFU range). Ability of flush without disinfectant to clear sets of contamination was analyzed by collecting multiple samples at each step of the procedure, enriching with tryptone broth and verifying bacterial growth. When contaminated sets were not incubated, flush efficacy of the systems was consistent with previous data showing 100% removal of Staphylococcus epidermidis, but only partial elimination of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. After incubation, simulating reusable systems, the flush was able to eliminate S. epidermidis less than 50% of the time. There was no significant difference in results between the two systems tested. Reusable systems allow more contact time between bacteria and plastic resulting in reduced flush efficacy suggesting that, for safest conditions, they should be used with inline disinfectants.

Failure of Demonstrated Clinical Efficacy of Antibiotic-Bonded Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) Catheters

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Z. Trooskin ◽  
Richard A. Harvey ◽  
T. w. J. Lennard ◽  
Ralph S. Greco
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Clinical Report ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
To Receive

Previous in vitro, in vivo, and a preliminary clinical report have demonstrated efficacy of noncovalently bonding antibiotics to the surface of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPO) catheters in decreasing infectious complications. A larger prospective randomized clinical trial was completed. Eighty-six patients with chronic renal failure were enrolled in the study and randomized to receive either a surfactant treated or untreated control catheter. All catheters were soaked in cefoxitin at the time of insertion. Groups were comparable in terms of pre-existing illnesses, age, and gender. No differences were shown in the incidence of cathetertract infections, peritonitis or mechanical complications. There was also no differences in microbiologic culture results. Therefore, it is concluded that this clinical trial did not demonstrate a reduction in catheter-related infectious complications by antibiotic bonding.

Studies in Cranial Suture Biology: In Vitro Cranial Suture Fusion

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Bradley ◽  
Jamie P. Levine ◽  
Christopher Blewett ◽  
Thomas Krummel ◽  
Joseph G. Mccarthy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organ Culture ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Cranial Base ◽  
Cranial Suture ◽  
Model Study ◽  
Suture Fusion ◽  
Vitro Model

The biology underlying craniosynostosis remains unknown. Previous studies have shown that the underlying dura mater, not the suture itself, signals a suture to fuse. The purpose of this study was to develop an in vitro model for cranial-suture fusion that would still allow for suture-dura interaction, but without the influence of tensional forces transmitted from the cranial base. This was accomplished by demonstrating that the posterior frontal mouse cranial suture, known to be the only cranial suture that fuses in vivo, fuses when plated with its dura in an organ-culture system. In such an organ-culture system, the sutures are free from both the influence of dural forces transmitted from the cranial base and from hormonal influences only available in a perfused system. For the cranial-suture fusion in vitro model study, the sagittal sutures (controls that remain patent in vivo) and posterior frontal sutures (that fuse in vivo) with the underlying dura were excised from 24-day-old euthanized mice, cut into 5 × 4 × 2-mm specimens, and cultured in a chemically defined, serum-free media. One hundred sutures were harvested at the day of sacrifice, then every 2 days thereafter until 30 days in culture, stained with H & E, and analyzed. A subsequent cranial-suture without dura in vitro study was performed in a similar fashion to the first study, but only the calvariae with the posterior frontal or sagittal sutures (without the underlying dura) were cultured. Results from the cranial-suture fusion in vitro model study showed that all sagittal sutures placed in organ culture with the underlying dura remained patent. More importantly, the posterior frontal sutures with the underlying dura, which were plated-down as patent at 24 days of age, demonstrated fusion after various growth periods in organ culture. In vitro posterior frontal mouse-suture fusion occurred in an anterior-to-posterior direction but in a delayed fashion, 4 to 7 days later than in vivo posterior frontal mouse-suture fusion. In contrast, the subsequent cranial-suture without dura in vitro study showed patency of all sutures, including the posterior frontal suture. These data from in vitro experiments indicate that: (1) mouse calvariae, sutures, and the underlying dura survive and grow in organ-culture systems for 30 days; (2) the local dura, free from external influences transmitted from the cranial base and hormones from distant sites, influences the cells of its overlying suture to cause fusion; and (3) without dura influence, all in vitro cranial sutures remained patent. By first identifying the factors involved in dural-suture signaling and then regulating these factors and their receptors, the biologic basis of suture fusion and craniosynostosis may be unraveled and used in the future to manipulate pathologic (premature) suture fusion.

scholarly journals Metallothionein-I/II Knockout Mice Aggravate Mitochondrial Superoxide Production and Peroxiredoxin 3 Expression in Thyroid after Excessive Iodide Exposure

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Zhang ◽  
Lingyan Wang ◽  
Qi Duan ◽  
Laixiang Lin ◽  
Mohamed Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Superoxide Production ◽  
Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress ◽  
Mitochondrial Superoxide ◽  
Iodine Level ◽  
Significant Difference

