Pediatric Immunizations: A Review

1989 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Timothy J. O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Cowpox Virus ◽  
Childhood Diseases ◽  
Rubella Vaccine ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Method Of Production

Since Edward Jenner discovered that injecting cowpox virus into humans could prevent smallpox, the science of immunology has produced many vaccines that have virtually eradicated some of the worst childhood diseases known to mankind. Along with this great benefit, some vaccines carry with them potentially serious side effects. This review considers the mechanisms of immunology and how these are taken advantage of in vaccine production. The pharmacist is then acquainted with each of the vaccines used in childhood: measles, mumps, rubella (MMR); diphtheria, tetanus toxoids, and pertussis (DTP); oral polio vaccine (OPV); inactivated polio vaccine (IPV); and Hemophilus influenza type b vaccine (HIB). A review of each respective disease entity is considered along with each vaccines's method of production, immunization schedule, and adverse reactions. Some of the more controversial issues of vaccination are considered such as the use of live attenuated vaccines in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive children and the inadvertent use of rubella vaccine in pregnant women. This report capitalizes on the most recent recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee in order to provide the pharmacist with the most current information in the field of vaccine immunology today.

Live Virus Vaccines in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children: A Retrospective Survey

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret McLaughlin ◽  
Pauline Thomas ◽  
Ida Onorato ◽  
Arye Rubinstein ◽  
James Oleske ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Serious Adverse Events ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Live virus vaccines can cause serious adverse reactions when administered to immunocompromised patients. Because children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be immunosuppressed, immunization of these children with live virus vaccines is a potential problem. A retrospective survey was conducted by the New York City Department of Health, with consultation from the Centers for Disease Control, to evaluate the frequency of serious adverse events following receipt of live vaccines among children with HIV infection receiving pediatric care in New York City and New Jersey. Outpatient records of 319 children being cared for by 16 participating physicians were reviewed. Of the 319 charts, 221 (69%) contained vaccination histories. Perinatal transmission of HIV infection was suspected for 208 (94%) of the 221 cases and infection via transfusion for the remaining 13 (6%). Of the 221 for whom immunization histories were available, 180 (81%) had received at least one dose of live oral polio vaccine and 70 (32%) had received measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. There were 120 children for whom a temporal relationship between immunization and onset of symptoms of immunodeficiency could be seen; 46/120 had received at least one dose of oral polio vaccine and 23/45 had received measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine after onset of symptoms. Although follow-up of this population has been limited, there were no reports of serious adverse events such as typical or atypical measles, paralytic poliomyelitis, or aseptic meningitis in the month following vaccination. New York City Department of Health and New Jersey State Department of Health surveillance records for adverse vaccine events following immunization support these findings; no child with vaccine-associated illness was noted to have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or related illness for the period 1979 to 1986. No evidence was noted of serious adverse reactions following receipt of live virus vaccines in HIV-infected children.

scholarly journals Impact of Maternal Antibody on the Immunogenicity of Inactivated Polio Vaccine in Infants Immunized With Bivalent Oral Polio Vaccine: Implications for the Polio Eradication Endgame

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S57-S65 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T Gaensbauer ◽  
Chris Gast ◽  
Ananda S Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Miguel O’Ryan ◽  
Xavier Saez-Llorens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Maternal Antibody ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine

scholarly journals Factors associated with the utilization of inactivated polio vaccine among children aged 12 to 23 months in Kalungu District, Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i30-i37
Author(s):  
Mirembe Rachel Faith ◽  
Babirye Juliet ◽  
Nathan Tumuhamye ◽  
Tumwebaze Mathias ◽  
Emma Sacks
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Eradication Strategy

Abstract Uganda officially introduced the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in May 2016 as part of the polio eradication strategy and integrated it into its routine immunization programme in addition to the oral polio vaccine. The current coverage stands at 60% as of July 2017. We therefore aimed to determine factors associated with the uptake of IPV among children in Kalungu District so as to inform the implementation of the vaccine policy. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among caregivers of 406 eligible children aged 12–23 months through multi-stage systematic sampling and a standardized semi-structured questionnaire. Nine key informant interviews were conducted through purposive selection of health care providers and members of Village Health Teams (VHTs) based on their expertize. Modified Poisson regression and thematic content analysis were used to determine factors significant to IPV uptake among children. 71% of sampled children aged 12–23 months had received IPV in Kalungu District. The survey found that being encouraged by health workers and VHTs was significant to children’s uptake of IPV (Adjusted PR 1.24, 95% CI; 1.22–3.47). Distance to the immunization point (Adjusted PR 0.32,95% CI; 0.16–0.62) and caregiver’s education level (Adjusted PR 1.16,95% CI; 1.05–2.22) were also associated with IPV uptake. Qualitative findings from health workers and VHT members further confirmed the perception that distance to the immunization post was important, and VHTs also stated that being encouraged by health workers was critical to IPV uptake. The current prevalence of IPV uptake among children aged 12–23 months in Kalungu is 71%, higher than the last reported national coverage (60%), though still below the recommended national coverage of 95%. Efforts should be focused on sensitization of caregivers through health workers and VHTs. Immunization outreach should be strengthened so as to bring services closer to patients.

