scholarly journals The Development of Communication Across Timescales

2021 ◽  
pp. 096372142110376
Author(s):  
Elise A. Piazza ◽  
Mira L. Nencheva ◽  
Casey Lew-Williams
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Exchange Of Information ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Short Timescale ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Dynamic Exchange ◽  
Communicative Input ◽  
Statistical Summary

How do young children learn to organize the statistics of communicative input across milliseconds and months? Developmental science has made progress in elucidating how infants learn patterns in language and how infant-directed speech is engineered to ease short-timescale processing, but less is known about how children link perceptual experiences across multiple levels of processing within an interaction (from syllables to stories) and across development. In this article, we propose that three domains of research—statistical summary, neural processing hierarchies, and neural coupling—will be fruitful in uncovering the dynamic exchange of information between children and adults, both in the moment and in aggregate. In particular, we discuss how the study of brain-to-brain and brain-to-behavior coupling between children and adults will advance the field’s understanding of how children’s neural representations become aligned with the increasingly complex statistics of communication across timescales.

scholarly journals Shared contextual knowledge strengthens inter-subject synchrony and pattern similarity in the semantic network

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petar P. Raykov ◽  
James L. Keidel ◽  
Jane Oakhill ◽  
Chris M. Bird
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Network ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Contextual Knowledge ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Pattern Similarity ◽  
The Moment

AbstractUnderstanding what is happening during an event can be helped by prior knowledge of the specific context. However, the effect of contextual knowledge on neural representations of events, and relatedly, how shared knowledge impacts on the similarity of neural processing of events across individuals is poorly understood. To investigate this, we manipulated the availability of knowledge about the narrative content of events while keeping all other aspects equally familiar. The presence of narrative knowledge boosted subjective ratings of coherency and objective measures of memory performance. Narrative knowledge had two effects on fMRI markers of neural processing: (1) it strengthened temporal inter-subject correlations in ventromedial prefrontal cortex as well as left angular and inferior frontal gyri, and (2) it also increased spatial inter-subject pattern similarity in the bilateral anterior temporal lobes. We propose that shared narrative knowledge constrains participants’ interpretation of the videos and thereby results in greater alignment of neural processing of the events. We propose a division of labour between semantic control brain regions (VMPFC, IFG and AG), which process the moment-by-moment content of the narrative, and the ATL which represents the overarching narrative gist of an event.

scholarly journals Oględziny i dokumentacja zdarzeń o charakterze upadku z wysokości w terenie eksponowanym i jaskiniach z udziałem ratowników Grupy Jurajskiej Górskiego Ochotniczego Pogotowia Ratunkowego

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
Marek Lisowicz ◽  
Tomasz Motyl
Keyword(s):  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Legal Requirements ◽  
Mountain Rescue ◽  
Exchange Of Information ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Infor Mation

The article is devoted to issues related to the use of forces and resources of mountain rescue teams during visual inspection of incident areas in exposed areas and caves. The article presents general assumptions about the organization and coordination of this type of inspection from the moment of receiving information about the event and the start of rescue operations by GJ GOPR, until the completion of collecting and securing all infor-mation and evidence as part of the inspection of the incident scene. The article contains issues related to the exchange of information between the involved entities, preparation of documentation meeting formal and legal requirements by trained GJ GOPR rescuers, securing items that may constitute evidence in subsequent proceedings, and the handling of human corpses and remains.

Emotional Objectivity: Neural Representations of Emotions and Their Interaction with Cognition

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca M. Todd ◽  
Vladimir Miskovic ◽  
Junichi Chikazoe ◽  
Adam K. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Fundamental Feature ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Emotional Outcomes ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Psychological Events ◽  
Emotional Representations

Recent advances in our understanding of information states in the human brain have opened a new window into the brain's representation of emotion. While emotion was once thought to constitute a separate domain from cognition, current evidence suggests that all events are filtered through the lens of whether they are good or bad for us. Focusing on new methods of decoding information states from brain activation, we review growing evidence that emotion is represented at multiple levels of our sensory systems and infuses perception, attention, learning, and memory. We provide evidence that the primary function of emotional representations is to produce unified emotion, perception, and thought (e.g., “That is a good thing”) rather than discrete and isolated psychological events (e.g., “That is a thing. I feel good”). The emergent view suggests ways in which emotion operates as a fundamental feature of cognition, by design ensuring that emotional outcomes are the central object of perception, thought, and action.

