Face-Based Judgments: Accuracy, Validity, and a Potential Underlying Mechanism

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1452-1462
Author(s):  
Seungbeom Hong ◽  
Hye Won Suk ◽  
Yoonseok Choi ◽  
Jinkyung Na
Keyword(s):  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Korean Adults ◽  
Behavior Study ◽  
Direct Association ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Valid Information

Despite the pervasiveness of facial inferences, scholars have debated whether our face reflects valid information regarding how we actually behave. Whereas previous research has largely focused on the accuracy of facial inferences, the present research examined the validity of face-based judgments. Specifically, we tested how accurate face-based judgments are, whether the accuracy of and confidence in face-based judgments are associated, and what mechanisms potentially link facial appearance to behaviors ( N = 1,386 American and Korean adults). We found that although face-based judgments could accurately predict someone’s behavior (Study 1), participants’ confidence about their face-based judgments was not associated with their accuracy (Studies 2a and 2b). Moreover, Study 3 demonstrated that the accuracy of facial inferences is possibly due to self-fulfilling effects of facial inferences. That is, accuracy is largely driven by perceivers’ beliefs rather than by the direct association between faces and behaviors.

Addressing Global Warming Denialism

2020 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-103
Author(s):  
Jeff D Rotman ◽  
T J Weber ◽  
Andrew W Perkins
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Belief Change ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Behavior Study ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
Donation Behavior ◽  
Gas Effect ◽  
Over Time

Abstract  Despite the scientific consensus concerning the current causes and future effects of anthropogenic global warming, there has been little to no improvement in public opinion, attitudes, or behavior related to its mitigation. This article examines how different information conveyance strategies affect belief in global warming. Three experiments reveal that a fundamental understanding of the underlying mechanism of global warming—the greenhouse gas effect—is integral to belief in the existence of global warming. Specifically, the current research demonstrates that persuasive messaging incorporating an explanation of the mechanism (versus consequences) underlying global warming leads to belief change (study 1); that this effect is moderated by political orientation, such that the effect of mechanism-understanding on global warming belief is greater for conservatives (study 1, 2, and 3); that understanding of the mechanism underlying global warming affects willingness to engage in sustainable activities and buying socially conscious products (study 2); and that the effect persists over time and can influence actual donation behavior (study 3). Social, public policy, and marketing implications for this strategy are discussed.

scholarly journals DISCREPANCY BETWEEN FIRST IMPRESSION AND SOCIAL DESCRIPTION, AND ITS EFFECT ON PEOPLE’S ATTITUDE

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Hiu Tung Tiffany Leung ◽  
Joanna Wincenciak
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
First Impression ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
New Vision ◽  
Facial Trustworthiness ◽  
Compe Tence

Purpose: Both facial appearance and behaviors could respectively contribute to impression formation towards an indi- vidual. However, when there is congruence between information decoded from facial appearance and behaviors which may determine impression in different ways, effect of both factors will be altered. This study aimed to investigate the discrepancy between the information carried by the face, i.e. facial trustworthiness and social description, and how these two factors influence individuals’ attitude towards a newly-met person, and their judgment with regard to warmth and competence. Methodology: An experiment was conducted, asking participants to rate their impression in terms of warmth and compe- tence towards an individual whose facial appearance was manipulated either to be trustworthy or untrustworthy, and whose behavior was described in a short vignette. Main Findings: The results indicated that social description had a significant influence on both warmth and competence impressions. Facial trustworthiness had no effect. It was also discovered that competence was found to be generally judged more positive than warmth, which implied judgment of warmth was made more reservedly. Implications: The study would serve as an antecedent to further investigation on managing people’s impression towards oneself, in which such management aids in developing and maintaining positive personal relationship amongst human beings. The study will demonstrate a new vision to the researchers in cognition and perception on exploring approaches to define the mechanism involved in impression formation or attitude. Novelty: Researchers trust that currently there is still no related research that would determine the direction and strength of effect from facial trustworthiness and social description.

scholarly journals Urinary bisphenol A concentrations and the risk of obesity in Korean adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinje Moon ◽  
Moon Young Seo ◽  
Kyungho Choi ◽  
Yoon-seok Chang ◽  
Shin-Hye Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Korean Adults ◽  
National Environmental ◽  
Representative Samples