scholarly journals Failure to detect infection by oral polio vaccine virus following natural exposure among inactivated polio vaccine recipients

2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. GARY ◽  
B. SMITH ◽  
J. JENKS ◽  
J. RUIZ ◽  
W. SESSIONS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Natural Exposure ◽  
The Us ◽  
Protection Against Infection

SUMMARYWhile oral polio vaccine (OPV) has been shown to be safe and effective, it has been observed that it can circulate within a susceptible population and revert to a virulent form. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) confers protection from paralytic disease, but provides limited protection against infection. It is possible, then, that an IPV-immunized population, when exposed to OPV, could sustain undetected circulation of vaccine-derived poliovirus. This study examines the possibility of polio vaccine virus circulating within the United States (highly IPV-immunized) population that borders Mexico (OPV-immunized). A total of 653 stool and 20 sewage samples collected on the US side of the border were tested for the presence of poliovirus. All samples were found to be negative. These results suggest that the risk of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus is low in fully immunized IPV-using populations in developed countries that border OPV-using populations.

scholarly journals Polio inactivated vaccine costs into routine childhood immunization in Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Marli Christovam Sartori ◽  
Margarete Paganotti Vicentine ◽  
Lígia Castelloni Figueiredo Gryninger ◽  
Patricia Coelho de Soárez ◽  
Hillegonda Maria Dutilh Novaes
Keyword(s):  
Oral Vaccine ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Inactivated Vaccine ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
National Immunization Day ◽  
The Cost

OBJECTIVE To analyze the costs of vaccination regimens for introducing inactivated polio vaccine in routine immunization in Brazil.METHODS A cost analysis was conducted for vaccines in five vaccination regimens, including inactivated polio vaccine, compared with the oral polio vaccine-only regimen. The costs of the vaccines were estimated for routine use and for the “National Immunization Days”, during when the oral polio vaccine is administered to children aged less than five years, independent of their vaccine status, and the strategic stock of inactivated polio vaccine. The presented estimated costs are of 2011.RESULTS The annual costs of the oral vaccine-only program (routine and two National Immunization Days) were estimated at US$19,873,170. The incremental costs of inclusion of the inactivated vaccine depended on the number of vaccine doses, presentation of the vaccine (bottles with single dose or ten doses), and number of “National Immunization Days” carried out. The cost of the regimen adopted with two doses of inactivated vaccine followed by three doses of oral vaccine and one “National Immunization Day” was estimated at US$29,653,539. The concomitant replacement of the DTPw/Hib and HepB vaccines with the pentavalent vaccine enabled the introduction of the inactivated polio without increasing the number of injections or number of visits needed to complete the vaccination.CONCLUSIONS The introduction of the inactivated vaccine increased the annual costs of the polio vaccines by 49.2% compared with the oral vaccine-only regimen. This increase represented 1.13% of the expenditure of the National Immunization Program on the purchase of vaccines in 2011.

scholarly journals Tingkat Pengetahuan Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Yarsi Mengenai Penggunaan Human Diploid Cell Dalam Proses Produksi Vaksin Polio

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wahyu Fitrah Darwanto Nugroho ◽  
Indra Kusuma ◽  
Siti Nur Riani
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Diploid Cell ◽  
Human Diploid Cell ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Human Diploid Cells ◽  
Diploid Cells

