War and diplomacy on the world stage: Crisis bargaining before third parties

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-261
Author(s):  
Scott Wolford
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Actor Model ◽  
Crisis Bargaining ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Features

I analyze a three-actor model of crisis bargaining with two key features. First, diplomatic opposition raises the costs of war, but an informed state can avoid it by conveying restraint to a supporter. Second, the means of conveying restraint may fail to convince an enemy tempted to risk war of the informed state’s willingness to fight. I derive three results. First, war is more likely when third parties believe the informed state to be generally restrained. Second, the threat of opposition that modestly affects the costs of war discourages risky bluffing. Third, the threat of opposition that substantially raises the costs of war can lead states to mask a true willingness to fight, securing diplomatic support at the price of an elevated risk of war despite the availability of a credible signal. Building diplomatic coalitions to prevent balancing can simultaneously make credible communication that averts war both easy and unattractive.

SARS-CoV-2: Molecular biology and therapeutic target.

Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivek Pandey ◽  
Ankita Pathak ◽  
Mohammad Shahar Yar ◽  
Yuba Raj Pokharel
Keyword(s):  
Viral Genome ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Current Review ◽  
The World ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
Repurposed Drugs ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Economic Infrastructure ◽  
Viral Outbreak

: A century after the outbreak of the Spanish flu, the world is suffering with another pandemic on because of the coronavirus. The virus took a toll of more than millions of lives worldwide and still continues to affect the health and socio-economic infrastructure all over the world. The study explores the epidemiology, etiology and transmission of the virus and its phylogenetic relationship with SARS and MERS coronavirus responsible for 2002 and 2012 viral outbreak. Highlights about the key features of the viral genome and essential viral proteins responsible for viral life cycle, evading host immune response, and viral immunopathology with therapeutics from “Recovery” and “Solidarity” trials, are major concern of the current review. The review culminated with a discussion on different classes of front-runners vaccines and their efficacy. An overall understanding of essential viral proteins and their role in pathogenesis, repurposed drugs and vaccine development is the rationale of the present review.

scholarly journals HYDRAULIC ASPECTS OF WETLAND DESIGN

1988 ◽  
Vol 1 (21) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
James R. Walker ◽  
Andrea Bertolotti ◽  
Reinhard E. Flick ◽  
C. Robert Feldmeth
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Coastal Development ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Tidal Wetlands ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Wetland Functions ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Wetland Design

Tidal wetland preservation, restoration and creation have become requisites for coastal development projects in the United States. A basic approach to design of tidal wetlands is presented, stressing cooperation between regulatory agencies, biologists, engineers, and developers. Basic principles of wetland functions are explained and presented as criteria for engineering design. A description of wetlands is given to identify biological features relevant to design. Also, some key features of tides are summarized as they affect wetland design. A numerical model was used to demonstrate how tidal wetlands may be designed to conform with criteria developed by the agencies and biologists. This approach has been used on wetland designs in California, but the approach may be applicable to other areas of the world.

Use of New ICTs as “Liberation” or “Repression” Technologies in Social Movements

2013 ◽  
pp. 257-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandie L. Martin ◽  
Anthony A. Olorunnisola
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
State Repression ◽  
Critical Questions ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
The World

Participants in varying but recent citizen-led social movements in Kenya, Iran, Tunisia, and Egypt have found new voices by employing new ICTs. In some cases, new ICTs were used to mobilize citizens to join and/or to encourage use of violence against other ethnicities. In nearly all cases, the combined use of new ICTs kept the world informed of developments as ensuing protests progressed. In most cases, the use of new ICTs as alternative media motivated international actors’ intervention in averting or resolving ensuing crises. Foregoing engagements have also induced state actions such as appropriation of Internet and mobile phone SMS for counter-protest message dissemination and/or termination of citizens’ access. Against the background of the sociology and politics of social movements and a focus on the protests in Kenya and Egypt, this chapter broaches critical questions about recent social movements and processes: to what extent have the uses of new ICTs served as alternative platforms for positive citizens’ communication? When is use of new ICTs convertible into “weapons of mass destruction”? When does state repression or take-over of ICTs constitute security measures, and when is such action censorship? In the process, the chapter appraises the roles of local and international third parties to the engagement while underscoring conceptual definitions whose usage in studies of this kind should be conscientiously employed. Authors offer suggestions for future investigations.

