The effect of others’ outcome valence on spontaneous gift-giving behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaewon Hwang ◽  
Wujin Chu
Keyword(s):  
Past Research ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
Behavior Study ◽  
Outcome Valence ◽  
Selection Behavior ◽  
Threats To Self ◽  
Empathy Gap

Purpose In social networking services gift giving, the decision to send a gift is often initiated by spontaneous news about others, who may have recently experienced fortune or misfortune. The purpose of this paper is to show that the valence of the other’s event can affect the empathy experienced by the giver and that the level of empathy affects gift selection behavior. Design/methodology/approach Study 1 investigated the relationship between empathy and valence of other’s event and the underlying mechanism of changes in self-esteem. Study 2 explored how different levels of empathies lead to different gift selection behavior. Study 3 replicated the results of Study 2 using a different measurement approach. Findings Across the three studies, findings consistently suggest that the empathy arising from unexpected news of the others’ fortune was lower compared to that of the others’ misfortune because of threats to self-esteem. In addition, greater empathy prompted gift givers to spend more time and effort in gift selection. Practical implications Understanding how valence of event experienced by others might motivate givers to engage in selecting a gift online can help retailers increase predictive insights for recommendations. Originality/value While past research focused on ritual gift giving, this research examined spontaneous gift giving. The study is also unique in that the empathy gap between the giver and the receiver is a result of the changes in the psychological state of the giver.

scholarly journals How Downward and Upward Comparisons on Facebook Influence Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissists’ Self-Esteem—A Priming Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Phillip Ozimek ◽  
Hans-Werner Bierhoff ◽  
Elke Rohmann
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Social Comparisons ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Vulnerable Narcissism ◽  
And Control

Past research showed that social networking sites represent perfect platforms to satisfy narcissistic needs. The present study aimed to investigate how grandiose (GN) and vulnerable narcissism (VN) as well as social comparisons are associated with Facebook activity, which was measured with a self-report on three activity dimensions: Acting, Impressing, and Watching. In addition, the state self-esteem (SSE) was measured with respect to performance, social behavior, and appearance. One hundred and ten participants completed an online survey containing measures of SSE and Facebook activity and a priming procedure with three experimental conditions embedded in a social media context (upward comparison, downward comparison, and control group). Results indicated, as expected, that high VN was negatively associated with SSE on each subscale and the overall score. In addition, it was found that VN, but not GN, displayed positive associations with frequency of Facebook activities. Finally, it was proposed and confirmed that VN in interaction with the priming of downward comparisons negatively affected SSE. The conclusion drawn is that VN represents a key variable for the prediction of self-esteem as well as for the frequency of Facebook activity.

Exploring IKEA effect in self-expressive mass customization: underlying mechanism and boundary conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-374
Author(s):  
I-Ling Ling ◽  
Yi-Fen Liu ◽  
Chien-Wei (Wilson) Lin ◽  
Chih-Hui Shieh
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Mass Customization ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Perceived Value ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Aesthetic Preference ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
Product Valuation

Purpose This study aims to understand the underlying mechanism and boundary conditions of the IKEA effect in self-expressive mass customization (MC). It examines the effect of the extent of choice in MC toolkits in terms of perceived value of self-designed products, as well as how self-expression mediates this effect and what kind of consumers are more inclined to experience such effect. Design/methodology/approach Two experiments were conducted, using online MC toolkits. In total, 393 consumers participated in the experiments. Data collected were analyzed using t-tests, analyses of variance, path analyses, bootstrap analyses and spotlight tests. Findings The results show that offering a greater extent of choice in MC toolkits to consumers provides a greater opportunity for self-expression, resulting in higher product valuation. Further, consumers who have high romanticism in aesthetic preference and high self-esteem are more inclined to influences associated with this effect. Originality/value This research adds to the literature on the IKEA effect in self-expressive MC by identifying a key antecedent (extent of choice), its underlying mechanism (self-expression), and two boundary conditions (aesthetic preference and self-esteem). The results of this study provide firms with a better understanding of how they can improve their self-expressive MC strategies.

