Convincing the toilers?

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigid van Wanrooy ◽  
Shaun Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
Working Time ◽  
Long Working Hours ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Time Regime ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Per Capita

Australians work comparatively long hours and, in recent years, most of the growth in per capita working hours has come from workers already employed full time.Yet, despite the problems long working hours can cause, this trend has not attracted political attention. Increasingly, the Australian working time regime is a weak regulator of working hours and promotes only limited equality between the working hours of men and women. This article uses responses from the Australian Survey of Social Attitudes 2003 to investigate whether workers' preferences are in accord with regime institutions. We find that people who work long hours are no less inclined than those who work standard hours or part time to see working hours as a choice and they do this despite more often reporting that their work interferes with family life and that employers expect long hours from them. We contend that seeing long working hours as a choice may be the product of the ‘liberal’ working time regime itself. Multivariate analysis of the responses suggest that structural pressures work to strengthen perceptions that there is a problem with long working hours and prompt the belief that long hours are not freely chosen. Implications of these findings tell us something about possible future regulation.

scholarly journals Working-hour Trends in the Nordic Countries: Convergence or Divergence?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aart-Jan Riekhoff ◽  
Oxana Krutova ◽  
Jouko Nätti
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Part Time Work ◽  
Working Hour

In this article, we investigate changes in usual working hours and part-time work in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden in recent decades. We analyze whether convergence or divergence occurred between countries, between men and women, and between men and women in each country. We use annual data from the European Labor Force Survey to identify trends between 1996 and 2016 (N = 730,133), while controlling for a set of structural factors. The findings suggest a degree of divergence between countries: usual working hours and the incidence of part-time work were relatively stable in Finland and Sweden, while working hours decreased in Denmark and Norway. The latter is partly driven by a decline among the 15–29 age group. The gender gap in working hours and part-time work was closed somewhat, in particular due to a rise in part-time work among men and a decline among women in Norway and Sweden.

Part-time work in Danish private services: a (mis)match between wage flexibility and living hours

2019 ◽  
pp. 133-158
Author(s):  
Trine P. Larsen ◽  
Anna Ilsøe ◽  
Jonas Felbo-Kolding
Keyword(s):  
Working Hours ◽  
Working Time ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Wage Regulation ◽  
Wage Penalties ◽  
Industrial Cleaning ◽  
Workforce Composition ◽  
Working Time Regulation

This chapter explores how the institutional framework for working time and wage regulation affects the prevalence of marginal part-time employment (less than 15 working hours per week) and its implications for men and women's hourly earnings within retail, industrial cleaning, hotels and restaurants. Analytically, we draw on the concept of living hours and find that the combined effects of wage and working time regulation influence the take-up of contracts of few hours and the workforce composition. We argue that the institutional framework of collective agreements, in some instances, facilitates a win-win situation for employers and employees alike and narrows the gender pay gap. In other instances, the very same agreements seemingly promote dualisation, especially for young people and migrants in terms of wage penalties and contracts of few hours, indicating the dual nature of the institutional framework.

scholarly journals Engendering media work: Institutionalizing the norms of entrepreneurial subjectivity

Journalism ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 146488492092207
Author(s):  
Mojca Pajnik ◽  
Majda Hrženjak
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Temporary Work ◽  
Long Working Hours ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
Female Journalists ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Work

The article analyses how contemporary processes of media production involving temporary work contracts for journalists, long working hours, the demand for unconditional commitment to work and so on push women into unequal position compared to male employees. Attention is paid to ‘engendered’ work in ‘greedy’ media organizations characterized by precarization of work and the related devaluation of journalism as a profession. Rather than detecting the extent of power and position of women in the media, we adopt the materialist analysis of mechanisms that mask gender inequality and contribute to ‘capitalizing’ on gender for the imperative of media productivity. The study was conducted in Slovenia, in Eastern European, post-socialist context, and comprised 33 individual interviews with media managers and workers at three television stations (public TV SLO, and commercial POP TV and Planet TV). In the analysis, we focus on how journalists, by internalizing the disciplining norms of ‘entrepreneurial subjectivity’, become the motivating force behind precarization of work. Although these processes are often perceived as gender neutral even among female journalists, we argue that they are masculinized and have different effects on men and women, among other things due to the individualization of women’s reproductive roles.