AbstractThis study was aimed to evaluate the association between urinary bisphenol A (BPA) levels and risk of obesity in Korean adults. We analyzed data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) Cycle 2 (2012–2014) and Cycle 3 (2015–2017). A total of 10,021 participants aged ≥ 19 years were included. Urine dilution was corrected by the covariate-adjusted standardization (CAS) method. We performed meta-analysis, logistic regression analysis by matching all covariates with a 1:1 propensity score, and a 4-knot restricted cubic spline plot model to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) for obesity according to natural log-transformed BPA levels. Mean urinary BPA concentration was 1.12 µg/L in KoNEHS Cycle 2 and 1.32 µg/L in Cycle 3. BPA levels were significantly higher among obese adults than among non-obese adults in both KoNEHS Cycles 2 and 3. In pooled data of KoNEHS Cycles 2 and 3, BPA showed significant positive associations with ORs for obesity in both sexes, which were more prominent in females (linear) than in males (non-linear). These associations were confirmed in spline analyses. CAS-applied BPA concentrations were positively associated with obesity in nationwide representative samples of Korean adults. Further studies are warranted to confirm and elucidate the underlying mechanism.

scholarly journals Ethical Climate(s), Distributed Leadership, and Work Outcomes: The Mediating Role of Organizational Identification

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Barattucci ◽  
Manuel Teresi ◽  
Davide Pietroni ◽  
Serena Iacobucci ◽  
Alessandro Lo Presti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Leadership ◽  
Organizational Identification ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Ethical Climate ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Hr Management ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
And Behaviors

Organizational identification (OI) has increasingly attracted scholarly attention as a key factor in understanding organizational processes and in fostering efficient human resource (HR) management. Available evidence shows that organizational ethical climate crucially predicts OI, a key determinant of both employees’ attitudes and behaviors. In the present paper, we examined the relationship between two specific ethical climates (self-interest vs. friendship), distributed leadership (DL), and employees’ attitudes and behaviors, incorporating OI as a core underlying mechanism driving these relationships. Three hundred and forty-two employees filled out questionnaires to examine ethical climate, DL, OI, and a series of measures concerning attitudes and behaviors toward the organization. Structural equation modeling confirmed that a perception of an ethical climate of friendship (but not self-interest) fostered OI, which elicited higher commitment, perceived trust and recommendation, and lower turnover intention. Perception of DL further contributed to increasing OI. Our findings suggest that HR practices should carefully consider employee perceptions of a collectivistic (vs. individualistic) ethical climate, together with perceptions of DL, as key determinants of positive organizational outcomes. We discuss results in light of the social identity approach and present practical implications for HR management.

scholarly journals Association of Dietary Intake of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids with Depression in Korean Adults (P14-009-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunhee Choi ◽  
Kyungho Ha ◽  
Jiae Shin ◽  
Dongwoo Ham ◽  
Hyojee Joung
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Korean Adults ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Objectives Several epidemiological studies have suggested that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have a preventive effect on depression, but these findings are inconsistent. This study was aimed to investigate the association of PUFA intake with depression among Korean adults based on the national survey data. Methods Using data from the 2014–2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a total of 9201 adults (3719 men and 8482 women) aged ≥19 years were involved in this study. Dietary intakes of PUFAs including n-3 PUFA, n-6 PUFA, n-6/n-3 ratio, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were estimated by a 24-h dietary recall. The presence of depression was diagnosed with a validated Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scale. The odds ratios (OR) for the presence of depression according to the quartile of PUFAs intakes were calculated using a multiple logistic regression model. Results The prevalence of depression among the participants was 6.35%.The mean intake of n-3 PUFA was 1.64 g/day for the study participants, which was higher in participants without depression (1.65 g/day) than those with depression (1.43 g/day). A higher intake of n-3 PUFA (both % energy and energy-adjusted intake) was associated with a decreased prevalence of depression (OR of the highest quartile vs lowest quartile of the % E from n-3 PUFA, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.44–0.87; P for trend = 0.0241 and OR of the highest quartile vs lowest quartile of energy-adjusted n-3 PUFA, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.46–0.86; P for trend = 0.0124). There was no significant sex difference between dietary n-3 PUFA and depression. However, the associations between the intakes of n-6 PUFA, n-6/n-3 ratio, EPA, and DHA and the prevalence of depression were not significant. Conclusions Our findings suggest that a higher intake of dietary n-3 PUFA might be associated with a lower risk of depression in adults of Korean population. Thus, further studies are necessary to elucidate underlying mechanism of n-3 PUFA to prevent depression. Funding Sources This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (No. 21B20151213037). Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