XBRL Taxonomy for Estimating the Effects of Greenhouse Gas Emissions on Corporate Financial Positions

2012 ◽  
pp. 145-166
Author(s):  
Fumiko Satoh
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
The World ◽  
Standardized Reporting ◽  
Financial Impacts ◽  
The Impact

Companies around the world are increasingly expected to report their greenhouse gas emissions. Currently there are various formulas to calculate emissions, and there are different reporting formats. Most of the reporting formats are paper-based or non-readable-by-machine formats. The emissions of companies will influence their accounting results due to ‘cap & trade’ systems or environmental taxes. Analyses of financial impacts are important for management decisions and corporate evaluations by interested third parties. A standardized reporting format for GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions is critical for reliable analysis of the impact of emissions on finances. This paper proposes an XBRL (eXtensible Business Markup Language) format as the foundation for standardizing the emissions reporting formats, and provides a preliminary XBRL taxonomy for emissions reporting. XBRL makes it possible to combine the financial reports and the emissions reports. Evaluations of the emissions impact are easier for both managers of the company and external parties, even if a large number of emissions reports must be analyzed.

Climate Change

2017 ◽  
pp. 162-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaikh Mohammad Kais
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Shrimp Farming ◽  
Farming Communities ◽  
The World ◽  
Climate Vulnerability ◽  
Key Features

Global aquaculture is one of the key features of present global agro-food systems. Though aquaculture is one of the fastest growing industries in the world, its growth trajectory is confronted with various challenges including climate disruptions. Since both aquaculture and climate change have regional variations, their interconnections are very complex and require systematic investigation. In various regions of the world, especially in the Global South, aquaculture countries are assessing those interconnections and devising resilience-enhancing programs for the development of the sector. Thorough investigations are required for a comprehensive understanding of the complex interconnections between climate vulnerability and resilience of global aquaculture. Drawing on primary and secondary data from the Bangladesh shrimp sector, and using conceptual lenses of global climate change and resilience, this chapter critically examines how the industrial shrimp aquaculture in Bangladesh is affected by climate disruptions and how the shrimp farming communities address these challenges.

Climate Change

2019 ◽  
pp. 152-177
Author(s):  
Shaikh Mohammad Kais
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Shrimp Farming ◽  
Farming Communities ◽  
The World ◽  
Climate Vulnerability ◽  
Key Features

Global aquaculture is one of the key features of present global agro-food systems. Though aquaculture is one of the fastest growing industries in the world, its growth trajectory is confronted with various challenges including climate disruptions. Since both aquaculture and climate change have regional variations, their interconnections are very complex and require systematic investigation. In various regions of the world, especially in the Global South, aquaculture countries are assessing those interconnections and devising resilience-enhancing programs for the development of the sector. Thorough investigations are required for a comprehensive understanding of the complex interconnections between climate vulnerability and resilience of global aquaculture. Drawing on primary and secondary data from the Bangladesh shrimp sector, and using conceptual lenses of global climate change and resilience, this chapter critically examines how the industrial shrimp aquaculture in Bangladesh is affected by climate disruptions and how the shrimp farming communities address these challenges.

Other psychological problems encountered in people with cancer

2019 ◽  
pp. 593-604
Keyword(s):  
Hazardous Drinking ◽  
Nursing Management ◽  
Safe Environment ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Correct Orientation ◽  
New Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Sources Of Support ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Acute Confusion

Acute confusion or delirium is an acute brain syndrome, which may be transient and reversible. Key features are a clouding of consciousness and difficulty registering or making sense of new information. Nursing management includes managing confused thoughts by keeping communication clear, brief, and to the point, encouraging correct orientation, responding to distress, listening to the patient’s concerns, and ensuring the safety of the patient. Psychoses are disorders of thought, feeling, and perception that lead to difficulties relating to self, other people, and the world at large. They are rarely encountered in the cancer care setting, but they are distressing and difficult to manage when they are. It is important to engage the patient and maintain a safe environment. Incidents of violence and aggression are relatively uncommon, but distressing. It is important to identify the causes, e.g. frustration, fear, or confusion, and to respond to the person, but set limits and ensure safety. Alcohol misuse is associated with many health problems. Nurses should recognize the effects of hazardous drinking and alcohol dependence, and advise the patient on sources of support.