Purpose. We aim to figure out the effect of metallothioneins on iodide excess induced oxidative stress in the thyroid.Methods. Eight-week-old MT-I/II knockout (MT-I/II KO) mice and background-matched wild-type (WT) mice were used. Mitochondrial superoxide production and peroxiredoxin (Prx) 3 expression were measured.Results. In in vitro study, more significant increases in mitochondrial superoxide production and Prx 3 expression were detected in the MT-I/II KO groups. In in vivo study, significantly higher concentrations of urinary iodine level were detected in MT-I/II KO mice in 100 HI group. Compared to the NI group, there was no significant difference existing in serum thyroid hormones level in either groups (P>0.05), while the mitochondrial superoxide production was significantly increased in 100 HI groups with significantly increased LDH activity and decreased relative cell viability. Compared to WT mice, more significant changes were detected in MT-I/II KO mice in 100 HI groups. No significant differences were detected between the NI group and 10 HI group in both the MT-I/II KO and WT mice groups (P>0.05).Conclusions. Iodide excess in a thyroid without MT I/II protection may result in strong mitochondrial oxidative stress, which further leads to the damage of thyrocytes.

A Comparison of the Clearance of Urographic Contrast Medium (Sodium Diatrizoate) by Peritoneal and Haemodialysis

1976 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
P. Ackrill ◽  
C. S. McIntosh ◽  
C. Nimmon ◽  
L. R. I. Baker ◽  
W. R. Cattell
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Plasma Flow ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Urea Clearance ◽  
Clearance Ratio ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rapid Removal

1. The clearance of isotopically labelled sodium diatrizoate by haemodialysis was measured in vitro, with simulated extracellular fluid, and in vivo in eleven patients, at varying rates of fluid or plasma flow. Clearance was also measured in five patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. In all instances simultaneous measurements of urea clearance were made and the diatrizoate/urea clearance ratio was calculated. 2. In haemodialysis studies, diatrizoate and urea clearances showed a linear increase with increasing ‘extracellular fluid’ or plasma flow through the dialyser while the diatrizoate/urea clearance ratio fell. 3. The clearance of diatrizoate in vivo was slightly less than clearance in vitro at corresponding flow rates, but the diatrizoate/urea clearance ratio showed no significant difference. 4. Diatrizoate and urea clearances during peritoneal dialysis were very much lower than during haemodialysis but the diatrizoate/urea clearance ratios were within the same range. 5. The rapid removal of diatrizoate in patients with renal failure requires haemodialysis.

An in vitro study of the effects of isoflurane on oxygen transfer

Perfusion ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle L Muhle ◽  
Alfred H Stammers ◽  
Kimberly D Tremain ◽  
Kevin S Niimi ◽  
Kimberly R Glogowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Transfer ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Blood Gas Analysis ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Anesthetic Technique ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
The Given

A common anesthetic technique utilized during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) includes the use of various inhalation agents, such as isoflurane. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of this agent on oxygen transfer during CPB. An in vitro model was designed using bovine blood. Blood flow was held constant at 2 l/min, while gas flow was manipulated at 1 and 3 l/min. The percentage of inspired oxygen (FiO2) was set at 50 and 100%, and isoflurane was manipulated to 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0%. Blood gas analysis, oxygen transfer, and inlet and outlet isoflurane concentrations were measured at each of the given conditions. A total of 12 trials with four oxygenators were conducted. In the four oxygenators used in our study, no significant differences in oxygenator performance were found. At conditions of 1 l/min gas flow, 50% FiO2 and 1% isoflurane, there were no significant changes in O2 transfer between baseline and measurements taken during isoflurane administration (100.18 ± 12.49 vs 102.35 ± 10.99 ml O2/min, p=0.8031). At 3 l/min gas flow, 100% FiO2 and 5% isoflurane, no significant differences were found (142.35 ± 10.76 vs 154.04 ± 8.95 ml O2/min, p=0.1459). The only significant differences found for oxygen transfer were between 50 and 100% FiO2, all other conditions being set equal (102.35 ± 10.99 vs 137.68 ± 8.62 ml O2/min, p=0.0023). In conclusion, increasing concentrations of isoflurane up to 5% does not affect the efficiency of oxygen transfer in an in vitro circuit. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the effects in an in vivo setting.

Gelatin sponge insertion into tympanostomy tubes: An in-vitro study to evaluate postoperative obstruction

2009 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-664
Author(s):  
Chad P. Secor ◽  
Robert E. Wilson ◽  
Paul M. Spring ◽  
Richard C. Haydon
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Model ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gelatin Sponge ◽  
Pressure Equalization ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tympanostomy Tubes ◽  
Ventilation Tubes ◽  
Vitro Model