The effect of others’ outcome valence on spontaneous gift-giving behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaewon Hwang ◽  
Wujin Chu
Keyword(s):  
Past Research ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
Behavior Study ◽  
Outcome Valence ◽  
Selection Behavior ◽  
Threats To Self ◽  
Empathy Gap

Purpose In social networking services gift giving, the decision to send a gift is often initiated by spontaneous news about others, who may have recently experienced fortune or misfortune. The purpose of this paper is to show that the valence of the other’s event can affect the empathy experienced by the giver and that the level of empathy affects gift selection behavior. Design/methodology/approach Study 1 investigated the relationship between empathy and valence of other’s event and the underlying mechanism of changes in self-esteem. Study 2 explored how different levels of empathies lead to different gift selection behavior. Study 3 replicated the results of Study 2 using a different measurement approach. Findings Across the three studies, findings consistently suggest that the empathy arising from unexpected news of the others’ fortune was lower compared to that of the others’ misfortune because of threats to self-esteem. In addition, greater empathy prompted gift givers to spend more time and effort in gift selection. Practical implications Understanding how valence of event experienced by others might motivate givers to engage in selecting a gift online can help retailers increase predictive insights for recommendations. Originality/value While past research focused on ritual gift giving, this research examined spontaneous gift giving. The study is also unique in that the empathy gap between the giver and the receiver is a result of the changes in the psychological state of the giver.

Reminding customers to be loyal: does message framing matter?

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 783-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsuan-Hsuan Ku ◽  
Po-Hsiang Yang ◽  
Chia-Lun Chang
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Message Framing ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Behavior Study ◽  
Goal Completion ◽  
Ongoing Behavior ◽  
Relationship Benefit ◽  
Goal Distance ◽  
Do So

Purpose Marketers may proactively give customers personalized notices regarding their progress toward certain rewards as a means to stimulate ongoing behaviors. This paper aims to investigate the effect on customer repatronage intention by framed messages concerning either goal-distance or consequences of an action and it also seeks to identify important variables moderating those responses. Design/methodology/approach Five between-subjects experiments examined how participants’ repatronage intentions, in response to the framing of goal-distance (Study 1a) and consequences of an action (Study 2a), varied as a function of their level of progress toward goal completion and also tested if the framing effects might be attenuated when relationship benefit was high rather than low (Studies 1b and 2b). They further adopted perceived reciprocity as an underlying mechanism for examining the interplay between these two kinds of framing in stimulating ongoing behavior (Study 3). Findings Although messages which emphasized what individuals need to spend more to attain a reward (versus how short they are from earning a reward) or loss following inaction (versus gain following action) were likely to erode intention, such effects were confined to individuals with a moderate level of progress. This intention-eroding effect was further attenuated by attractive reward. The persuasive advantages of short-from-the-end framing of goal-distance over more-to-the-end counterparts were found to be diminished when paired with a loss-framed message concerning consequences of an action. Furthermore, the observed effects on intention were mediated by perceived reciprocity. Originality/value The studies add to the current understanding of how the way in which information is presented might enhance loyalty or fail to do so.

Bioterrorism-Related Beliefs, Attitudes and Behaviors of Community-Based Clinicians

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (S2) ◽  
pp. S48
Author(s):  
Robyn R. M. Gershon ◽  
Kristine A. Qureshi ◽  
Stephen S. Morse ◽  
Marissa A. Berrera ◽  
Catherine B. Dela Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Community Based ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
And Behaviors

Face Inversion Effect Emerges Under Critical Configural Discrepancy

2010 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jisien Yang ◽  
Adrian Schwaninger
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Inversion Effect ◽  
Configural Processing ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Face Inversion Effect ◽  
Configural Information ◽  
Face Inversion ◽  
The Face

Configural processing has been considered the major contributor to the face inversion effect (FIE) in face recognition. However, most researchers have only obtained the FIE with one specific ratio of configural alteration. It remains unclear whether the ratio of configural alteration itself can mediate the occurrence of the FIE. We aimed to clarify this issue by manipulating the configural information parametrically using six different ratios, ranging from 4% to 24%. Participants were asked to judge whether a pair of faces were entirely identical or different. The paired faces that were to be compared were presented either simultaneously (Experiment 1) or sequentially (Experiment 2). Both experiments revealed that the FIE was observed only when the ratio of configural alteration was in the intermediate range. These results indicate that even though the FIE has been frequently adopted as an index to examine the underlying mechanism of face processing, the emergence of the FIE is not robust with any configural alteration but dependent on the ratio of configural alteration.

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