Towards an enhanced view of doctoral writing environments: Learning alliances to reconceptualise practice

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-152
Author(s):  
E Marcia Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Concepts ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Writing Environments ◽  
Self Help ◽  
The World ◽  
Powerful Means ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Thesis Writing ◽  
Doctoral Writing

As doctoral enrolments have soared in many countries around the world, considerable attention has been devoted to how an increasingly diverse candidature can succeed in thesis writing. Along with supervisory guidance during the student’s research project, various publications have emerged to help students with thesis writing requirements. However, neither necessarily helps students become expert writers as supervisors tend to focus on content discussions, and self-help books attend to the more surface or mechanical features of writing. Along the way to a finished thesis, students can become mired in uncertainty about what they are discovering – intellectually stuck – and then lose confidence in their ability to express themselves within an academically accepted writing style. Indecision hampers student progress as they struggle with appropriate ways to reveal the insights they are gaining during research. Yet, generic, group-oriented, doctoral writing programmes can provide a powerful means for students to appreciate key features of the doctoral writing genre and overcome intellectual hurdles. This paper explores how an understanding of threshold concepts and the use of cultural, social and linguistic tools can mediate students’ emerging knowledge of how to become proficient and successful thesis writers.

Transferability and sale of goods

Legal Studies ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwan Davies
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Property Law ◽  
The World ◽  
Property Title ◽  
Complete Specification

In any system of property law a complete specification of rights and duties raises at least two questions. First, allocation of rights and duties inter se between the parties to the transaction; secondly, the rights and duties of the parties to the original transaction against the rest of the world. The traditional common law analysis where a third party wishes to acquire an indefeasible interest in a chattel is to direct the latter to the ‘owner’ and indeed the prerequisite for the enjoyment of most property rights depends upon our ability to acquire it from someone else. Furthermore, inherent in the idea of acquiring an absolute right in property (title) is exclusivity of possession ie superiority over the transferor and third parties.

Trachelomonas volzii vs T. dubia (Euglenophyceae)—one or two separate species? Study on similarities and differences of the species

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 357 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAŁGORZATA PONIEWOZIK ◽  
KONRAD WOŁOWSKI ◽  
JOLANTA PIĄTEK
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Phenotypic Changes ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Species Study ◽  
Scanning Electron

This study concerns the two species Trachelomonas volzii and T. dubia which were examined for similarities and dissimilarities of their loricae and monads organization. We specifically focused on the key features of both species that were originally used to separate one from the other: annular thickening at the base of collar and dimensions and ornamentation of loricae. Loricae of specimens were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy and the results were compared with the literature data describing these taxa and reported occurrences in the world. The species together with their varieties and forms do not appear to have strong characteristics distinguishing them, rather the variability observed fits natural phenotypic changes. Based on evidence from this study, we recommend combining these two taxa and propose T. volzii as the single taxon. We also examined a set of varieties of original T. volzii since the species contained several varieties that were almost identical in relation to lorica structure and occurrence. As a result of these observations, we propose the following varieties: Trachelomonas volzii var. volzii as a nominative variety, T. volzii var. australis, T. volzii var. sulcata, T. volzii var. inflata, T. volzii var. acidophila. Furthermore, we propose reclassifying some taxa and the new combinations such as: T. dubia var. ornata to T. volzii var. ornata and T. dubia var. colliundulata to T. volzii var. colliundulata. In our opinion, T. dubia fo. acuminata should be included with the species T. hexangulata due to its unique, hexagonal shaped lorica.

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