When do consumers value ethical attributes? The role of perceived quality in gift-giving

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 315-335
Author(s):  
Gopal Das ◽  
John Peloza ◽  
Geetika Varshneya ◽  
Todd Green
Keyword(s):  
Product Quality ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Perceived Quality ◽  
Societal Implications ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Product Categories

Purpose Although research demonstrates the importance of ethical product attributes for consumers, a prior study has not examined the role of consumption target (i.e. self-purchases vs gift-giving) on consumers’ preference for products with ethical attributes. Notably, consumers’ preference for quality can differ between self-purchases and gifts, and the presence of ethical attributes can impact product quality perceptions. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the presence of ethical attributes alters decision-making in a gift-giving context using perceptions of product quality as an explanatory variable for these differences. Design/methodology/approach One field study and two controlled experiments test the proposed hypotheses. The experiments were conducted across different product categories and samples. Findings Results showed that the presence of an ethical attribute leads to higher purchase intentions for products in a gift-giving context compared to self-purchase. Perceived quality mediates this effect. Further process evidence through moderation, including resource synergy beliefs, support the findings. This paper discusses the theoretical, managerial and societal implications of these results. Research limitations/implications Although care was taken to select products to enhance generalizability, the studies presented here are limited to two products. Further, although the present research includes a field study with actual charity-related purchases, the role of time pressures is not explicitly explored. Finally, the role of brand-self connections is not explored in the current research. The ability for a donor to integrate the mission of a charity into their self-perception or the potential for social normative influences to impact behaviors remains open for exploration. Practical implications Charities are facing increasing pressures to raise sustainable funds to support their missions. The research provides guidance to marketers and fundraisers in the non-profit sector that allows them to direct more focused fundraising appeals to donors and adapt their fundraising efforts to create a fit between their audience and fundraising appeals. Originality/value This research demonstrates that consumption target (purchasing for the self versus purchasing for others) is a vital contextual factor that influences customer preference for ethical attributes. These results complement the extant literature by exploring the underlying mechanism behind consumers’ responses to the ethical attributes in the case of self-purchase and other-purchase. The underlying effect is supported theoretically by resource synergy beliefs.

A Little Piece of Me: When Mortality Reminders Lead to Giving to Others

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Dunn ◽  
Katherine White ◽  
Darren W Dahl
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Salience ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
The Self ◽  
Consumer Behaviors ◽  
Physical Integrity ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract Past research demonstrates that reminders of one’s own mortality can lead to materialistic and self-serving consumer behaviors. In contrast, across five studies, we explore a condition under which mortality salience (MS) leads to increased tendency to give away one’s possessions—when the donation act is high in transcendence potential. We propose and find that consumers are more likely to donate their possessions to charity under MS (vs. comparison conditions) when the product is considered highly (vs. not highly) connected to the self. Moreover, we demonstrate that this tendency manifests only when transcendence is attainable through donation. In support of the proposition of transcendence as the underlying mechanism, the observed effects are attenuated under conditions where: (1) transcendence has already been satiated via alternative means or (2) the donated possession will not transcend the self (i.e., its physical integrity is lost by being broken down and recycled). The theoretical and practical implications of the work are discussed.

COMPARISON CONDITIONS, COMPARISON PATTERNS AND MODELS OF COMPARATIVE BEHAVIOR

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 761-776
Author(s):  
Chien-Huang Lin ◽  
Chia-Ching Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Past Research ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
The Impact

The conditions that cause subjects to make comparisons and the comparison patterns that influence the results of comparisons were investigated. People make social or temporal-past or temporal-future comparisons when facing a condition of decision. The impact of self-esteem on the choices of comparison patterns was also investigated. Unlike past research, three comparison patterns were investigated and three comparative models that lead to self-perception and affects are proposed.

The Relationship Between Body Dissatisfaction and Bulimic Symptoms in Female Collegiate Athletes

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Brannan ◽  
Trent A. Petrie ◽  
Christy Greenleaf ◽  
Justine Reel ◽  
Jennifer Carter
Keyword(s):  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Bulimic Symptoms ◽  
Female Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Concern Over Mistakes ◽  
The Relationship

In this study, we extended past research (Brannan & Petrie, 2008; Tylka, 2004) by examining perfectionism, optimism, self-esteem, and reasons for exercising as moderators of the body dissatisfaction-bulimic symptoms relationship among female collegiate athletes (N= 204). Hierarchical moderated regression was used to control for social desirability and physical size and then tested the main and interactive effects of the models. Body dissatisfaction was related to the measure of bulimic symptoms, accounting for 24% of the variance. Four variables were statistically significant as moderators. More concern over mistakes and being motivated to exercise to improve appearance and attractiveness or to socialize and improve mood increased the strength of the relationship between body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptoms. Self-esteem had a buffering effect that resulted in a weakened relationship.