Objective: To analyze the efficacy of gelatin sponge insertion into lumens of tympanostomy tubes to prevent obstruction in the presence of blood. Study Design: In vitro model. Methods: Absorbable gelatin sponge wicks were placed in the lumen of Ultrasil Collar Button ventilation tubes and Shepherd Grommet ventilation tubes. One half of each group was covered with blood, the other left untreated. Each tube was treated with ofloxacin solution three times daily for seven days. After treatment, the tubes were inspected. Reinspection was performed after brief suctioning. Numerical scores were given based on degree of obstruction. Results: A statistically significant difference in degree of obstruction ( P < 0.0001) was seen between all tubes with wicks alone versus those with blood added. After re-evaluation, there remained a statistically significant difference between tubes with wicks alone and tubes with wicks and blood ( P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Gelatin sponge insertion does not prevent, and may in fact, enhance, obstruction of pressure equalization tube lumens in the presence of blood.

scholarly journals Compromised dental cells viability following teeth-whitening exposure

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ola Redha ◽  
Morteza Mazinanian ◽  
Sabrina Nguyen ◽  
Dong Ok Son ◽  
Monika Lodyga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Gingival Fibroblast ◽  
Direct Exposure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Enamel Protein

AbstractThis study aimed to assess the viability of dental cells following time-dependent carbamide peroxide teeth-whitening treatments using an in-vitro dentin perfusion assay model. 30 teeth were exposed to 5% or 16% CP gel (4 h daily) for 2-weeks. The enamel organic content was measured with thermogravimetry. The time-dependent viability of human dental pulp stem cells (HDPSCs) and gingival fibroblast cells (HGFCs) following either indirect exposure to 3 commercially available concentrations of CP gel using an in-vitro dentin perfusion assay or direct exposure to 5% H2O2 were investigated by evaluating change in cell morphology and by hemocytometry. The 5% and 16% CP produced a significantly lower (p < 0.001) enamel protein content (by weight) when compared to the control. The organic content in enamel varied accordingly to the CP treatment: for the 16% and 5% CP treatment groups, a variation of 4.0% and 5.4%, respectively, was observed with no significant difference. The cell viability of HDPSCs decreased exponentially over time for all groups. Within the limitation of this in-vitro study, we conclude that even low concentrations of H2O2 and CP result in a deleterious change in enamel protein content and compromise the viability of HGFCs and HDPSCs. These effects should be observed in-vivo.

An In Vivo/In Vitro Study of Allyl Alcohol Toxicity Using Enzyme Inhibitors

1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
Romana Pulci ◽  
Donatella Moneta ◽  
Philippe Dostert ◽  
Marco Brughera ◽  
Giovanna Scampini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase ◽  
Allyl Alcohol ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
Isolated Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
Vitro Model

The aim of this study was to verify an in vitro model of hepatotoxicity, designed to assess the production of reactive species from biologically-inert chemicals through their metabolic transformation. One example is allyl alcohol, which produces acrolein through the action of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. Acrolein is a highly hepatotoxic aldehyde which is detoxified to acrylic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). A deficiency of this enzyme, common in some Asian populations, can give rise to pathological conditions of hepatotoxicity. Isolated rat hepatocytes were incubated with allyl alcohol with and without cyanamide, a known inhibitor of ALDH. The toxicity of allyl alcohol, assessed on the basis of release of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into the culture medium, was dramatically increased by the addition of cyanamide. In vivo, the same treatment scheme was used in rats treated with allyl alcohol with or without cyanamide pretreatment. It was also demonstrated that allyl alcohol toxicity is dramatically enhanced by the addition of an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, as shown by plasma levels of hepatic enzymes (GOT, GPT and LDH) and by histological findings. We believe that this in vitro model, involving the use of enzyme inhibitors, could be useful for verification of the hypothesis that hepatotoxins, such as acrolein, are produced from some pharmaceutical and other chemical compounds.

Heat analysis of different devices for thermo-explantation of dental implants: a numeric analysis and preclinical in-vitro model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian Kniha ◽  
Frank Hölzle ◽  
Faruk Al-Sibai ◽  
Johannes Jörg ◽  
Reinhold Kneer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Electric Device ◽  
Infrared Measurements ◽  
Vitro Model

Thermal treatment may reverse the osseointegration of implants and could become an atraumatic controlled method for implant removal in the future. The aim of this non-random in vitro study was to empirically identify suitable sources for a controlled heating process, in order to generate a homogenous temperature distribution at a threshold level of 47°C for future in vivo research. Two different set-ups evaluating four different sources (water, laser, monopolar and an electrical joule heater device) were used to carry out infrared measurements and numerical calculations at 47°C along the implant axis and along the periimplant area at the axial plane. Furthermore, required time intervals to heat up the implant tip from 33°C to 47°C were determined. The monopolar electric device led to the most uneven and unpredictable implant heating and was therefore excluded. The thermal analysis suggested identical thermal distributions without any significant differences for water and electrical joule sources with a heat maximum at the implant shoulder (p &gt; 0.05). On the other hand, the laser device may produce the temperature maximum in the middle of the implant without any afterglow effect (p &lt; 0.01). When the implant was heated from 33°C up to 47°C, the water device indicated the fastest approach. Thermal distributions of water and laser sources may be suitable for clinical applications. For future research the numerical analysis may suggests an ideal time interval of 120s to 180s for a homogenous implant temperature of 47°C.

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