Workload and Burnout From a Gender Perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 393-410
Author(s):  
Nihan Yılmaz
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Work Family Conflict ◽  
Long Working Hours ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Women Employees ◽  
Work Family ◽  
Production Conditions

Men and women are two words that describe whether an individual is biologically female or male, as well as whether she or he fits into the society's role system. Gender is a social phenomenon that is the institutionalized form of biological sex. People are born as either women or men and learn their gender roles as they grow up. While female workers face the same challenges as male workers in any workplace, they are also obliged to deal with a variety of issues that come with being a woman. Women employees, who are seen as alternatives to male employees with long working hours and low wages, do not apply the principle of equality in recruitment, prevent women from working as a result of work-family conflict, inequality in finding employment and promotion, and experience nursery problems for women with children in production conditions that do not require qualified workforce. All of these negative circumstances have an impact on women's workload and burnout. The aim of this research is to use gender to justify workload levels and burnout scenarios.

scholarly journals Effect of Long Working Hours on Depression and Mental Well-Being among Employees in Shanghai: The Role of Having Leisure Hobbies

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (24) ◽  
pp. 4980
Author(s):  
Zan Li ◽  
Junming Dai ◽  
Ning Wu ◽  
Yingnan Jia ◽  
Junling Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Working Time ◽  
World Health ◽  
Long Working Hours ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mental Well Being

Our aim is to examine the associations between long working hours and depression and mental well-being among the working population in Shanghai, as well as to identify the impact of having hobbies on these relationships. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Shanghai, with depression assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scale and mental well-being assessed by the World Health Organization five-item Well-Being Index (WHO-5) scale. The phenomenon of long working hours (69.3%) was quite common among employees in Shanghai, and the rate of working over 60 h was 19.3%. Those who worked over 60 h had the highest prevalence of poorer mental health compared with individuals working ≤40 h per week. After adjustment in the logistic regression model, those who reported weekly working time over 60 h were 1.40 (95%CI: 1.03–1.90) and 1.66 (95%CI: 1.26–2.18) times more likely to have depression and poor mental well-being (PMWB), respectively. Adjusted ORs for having hobbies were 0.78 (95%CI: 0.62–0.97) and 0.62 (95%CI: 0.51–0.75), respectively. Meanwhile, having hobbies could significantly lower the mean score on the PHQ-9 and elevate the mean score on the WHO-5 in each working time group, with no interaction effect. Long working hours could have a significantly negative impact on workers’ psychological health. Importantly, having hobbies in their daily lives might help to mitigate the adverse effects of long working hours on workers’ depression and mental well-being.

scholarly journals Long working hours and change in body weight: analysis of individual-participant data from 19 cohort studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1368-1375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Virtanen ◽  
Markus Jokela ◽  
Tea Lallukka ◽  
Linda Magnusson Hanson ◽  
Jaana Pentti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Excess Risk ◽  
Adjusted Relative Risk ◽  
Individual Participant Data ◽  
Long Working Hours ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Part Time

Abstract Objective To examine the relation between long working hours and change in body mass index (BMI). Methods We performed random effects meta-analyses using individual-participant data from 19 cohort studies from Europe, US and Australia (n = 122,078), with a mean of 4.4-year follow-up. Working hours were measured at baseline and categorised as part time (<35 h/week), standard weekly hours (35–40 h, reference), 41–48 h, 49–54 h and ≥55 h/week (long working hours). There were four outcomes at follow-up: (1) overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) or (2) overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2) among participants without overweight/obesity at baseline; (3) obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) among participants with overweight at baseline, and (4) weight loss among participants with obesity at baseline. Results Of the 61,143 participants without overweight/obesity at baseline, 20.2% had overweight/obesity at follow-up. Compared with standard weekly working hours, the age-, sex- and socioeconomic status-adjusted relative risk (RR) of overweight/obesity was 0.95 (95% CI 0.90–1.00) for part-time work, 1.07 (1.02–1.12) for 41–48 weekly working hours, 1.09 (1.03–1.16) for 49–54 h and 1.17 (1.08–1.27) for long working hours (P for trend <0.0001). The findings were similar after multivariable adjustment and in subgroup analyses. Long working hours were associated with an excess risk of shift from normal weight to overweight rather than from overweight to obesity. Long working hours were not associated with weight loss among participants with obesity. Conclusions This analysis of large individual-participant data suggests a small excess risk of overweight among the healthy-weight people who work long hours.

scholarly journals Joint effect of paid working hours and multiple job holding on work absence due to health problems among basic education teachers in Brazil: the Educatel Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (suppl 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucía Rodríguez-Loureiro ◽  
Lucía Artazcoz ◽  
María López-Ruiz ◽  
Ada Ávila Assunção ◽  
Fernando G. Benavides
Keyword(s):  
Sickness Absence ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Work Absence ◽  
Long Working Hours ◽  
Dummy Variable ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Prevalence Ratios