Inmates’ physical activity as part of the health ecology

Open Medicine ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 679-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidmantas Vaiciulis ◽  
Saulius Kavaliauskas ◽  
Ricardas Radisauskas
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Social Skills ◽  
Secondary Education ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Sports Activities ◽  
Physically Inactive

AbstractTo evaluate the possibilities of physical activity in developing inmates’ healthy lifestyle and social skills. The research, which was conducted in 2009 in Pravieniskes First and Second Correction Houses, was local and cross-sectional using a written questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of four groups of questions/statements: I — demographic questions; II — questions/statements about inmates’ physical (sports) activities (was created for this study) and III — assessment of inmates’ social skills. And IV — assessment of inmates’ self esteem. Sufficiently physically active inmates (n=185) comprised 57.8 percent of the total number of respondents. Inmates’ physical activity statistically significantly (p<0.05) correlates with their younger age. Secondary education is prevailing in the group of physically active inmates, while primary — lower secondary education predominates in the group of physically inactive inmates (n=135). Only less than 6 percent of inmates have higher education. The average age of physically active inmates is statistically significantly lower than that of physically inactive inmates, 26 and 31.6 years respectively (p=0.01). The analysis of inmates’ contentment with their psychological state and satisfaction with health care services, food quality, and conditions for sports activities showed that physically active inmates are more critical about these factors than physically inactive inmates. Only the contentment with psychological state in physically active inmates is statistically significantly higher than in inactive inmates. Out of eleven social skills assessed in the study, only two skills (ability to initiate conversation with a stranger and sense of responsibility) are statistically significant (p<0.05). The probability that the convicts who have a strong sense of responsibility tend to be more physically active than the inmates who do not consider themselves responsible is 7.4 times higher. The study results showed that self-esteem in physically active inmates is statistically significantly higher that in physically inactive inmates (p=0.033). Low self-esteem was not determined in any inmates.

Assessed Danger-to-Others as a Reason for Psychiatric Hospitalization: An Investigation of Patients' Perspectives

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Welches ◽  
Michael Pica
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Hospitalization ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Violent Behavior ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Humanistic Psychology ◽  
Existential Psychotherapy ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
Threats To Self ◽  
Psychiatrically Hospitalized

AbstractThis study investigated subjective experiences of nine men who had been psychiatrically hospitalized upon being assessed as "dangerous-to-others-due-to-a-mental-illness." Using a phenomenological interviewing approach, researchers helped subjects construct narratives of their pre-hospitalization experiences. The research illuminated aspects of life-contexts that were shared among all or nearly all subjects: feeling ostracized and alone; struggling with longstanding and pervasive feelings of inadequacy; experiencing a sense or a fear of having little or no control or options in life; and feeling emotionally depressed, misunderstood, and uncared for. Situations immediately preceding hospitalization were characterized by subjects experiencing threats to their sense of self-esteem that were of heightened intensity. In five cases, subjects reported anxiety related to self-fragmentation or becoming "nothing." Perceived threats to self-worth and self-structure were accompanied by anger and aggressive acts or impulses. In all cases, aggressive impulses and threats, and violence appeared to be in the service of self-validation and self-empowerment. In cases of violent behavior, an apparent function of the subjects' behaviors was toward self-consolidation. Based on findings, the researchers discuss implications consistent with humanistic psychology and existential psychotherapy principles and practices.

scholarly journals Not All Forms of Independence Are Created Equal: Only Being Independent the “Right Way” Is Associated With Self-Esteem and Life Satisfaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Moza ◽  
Smaranda Ioana Lawrie ◽  
Laurențiu P. Maricuțoiu ◽  
Alin Gavreliuc ◽  
Heejung S. Kim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
The Right ◽  
Ways Of Being

Past research has found a strong and positive association between the independent self-construal and life satisfaction, mediated through self-esteem, in both individualistic and collectivistic cultures. In Study 1, we collected data from four countries (the United States, Japan, Romania, and Hungary; N = 736) and replicated these findings in cultures which have received little attention in past research. In Study 2, we treated independence as a multifaceted construct and further examined its relationship with self-esteem and life satisfaction using samples from the United States and Romania (N = 370). Different ways of being independent are associated with self-esteem and life satisfaction in the two cultures, suggesting that it is not independence as a global concept that predicts self-esteem and life satisfaction, but rather, feeling independent in culturally appropriate ways is a signal that one’s way of being fits in and is valued in one’s context.

scholarly journals Narcissism and Defending Self-Esteem. An Exploratory Study based on Self-characterizations

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Guido Veronese ◽  
Rossella Procaccia ◽  
Giovanni M. Ruggiero ◽  
Sandra Sassaroli ◽  
Marco Castiglioni
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Structural Analogy ◽  
Threats To Self

The present qualitative study aims at investigating the role of socio-relational variables in the construction of threats to self-esteem, grandiosity, and relaxation in a non-clinical sample of 35 young university students. The work provides fresh experimental evidence of the structural analogy observed in clinical settings between constructions of threat to self-esteem and grandiose fantasies. We hypothesize that the relational dimension would be more strongly present than either biological or psychological dimensions.The results show that descriptions of relaxation differ significantly from their characterizations of the other two domains. Specifically we found greater continuity and narrative connection between the aspects of threat and grandiosity, while the domain of relaxation showed a more “isolated” pattern.

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