Shock therapies in Spain (1939–1952) after the Civil War: Santa Isabel National Mental Asylum in Leganés

2021 ◽  
pp. 0957154X2110307
Author(s):  
Ana Conseglieri ◽  
Olga Villasante
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Psychiatric Institutions ◽  
Insulin Shock ◽  
New Treatments

The first third of the twentieth century changed the therapeutical landscape with the emergence of new treatments for the mentally ill in asylums. However, the historiography of their use in Spanish psychiatric establishments has been scarcely studied. The popularization of barbiturate sleep therapies, insulin shock, cardiazol therapy, electroshock and leucotomy spread from the beginning of the century. However, the Spanish Civil War and Spain’s isolation during Franco’s autarky (1939–52) made their implementation difficult. Through historiographic research using medical records as documentary sources, this work analyses the socio-demographic conditions of the asylum population during the first decade of Franco’s dictatorship. The treatments used in Leganés Mental Asylum are described and are compared with those used in other Spanish psychiatric institutions.

Celebrating Alonso Berruguete: art history and Spanish identity before and after the Civil War

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-70
Author(s):  
Tommaso Mozzati
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Art History ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
El Greco ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
Before And After ◽  
First Time ◽  
Modern Image ◽  
Ideological Context

The article focuses on the national reception of the Spanish Renaissance sculptor and painter Alonso Berruguete over the twentieth century. It considers the artist’s critical fortunes, from the first monograph dedicated to Berruguete in 1917 to the erection of a monument in Palencia on the fourth centenary of his death in 1961. This article shows how Berruguete was used to consolidate a modern image of Spain and Spanishness, along with El Greco and others from the pantheon of Iberian art. This agenda, in which his works were interpreted in terms of spiritual realism and Catholic orthodoxy, was carried forward despite the dramatically changing ideological context before and after the Spanish Civil War. In this context, Berruguete was selected as a symbol of the true essence of the Spanish soul by critics such as Elías Tormo and Eugeni D’Ors. The framing of Berruguete in terms of this specific art historiography - to which this study devotes critical attention for the first time - can be considered one of the reasons for the modern interest in Berruguete and provides an important background for any study on the sculptor.

Policing Practices as a Vehicle for Brutalization: The Case of Spain’s Civil Guard, 1934–1936

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 650-668
Author(s):  
Foster Chamberlin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Spanish Society ◽  
Entire Country ◽  
History Of ◽  
Civil Guard

This article offers a new explanation for why brutalization occurred in only some parts of Europe in the first half of the twentieth century. The presence of veterans hardened by war was not enough for a broader brutalization of society to take place; the presence of pre-existing institutions with experience repressing civilian populations was also necessary so that their methods could then be applied more broadly by those in favour of employing brutality in political contestation and warfare. This article examines the repression of the rebellion of October 1934 in the Asturias region and the beginning of the Spanish Civil War as examples of this chain of events. Spain’s militarized police force, the Civil Guard, had a long history of dealing harshly with those who challenged the liberal regimes of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In the suppression of the Asturias revolt, colonial officers were able to apply the Civil Guard’s pre-existing methods on a wider scale in their effort to cleanse Spanish society of radical elements. In the Civil War, they extended a similar pattern of repression across the entire country.

The Republican Theatre During the Spanish Civil War: Rafael Alberti's Numancia

1980 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
James McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Political Theatre ◽  
Radical Innovations ◽  
Rafael Alberti ◽  
Max Aub

The Spanish theatre in the twentieth century has often been criticized for its allegedly poor and unoriginal qualities, only Lorca and Valle-Inclán being widely accepted as dramatists who sought to revitalize the theatre of their day. The period of the Civil War, however, was a time when a number of writers, such as Max Aub, Miguel Hernández and Rafael Alberti, made important experiments with political theatre which are as yet largely unstudied. It is the aim of this article to redress the balance somewhat, by suggesting that the Civil War was not a disaster for the Spanish theatre but gave rise to radical innovations which have generally been neglected, such as Alberti's 1937 adaptation of Cervantes's tragedy El cerco de Numancia (c. 1580–7).

scholarly journals THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN CATALONIA. FROM CATACLYSM IN THE CIVIL WAR TO THE “EUPHORIA” OF THE 1950S

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-100
Author(s):  
Andrew Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Cultural Activity ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
National Catholicism ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Catholic Church