Latar Belakang : Vaksin merupakan suspensi mikroorganisme yang dilemahkan atau dimatikan, atau protein antikgenik dari berbagai organisme tadi yang diberikan untuk mencegah, meringankan, atau mengobati penyakit-penyakit menular. Vaksin pertama kali tercatat pada tahun 1769, yang dipublikasikan oleh Edward Jenner, yaitu specimen yang berasal dari lesi lengan seseorang yang terinfeksi Cowpox. Human Diploid Cells (HDC) merupakan salah satu sel yang digunakan untuk mengkultur virus yang akan dijadikan vaksin. HDC yang berasal dari aborsi manusia ini banyak digunakan untuk mengkultur virus Polio IPV dan OPV, Rabies, Rubella, Measles, Varicella-Zooster, dan Hepatitis A. Tujuan : Vaksin polio merupakan vaksin yang diwajibkan pada anak yang dijadwalkan dari Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia (IDAI) yang dibagi menjadi dua jenis, IPV (Inactivated Polio Vaccine) dan OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine). Metode : Jenis Penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross sectional menggunakan kuesioner. Populasi yang digunakan adalah mahasisa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas YARSI tahun pertama dan tahun ketiga yang memenuhi syarat. Cara pemilihan sampel dengan simple random sampling. Hasil : Penelitian yang dilaksanakan selama 3 hari dengan menggunakan kuesioner, dari 100 responden didapatkan persentase jumlah kuesioner Pengetahuan mengenai Human Diploid Cell berdasarkan Tingkat Pendidikan didapatkan pengetahuan baik sebanyak 5% pada tahun ketiga dan 7% pada tahun pertama. Pengetahuan cukup sebanyak 23% pada tingkat ketiga dan 28% pada tahun pertama. Pengetahuan kurang sebanyak 9% pada tingkat ketiga dan 28% pada tahun pertama. Persentase jumlah kuesioner Pengetahuan mengenai Polio berdasarkan Tingkat Pendidikan didapatkan pengetahuan baik sebanyak 15% pada tahun ketiga dan 19% pada tahun pertama. Pengetahuan cukup sebanyak 18% pada tingkat ketiga dan 31% pada tahun pertama. Pengetahuan kurang sebanyak 4% pada tingkat ketiga dan 13% pada tahun pertama. Kesimpulan : Tidak terdapat hubungan antara tingkat pendidikan dengan pengetahuan mengenai Human Diploid Cell dalam vaksin Polio. Dalam pandangan Islam, penggunaan vaksin Polio hukumnya mubah karena prinsip Dharuriyat bertujuan untuk mempertahankan nyawa atau Hifdz an-nafs anak dari ancaman penyakit.

scholarly journals The Pathology of Poliomyelitis and the Vaccines and Nonvaccine Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 308 ◽  
pp. 02018
Author(s):  
Yushuo Chen ◽  
Tianrui Yue ◽  
Zixiao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
New Type

Poliomyelitis is an exclusively human disease that mainly affects children. Clinical features of poliomyelitis can be varied, from mild illness to the most severe paralysis, and the factor why poliomyelitis has different performances in individuals has been proved strongly correlated with membrane protein CD155. The nervous system shows a special protecting phenomenon against the invasion of poliovirus, and the mechanism is not very clear at present. Vaccines are the main means of preventing and controlling polio, and many different vaccines have been invented in the process of fighting polio. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and oral polio vaccine (OPV) are the two main vaccines. IPV is known for its safety while OPV is widely used in developing countries because of its relatively low cost. This usage also leads to some side effects: vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) and vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). Now, for polio eradication, the elimination of these two diseases has become particularly important. Thus, a new type of vaccine was created: sequential IPV-OPV with the safety of IPV and the low cost of OPV. This paper will talk about the different polio vaccines and their effects. An enormous difference between people who have gotten the vaccine and people who have not got the vaccine. Comparing the two kinds of people, people who get normal poliovirus, and people who get poliovirus after taking a vaccine, known as VAPP (vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis), the former cannot get full recovery whole life and the latter has a very low possibility. In conclusion, people should take vaccines if it is affordable for them.

scholarly journals Μελέτη του μηχανισμού παρασκευής in vitro ανασυνδυασμένων στελεχών πολιοϊών και εντεροϊών της ομάδας EV-C

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Τηλέμαχος Δημητρίου
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Stem Loop ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine

Οι εντεροϊοί ανήκουν στην οικογένεια Picornaviridae. Το γένωμα τους είναι μονόκλωνο RNA θετικής πολικότητας μήκους περίπου 7.500bp και περιβάλλεται από ένα εικοσαεδρικό πρωτεϊνικό καψίδιο. Οι εντεροϊοί που προσβάλλουν τον άνθρωπο ταξινομούνται σε τέσσερις ομάδες: EV-A, EV-B, EV-C και EV-D. Οι πολιοϊοί, το σημαντικότερο μέλος της ομάδας C, διακρίνονται σε τρεις ορότυπους (PV1, PV2, PV3) και είναι οι αιτιολογικοί παράγοντες της παραλυτικής πολιομυελίτιδας. Από το 1960 χρησιμοποιούνται δύο εμβόλια για την εξάλειψη της ασθένειας, αρχικά το IPV (inactivated polio vaccine) και κατόπιν το πιο αποτελεσματικό OPV (oral polio vaccine). Ωστόσο, το OPV εμφάνισε το μειονέκτημα της εμβολιοσυνδεόμενης παραλυτικής πολιομυελίτιδας (VAPP: Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis) και της κυκλοφορίας των εμβολιοπροερχόμενων πολιοϊών (VDPVs: Vaccine Derived Polioviruses) μέσω της συσσώρευσης μεταλλάξεων ή και ανασυνδυασμών στο γένωμα των εξασθενημένων εμβολιακών στελεχών Sabin.Στόχος της παρούσας διατριβής ήταν ο σχεδιασμός και η ανάπτυξη μεθόδων με σκοπό τη μελέτη του μηχανισμού παρασκευής in vitro ανασυνδυασμένων στελεχών πολιοϊών και εντεροϊών της ομάδας EV-C. Στο πρώτο μέρος της διατριβής σχεδιάστηκε και αναπτύχθηκε μια Multiplex-PCR για την ανίχνευση και ταυτοποίηση των εντεροϊών. Τα αποτελέσματα της τεχνικής αυτής σε πρότυπα αλλά και κλινικά στελέχη ανέδειξαν την τεχνική αυτή ως ένα χρήσιμο εργαλείο για την γρήγορη και ακριβή ανίχνευση και ταυτοποίηση των εντεροϊών.Στο δεύτερο μέρος της διατριβής, σχεδιάστηκε και αναπτύχθηκε μια τεχνική αλληλούχησης ολόκληρου του γονιδιώματος των εντεροϊών χρησιμοποιώντας μόνο τέσσερις PCR αντιδράσεις. Η δυνατότητα αυτή παρέχεται μέσω της χρήσης ενός ειδικού εκκινητή (DOP), μέσω του οποίου πραγματοποιήθηκε αρχικά μια προενίσχυση ολόκληρου του γονιδιώματος. Στο τρίτο μέρος της διατριβής σχεδιάστηκε και εφαρμόστηκε σε κλινικά δείγματα μια Multiplex-PCR για την ανίχνευση ανασυνδυασμών από τη VP1 έως και τη 3D γενωμική περιοχή εμβολιοσυνδεόμενων πολιοϊών. Τα αποτελέσματα της Multiplex-PCR απέδειξαν την ικανότητα της μεθόδου να ανιχνεύει και να ταυτοποιεί σπάνιους αλλά και κύριους τύπους ανασυνδυασμού με τη χρήση μόνο τεσσάρων Multiplex-PCR αντιδράσεων.Στο τέταρτο μέρος της διατριβής σχεδιάστηκε μια ειδική Stem-Loop RT-PCR μέθοδος για την ανίχνευση της αντιγραφικής ενεργότητας των εντεροϊών μέσω ανίχνευσης του αρνητικής πολικότητας RNA κλώνου. Η μέθοδος αυτή εφαρμόστηκε αρχικά στο πρότυπο στέλεχος Sabin 1, όπου ανιχνεύτηκε η αντιγραφική ενεργότητα του στελέχους σε υψηλό αλλά και χαμηλό ιικό τίτλο, αρκετά νωρίτερα από την εμφάνιση της χαρακτηριστικής εικόνας CPE, των ενεργών εντεροϊών σε κυτταροκαλλιέργεια. Επιπλέον, η μέθοδος αυτή χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την διάκριση μεταξύ αντιγραφικά ενεργών και ανενεργών πρότυπων στελεχών CAV που δεν εμφάνιζαν CPE σε κυτταροκαλλιέργειες. Στο τελευταίο μέρος της παρούσας διατριβής πραγματοποιήθηκε η μελέτη των ανασυνδυασμών που προέκυψαν έπειτα από ταυτόχρονη μόλυνση κυττάρων Rd με πρότυπο στέλεχος Sabin 1 και CAV13. Παράλληλα, με τη χρήση ειδικών προγραμμάτων βιοπληροφορικής σχεδιάστηκαν πιθανά μοντέλα της δευτεροταγούς δομής των RNA μορίων στις θέσεις ανασυνδυασμού. Τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης αυτής επαλήθευσαν την αυξημένη συχνότητα εμφάνισης ετεροτυπικών ανασυνδυασμών στην 2Α ή 2Β γενωμική περιοχή και εμφάνισαν μια ένδειξη που επιβεβαιώνει τη σύνδεση μεταξύ ανασυνδυασμού και δευτεροταγούς δομής του RNA μορίου.

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