Poisoning Associated with Potassium

1986 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 377-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.K. Chaturvedi ◽  
N.G.S. Rao ◽  
M.D. Moon
Keyword(s):  
Health Professional ◽  
Drug Overdose ◽  
Elevated Level ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Vitreous Humour ◽  
Clear Liquid ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Arm Vein ◽  
Concentrated Solution ◽  
Caucasian Female

A suicidal poisoning by intravenous administration of concentrated solution of potassium (K+) (chloride) is described in the study. A 30-year-old Caucasian female health professional was found dead in a motel. An intravenous needle was found inserted in the antecubital area in a right arm vein of the deceased. Attached to the needle, by a flexible tubing, was a 50 ml syringe four-fifths full of a clear liquid. Autopsy on the victim revealed pulmonary oedema and congestion. A routine toxicological analysis of biological samples ruled out the possibility of a drug overdose. However, the liquid from the syringe contained 1468 mmol of K+/1. Chloride ions were also present in high concentration in the liquid. The concentrations of K+ in the clear plasma and vitreous humour were 54 and 9.2 mmol/l respectively. It is suggested that the elevated level of K+ in the plasma or vitreous humour does not indicate necessarily a death due to the electrolyte. The evidence in this case is circumstantial and apparently can be expected to be so in any case where death is due to the intravenous infusion of a concentrated K+ solution.

Molecular Characterization of the Surface Excess Charge Layer in Droplets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Kwan ◽  
Styliani Consta
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Total Charge ◽  
Excess Charge ◽  
Surface Excess ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Dipole Orientation ◽  
Charge Layer

<div>Charged droplets play a central role in native mass spectrometry, atmospheric aerosols and in serving as micro-reactors for accelerating chemical reactions. The surface excess charge layer in droplets has often been associated with distinct chemistry. Using molecular simulations for droplets with Na+ and Cl- ions we have found that this layer is ≈ 1.5−1.7 nm thick and depending on the droplet size it includes 33%-55% of the total number of ions. Here, we examine the effect of droplet size and nature of ions in the structure of the surface excess charge layer by using molecular dynamics. We find that in the presence of simple ions the thickness of the surface excess charge layer is invariant not only with respect to droplet size but also with respect to the nature of the simple ions and it is not sensitive to fine details of different force fields used in our simulations.</div><div> In the presence of macroions the excess surface charge layer may extend to 2.0. nm. For the same droplet size, iodide and model hydronium ions show considerably higher concentration than the sodium and chloride ions. <br></div><div>We also find that differences in the average water dipole orientation in the presence of cations and anions in this layer are reflected in the charge distributions. Within the surface charge layer, the number of hydrogen bonds reduces gradually relative to the droplet interior where the number of hydrogen bonds is on the average 2.9 for droplets of diameter < 4 nm and 3.5 for larger droplets. The decrease in the number of hydrogen bonds from the interior to the surface is less pronounced in larger droplets. In droplets with diameter < 4 nm and high concentration of ions the charge of the ions is not compensated only by the solvent polarization charge but by the total charge that also includes the other free charge. This finding shows exceptions to the commonly made assumption that the solvent compensates the charge of the ions in solvents with very high dielectric constant. The study provides molecular insight into the bi-layer droplet structure assumed in the equilibrium partitioning model of C. Enke and assesses critical assumptions of the Iribarne-Thomson model for the ion-evaporation mechanism. <br></div>

Ground water quality of selected areas of Punjab and Sind Provinces, Pakistan: Chemical and microbiological aspects

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Concentration ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Phosphate Ions ◽  
Sodium Magnesium ◽  
Very High ◽  
Microbiological Aspects

The assessment of groundwater is essential for the estimation of suitability of water for safe use. An attempt has been made to study the groundwater of selected areas of Punjab (Sheikhupura &amp; Sahiwal) and Sindh (Sindh, Jawar Dharki and Dharki), Pakistan. The results indicate that pH, color and odor were all within limits of WHO that is pH ranges 6.5–8.5, colorless and odorless, respectively. The high values of suspended solids were observed in the Sindh-1 and Dharki samples. Microbiologically only Sahiwal and Jawar Dharki were found fit for drinking purpose. Trace metals analysis of Sheikhupura-1 and Sindh-1 showed that values do not fall within limits of WHO for Iron. The ionic concentration analysis showed that high bicarbonate (HCO3-), ions are present in the samples of Sahiwal and Dharki; Sindh-1 and Jawar Dharki samples showed very high concentration for chloride ions, all samples were satisfactory level for sulphate (SO42-), sodium, magnesium and phosphate ions except samples of Sindh-1 and Jawar Dharki. High concentration of calcium and potassium ions was observed in samples of Sindh-1, while all other samples were found fit for drinking purposes in respect of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium ions. The high concentration of Fluoride was found only in Sheikhupura-2 samples.

Effects of the α/γ-Phase Ratio on the Corrosion Behavior of Cast Duplex Stainless Steel

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/3464 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 815-825
Author(s):  
Ryotaro Yamamoto ◽  
Hiroshi Yakuwa ◽  
Matsuho Miyasaka ◽  
Nobuyoshi Hara
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Phase Ratio ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Active Dissolution ◽  
Pitting Potential ◽  
Potential Measurement ◽  
Α Phase

The effects of the α/γ-phase ratio on pitting corrosion initiation and growth in cast duplex stainless steel were studied, including the preferential dissolution of the two phases inside the pits, using pitting potential measurement and potentiostatic polarization measurement with a high concentration of chloride ions and a low pH. The initiation of pitting was not dependent on the α-phase ratio. The γ phase preferentially dissolves when a high potential in the active dissolution region is applied, and the α phase preferentially dissolves when a low potential is applied. In addition, with an increase in α-phase ratio, the potential range where the α phase preferentially dissolves enlarged toward the higher potential side. The growth rate of stable pitting increased with the α-phase ratio. Dissolution of the α phase increased with an increase in the α-phase ratio. This phenomenon is presumably caused by the decreased amount of Cr in the α phase, resulting from the increased α-phase ratio, as well as by Cr depletion around Cr nitrides.