In the summer of 1936, with the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, the Catalan Church underwent a ferocious assault, without precedent in modern European history. Catalan society in the early decades of the twentieth century had been divided over its relationship to the Catholic Church, with some sectors being profoundly anti-clerical. Yet by the early 1960s, attitudes towards the Catholic Church had changed. This article is concerned with reconstructing Catalan and Catalanist Catholicism from one of profound crisis during the Civil War to its re-emergence from the confines of Spanish National Catholicism. Francoist victory in the Spanish Civil War meant the ending of indigenous Catholic traditions. However, from the mid-1940s we can trace the slow reconstruction of Catalan traditions, language and culture. All of the major expressions of Catalan identity until the 1960s were enabled due to this Catholic patronage. Whilst the Church was unable to reverse secularization trends, this involvement in cultural activity would transform its place within wider Catalan society. By the end of the period examined in this article, historic and deep rooted anti-clericalism in Catalonia was ending.

The Mansana Collection. A Treasury of Japanese Art in Barcelona at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-209
Author(s):  
Ricard Bru
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Japanese Art ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Abstract Josep Mansana Dordan, a well-known Catalan late-nineteenth-century businessman, founded what is considered the finest collection of Japanese art established in Catalonia and in Spain at the turn of the century. In the early twentieth century, the Mansana Collection, as it was known, enjoyed popularity and prestige in Barcelona thanks to its constant expansion driven by the founder’s son, Josep Mansana Terrés, also an entrepreneur. The collection was well known at the time, but fell into oblivion after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936. It was not until 2013 that, on the occasion of the exhibition Japonisme. La fascinació per l’art japonès, the collection began to be rediscovered and studied. This article aims to present a first complete overview of the history and characteristics of the old Mansana Collection and its impact on Barcelona at and immediately after the turn of the twentieth century.

scholarly journals General Franco as Military Leader

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 21-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Preston
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Military Assistance ◽  
Military Leader ◽  
The World ◽  
El Cid ◽  
The Right ◽  
Political Success

BOTH during his lifetime, and after his death, General Franco was reviled by his enemies on the left and subjected to the most absurd adulation by his admirers on the right. As the victor in a bloody civil war which inflamed passions throughout the world, that is hardly surprising. Leaving aside his personal political success in remaining in power for nearly four decades, his victory in the Spanish Civil War was his greatest and most glorious achievement, something reflected in the judgements of detractors and hagiographers alike. For the left, Franco the general was a slow-witted mediocrity whose battlefield triumphs were owed entirely to the unstinting military assistance of Hitler and Mussolini. For the right, Franco the general was the twentieth-century incarnation of Alexander the Great, of Napoleon and of the great warrior hero of Spanish legend, El Cid.

Framing Violence, Framing Victims: Picasso's Forgotten Painting of the Korean War

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Keene
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Korean War ◽  
Great Work ◽  
The Korean War ◽  
Insight Into

Picasso produced a large canvas, Massacre en Corée in early 1951 in response to reports of massacres taking place in the Korean War. Although, by then, he was probably the most famous painter of the twentieth century and his great work on the Spanish civil war, Guernica, enjoyed considerable renown, Picasso's Korean war painting was largely passed over at the time and has been forgotten, much as used to be the case of the Korean war itself. This article, using Judith Butler's insight into the effects of the frames that define an image, offers an explanation for the contemporary reading and the reception of Picasso's Massacre in Korea.

Collective memory and Spanish cultural politics: the revival of the Roman theatre of Merida (1910–35)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 470-485
Author(s):  
Vasileios Balaskas
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Cultural Politics ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Main Sequence ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Cultural Events ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Classical Culture

Abstract In the twentieth century, ancient theatres acquired symbolic values through their excavation, restoration, and cultural reuse. While elsewhere in the Mediterranean comparable cases show an early and powerful engagement of a populace with their antiquities, in Spain national ideals did not automatically engage with classical culture. In the case of the Roman theatre of Merida, cultural and historical realities dictated a series of cultural events that repeatedly concerned collective memory. In addition to the main sequence of the unique occasions surrounding the 1933 and 1934 performances at the theatre, various other agencies had systematically focused on its exploitation from the 1910s. These initiatives were endorsed by numerous formal visits and cultural events that took place in the theatre, from as early as 1914. Through successive spectacles staged at the theatre, a cultural tradition emerged, while political agendas occasionally exploited its increasing popularity, right up to the Spanish Civil War.