Abstract: The objectives were to assess the joint effect of working hours paid per week and multiple job holding on sickness absence, by sex, among basic education teachers in Brazil. This study is based on a survey carried out over a representative sample of 5,116 active basic education teachers in Brazil between 2015 and 2016 (Educatel Study). We created a dummy variable to assess the joint effect of weekly paid working hours [standard (35-40 hours); part-time (< 35 hours); moderately long (41-50 hours); and very long (> 50 hours)] and multiple job holding (working in several schools - no/yes). Working 35-40 hours in one school was the reference category. We conducted Poisson regression models with robust variance to obtain prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of the association with self-certified sickness absence and medically certified sickness absence. Models were adjusted for age, type of contract and salary, and stratified by sex. Significant associations with sickness absence were only found among teachers working in more than one school. Associations with self-certified sickness absence were found among women with standard and men with moderately long working hours, and for both women and men working > 50 hours (PR: 1.21, 95%CI: 1.09-1.35; PR: 1.40, 95%CI: 1.18-1.66; respectively). Associations with medically certified sickness absence were found among teachers working > 50 hours, among women (PR: 1.30, 95%CI: 1.03-1.63) and men (PR: 1.41, 95%CI: 1.04-1.92). Teachers working longer hours in several schools could be suffering health problems, deriving in work absence.

scholarly journals Working hour’s standards: the Eurasian economic union states legislation review

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 254-259
Author(s):  
Ye. Yerbolatov
Keyword(s):  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Working Time ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Time Part ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Effective Use

The study of working hours standards and its description in a comparative legal aspect have not been carried out in modern conditions by experts in the field of labor law although many researchers paid attention to the problem of legal regulation for working time. Working time is a multi-rated category. Currently, the issue to control working time legally is acquiring a new aspect. In terms of the global financial crisis, employers increasingly resort to use various types of working hours. Effective use of working time, introduction rational work and rest, special working hours (total control of working time, part-time work, subdivided working time and etc.) contributes to the improvement of social and labor relations, and thus achieving positive economic and social effect. This article expresses the author’s vision of many problems arising in particular when using unregulated working hours, rotational method and etc. Besides that based on a comparative study of the national resources a theoretical and practical conclusion is defined that it is more preferable to use softer forms of legal integration like harmonization at the stage of the Eurasian economic integration which involves labor market arrangement.

scholarly journals Living hours under pressure: flexibility loopholes in the Danish IR-model

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 888-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ilsøe ◽  
Trine Pernille Larsen ◽  
Jonas Felbo-Kolding
Keyword(s):  
Working Hours ◽  
Working Time ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Collective Agreements ◽  
Marginal Part ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Industrial Cleaning ◽  
Part Time Work

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of part-time work on absolute wages. The empirical focus is wages and working hours in three selected sectors within private services in the Danish labour market – industrial cleaning, retail, hotels and restaurants – and their agreement-based regulation of working time and wages. Theoretically, this analysis is inspired by the concept of living hours, which addresses the interaction between working hours and living wages, but adds a new layer to the concept in that the authors also consider the importance of working time regulations for securing a living wage. Design/methodology/approach The paper builds on desk research of collective agreements and analysis of monthly administrative register data on wages and working hours of Danish employees from the period 2008-2014. Findings This analysis shows that the de facto hourly wages have increased since the global financial crisis in all three sectors. This is in accordance with increasing minimum wage levels in the sector-level agreements. The majority of workers in all three sectors work part-time. Marginal part-timers – 15 hours or less per week – make up the largest group of workers. The de facto hourly wage for part-timers, including marginal part-timers, is relatively close to the sector average. However, the yearly job-related income is much lower for part-time than for full-time workers and much lower than the poverty threshold. Whereas the collective agreement in industrial cleaning includes a minimum floor of 15 weekly working hours – this is not the case in retail, hotels and restaurants. This creates a loophole in the latter two sectors that can be exploited by employers to gain wage flexibility through part-time work. Originality/value The living wage literature usually focusses on hourly wages (including minimum wages via collective agreements or legislation). This analysis demonstrates that studies of low-wage work must include the number of working hours and working time regulations, as this aspect can have a dramatic influence on absolute wages – even in cases of hourly wages at relatively high levels. Part-time work and especially marginal part-time work can be associated with very low yearly income levels – even in cases like Denmark – if regulations do not include minimum working time floors. The authors suggest that future studies include the perspective of living hours to draw attention to the effect of low number of weekly hours on absolute income levels.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document