Le comportement électrochimique du magnésium en milieux légèrement alcalins

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert-Louis Brossard ◽  
Dominique-Louis Piron
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Product ◽  
Hydrogen Evolution Reaction ◽  
Electrode Potential ◽  
Oxidation Mechanism ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Anodic Behavior ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Oxidation Layer ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Simulated Seawater

This study of the anodic behavior of magnesium in simulated seawater has shown that the corrosion product formed at the surface of the electrode depends mainly on the nature of ions dissolved in the electrolyte. Analyses of the corrosion product, formed in the presence of a high concentration of chloride ions, are compatible with the formation of a compound having approximately the formula 5Mg(OH)2•MgCl2. However, this complex is gradually transformed over a period of several hours into Mg(OH)2.A model of the oxidation mechanism is presented in which the characteristics of the anodic behavior of magnesium are related to the structure of the oxidation layer. For example, the activation of the surface of the anode, the kinetics of the hydrogen evolution reaction, and the large difference between values of corrected and uncorrected electrode potential can all be explained by this model. It is the resistance of the film to the flow of current which controls the kinetics of anodic dissolution of magnesium.

scholarly journals Use of silver–bentonite in sorption of chloride and iodide ions

2020 ◽  
Vol 326 (3) ◽  
pp. 1795-1804
Author(s):  
Dóra Buzetzky ◽  
Noémi M. Nagy ◽  
József Kónya
Keyword(s):  
Interlayer Space ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Precipitation Process ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Iodide Ions ◽  
Ion Exchange Process ◽  
Increasing Temperature

AbstractAg–bentonite was prepared by ion exchange process to sorb iodide and chloride ions in batch experiments. The modified bentonite was examined with XRF and XRD. 75% of the cation exchange capacity was exchanged by silver ions. It was found that the sorption of chloride ions is an exothermic precipitation process because the solubility decreases with increasing temperature. In the case of iodide sorption, the dissolution of AgI was observed under high concentration of non-radioactive iodide ions, which is well known in analytical chemistry. The phenomenon occurs not only in the bulk aqueous phase but also in the interlayer space of montmorillonite.

Study of the Susceptibility of Oxygen-Free Phosphorous Doped Copper to Corrosion in Simulated Groundwater in the Presence of Chloride and Sulfide

2006 ◽  
Vol 985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Escobar ◽  
Claudia Lamas ◽  
Lars Werme ◽  
Virginia Oversby
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Copper Chloride ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Copper Surface ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Spent Fuel ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Chloride Complexes

AbstractCopper of the quality oxygen free and high conductivity, doped with phosphorus (Cu OFP) has been chosen as the material for the fabrication of high level nuclear waste containers in Sweden. This material will be the corrosion barrier for spent fuel in the environment of a deep geological repository. It is planned that the service life of this container will be 100,000 years. During this time water with high concentration of chloride ions might come in contact with the copper surface. If pH conditions are appropriate, this might cause pitting corrosion. This work reports a study of the susceptibility of Cu OFP to corrosion when chloride ions are present, both deionized water (DW) and in standard synthetic underground water (SUW). The techniques used were electrochemical methods such as corrosion potential evolution and Tafel curves. In addition, this system was studied with Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). We also used characterization techniques such as Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), Energy Disperse Spectroscopy (EDS) . The main conclusions are that copper is more susceptible to corrosion at high chloride ion concentration. Additionally, when the chloride concentration is low, it is possible to form copper chloride crystals, but at the highest concentration, copper chloride complexes are formed, leaving the copper surface without deposits. When the chloride concentration is low (<0.1 M) the corrosion process is mainly controlled by diffusion, while at higher concentrations (0.1M to 1M) corrosion is controlled by transport processes. At low concentration of sulfide ( <3*10-5M), copper corrosion in the presence of chloride is controlled by diffusional processes.

scholarly journals The Effective Electrolytic Recovery of Dilute Copper from Industrial Wastewater

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teng-Chien Chen ◽  
Ricky Priambodo ◽  
Ruo-Lin Huang ◽  
Yao-Hui Huang
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Copper Recovery ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Copper Metal ◽  
Copper Solution ◽  
Recovery System ◽  
Health Damage

Electroplating copper industry was discharged huge amount wastewater and cause serious environmental and health damage in Taiwan. This research applied electrical copper recovery system to recover copper metal. In this work, electrotreatment of a industrial copper wastewater ([Cu] = 30000 mg L−1) was studied with titanium net coated with a thin layer of RuO2/IrO2 (DSA) reactor. The optimal result for simulated copper solution was 99.9% copper recovery efficiency in current density 0.585 A/dm2 and no iron ion. Due to high concentration of iron and chloride ions in real industrial wastewater, the copper recovery efficiency was down to 60%. Although, the copper recovery efficiency was not high as simulated copper solution, high environmental economic value was included in the technology. The possibility of pretreating the wastewater with iron is the necessary step, before the electrical recovery copper system.

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