Book Reviews: The Divine Politics of Thomas Hobbes: An Interpretation of Leviathan, Man and Technics: A Contribution to a Philosophy of Life, The Hour of Decision, Power, Law, Right, and Love: A Study in Political Values, Political Ideals, Nomos Vi: Justice, An Atheist's Values, The English Constitution, Our Parliament, What's Wrong with Parliament?, The Office of Speaker, Recruits to Labour: The British Labour Party 1914–1931, Education and Society in Modern France, Le Referendum Du 8 Avril 1962, Action Française: Royalism and Reaction in Twentieth-Century France, Laval: A Biography, Decision-Making in the White House, a Day in the Life of President Kennedy, Party and Representation: Legislative Politics in Pennsylvania, Nominating the President: The Politics of Convention Choice, American Business and Public Policy: The Politics of Foreign Trade, State Government in Transition: Reforms of the Leader Administration, 1955–1959, Major Governments of Asia, Communist Strategies in Asia, a Cross-Polity Survey, British Foreign Policy. The Process of Readjustment, 1945–1961, Soviet Foreign Policy after Stalin, The Mrp and French Foreign Policy, Foreign Policy of Poland, 1919–1939, Austria, Germany and the Anschluss, 1931–1938, Alliance against Hitler. The Origins of the Franco-Soviet Pact, Land and Power. British and Allied Policy on Germany's Frontiers, 1916–1919, Deutschland Und Amerika, 1918–1929. Über Das Deutsche Amerikabild Der Zwanziger Jahre, Spain and the Great Powers, 1936–41, The Policy of Simmering: A Study of British Policy during the Spanish Civil War, 1936–39, Britain Divided: The Effect of the Spanish Civil War on British Political Opinion, Arms and Stability in Europe, Strategic Mobility, Building the Atlantic World, The End of Alliance, Nato and the Defense of the West, The Future of the Atlantic Community, The Debatable Alliance, The Atlantic Alliance: A Short Political Guide, The Atlantic Community: Progress and Prospects, The United States and the Unity of Europe, Community and Contention: Britain and America in the Twentieth Century, Britain and the United States, Canada-United States Treaty Relations, National Leadership and Foreign Policy, United States Aid to Yugoslavia and Poland, The Ideas of American Foreign Policy, America's Failure in China 1941–50, Mao against Khruschev: A Short History of the Sino-Soviet Conflict, Iceland Extends its Fishery Limits, Africa in the United Nations, The Frontiers of International Law, Law, Freedom and Welfare, Law, Morality, and War in the Contemporary World, The United Nations Emergency Force, Peace-Keeping by U.N. Forces, International Conciliation—With Special Reference to the Work of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, The Ad Hoc Diplomat

1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-439
Author(s):  
Dorothy Lemmet ◽  
M. Masterson ◽  
D. J. Bentley ◽  
Brian C. Smith ◽  
Leslie Wolf-Phillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Business ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Atlantic Community

Franco's Moroccans

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-284
Author(s):  
Ali Al Tuma
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
European Perspective ◽  
Low Level ◽  
European Context ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Western European ◽  
Dutch Colonial

Recent research into the Moroccan troops who fought in the Spanish Civil War has both drawn from and contributed to insights gained from new historiographical developments in the field of the Spanish conflict as well as other European twentieth-century conflicts. Studies examining the experiences and choices of low-level participants of the war, whether soldiers or civilians – on both the Francoist and republican sides – have increasingly shown that they were players in possession of a certain degree of agency, however limited. That agency allowed these low-level players, whether Spanish or Moroccan, to influence war events to a higher degree than previously thought possible, and has shown that mobilisation for and maintenance of the war effort depended on a certain mixture of coercion and negotiation, even within the more authoritarian Francoist camp. In the European context, the Moroccan participation in the 1936–9 war has its special characteristics, one of which is that its military significance weighed heavier than other colonial contributions to European battlefields between 1914 and 1945, and therefore the agency of Moroccans was more consequential. Nevertheless, it has much in common with other European experiences. A recent collaborative volume on British, French, Spanish and Dutch colonial armies in the first half of the twentieth century, Colonial Soldiers in Europe (2016), edited by Eric Storm and myself, has helped put the Moroccan–Spanish experience in European perspective. Similarities abound, not only in colonial soldiers’ experiences of fighting in foreign lands, but also between the various Western European attempts at controlling, i.e. limiting, the cultural and human consequences of this massive irruption of male warriors into the continent.

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