Bilingual effects on cognitive shifting and prefrontal activations in young children

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke Moriguchi ◽  
Kanda Lertladaluck
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Nursery School ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Language Experience ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Cognitive Shifting

Aims and objectives: Bilingual children constantly experience spontaneous switching between languages in everyday settings, and some researchers suggest that this experience leads to an advantage in task performance during executive function tasks. Neural processing during executive function tasks remains largely unknown, especially in young bilingual children. Methodology: Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, this study examined whether young children who attended an immersion second-language program demonstrated enhanced cognitive shifting and lateral prefrontal activation. Data and analysis: We recruited children ( N = 24) who attended an international nursery school, and examined whether their performance on cognitive shifting, and whether the oxygenated hemoglobin changes in the prefrontal regions during the task, were correlated with the children’s second-language verbal age and the length of time the children had been speaking the second language. Findings: Results revealed that the verbal age of the second language and the length of time speaking it were significantly correlated with behavioral performances of cognitive shifting tasks. However, they were not correlated with the activations in the lateral prefrontal regions. Originality: We examined the neural correlates of bilingual effects on cognitive shifting and prefrontal activations in young children. Implications: The results suggest that second-language experience may not be directly related to neural processing in the lateral prefrontal cortex, at least in young children.

scholarly journals Learning hierarchical sequence representations across human cortex and hippocampus

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Henin ◽  
Nicholas B. Turk-Browne ◽  
Daniel Friedman ◽  
Anli Liu ◽  
Patricia Dugan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Ordinal Position ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Human Cortex ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Early Processing ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Transitional Probabilities ◽  
Intracranial Electrodes ◽  
Computational Systems

ABSTRACTSensory input arrives in continuous sequences that humans experience as units, e.g., words and events. The brain’s ability to discover extrinsic regularities is called statistical learning. Structure can be represented at multiple levels, including transitional probabilities, ordinal position, and identity of units. To investigate sequence encoding in cortex and hippocampus, we recorded from intracranial electrodes in human subjects as they were exposed to auditory and visual sequences containing temporal regularities. We find neural tracking of regularities within minutes, with characteristic profiles across brain areas. Early processing tracked lower-level features (e.g., syllables) and learned units (e.g., words); while later processing tracked only learned units. Learning rapidly shaped neural representations, with a gradient of complexity from early brain areas encoding transitional probability, to associative regions and hippocampus encoding ordinal position and identity of units. These findings indicate the existence of multiple, parallel computational systems for sequence learning across hierarchically organized cortico-hippocampal circuits.

Current views on the molecular mechanisms of the initial stages of folliculogenesis

GYNECOLOGY ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
Larisa A. Marchenko ◽  
Roza I. Mashaeva ◽  
Galina E. Chernukha
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Premature Ovarian Failure ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Female Body ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Unique Structure ◽  
The Past ◽  
Exchange Of Information ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Bidirectional Exchange

The ovary is a unique structure of the female body, which simultaneously presents various morphohistological units-from primordial to dominant follicles. Over the past decades, scientists have focused on studying the mechanisms of folliculogenesis at the gonadotropin-dependent stage. While more complex and lengthy processes that determine the fate of the follicle occur from the moment of their recruitment to the preantral stage of maturity (about 290 days), another 60 days pass before the dominant maturity. Currently, it has been proved that intercellular communication is established within the follicle, which involves a bidirectional exchange of information between the oocyte and its companions granulose and Teka cells through auto-and paracrine interactions using various genes, growth factors and cytokines. The purpose of this review was to study intrafollicular factors that control the early stages of folliculogenesis and other disorders that may ultimately lead to the development of premature ovarian failure.

Parent-Child Interaction in a Letter-Writing Context

1992 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Susan Burns ◽  
Renee Casbergue
Keyword(s):  
Instructional Support ◽  
Letter Writing ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Experimental Task ◽  
Exchange Of Information ◽  
Child Interaction ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Communicative Input ◽  
Levels Of Control

This study investigated the interactions between 26 parents and their 3- to 5-year-old children as they collaborated to write a letter to someone during a 10-minute videotaped session. Observations of these sessions were coded using categories designed to indicate: (a) the manner of the exchange of information, (b) the types of information that parents and children exchanged during the writing, and (c) the nature of the children's written input into the resulting letter product. Regression analyses were used to examine how the parents' level of control was associated with: (a) the nature of the children's communicative input into the literacy exchange, (b) the type of information about writing upon which the interchange was focused, and (c) the nature of each child's written input into their letter product. Parents exhibiting higher levels of control tended to have children who exhibited higher levels of response and recognition that they heard the parents, had exchanges that focused on spelling, and had written products that were conventional in nature. Parents demonstrating lower levels of control tended to have children who exhibited higher levels of initiations and verbal input, had exchanges focused on the content of the letter, and had written products that were emergent in nature. These results are discussed in terms of the parents' perception of the experimental task and the amount of instructional support needed to complete the task.

scholarly journals Posthuman literacies: Young children moving in time, place and more-than-human worlds

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail Hackett ◽  
Margaret Somerville
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Emergent Literacy ◽  
Literacy Practices ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
The Body ◽  
Communicative Practice ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Uk

This paper examines the potential of posthumanism to enable a reconceptualisation of young children’s literacies from the starting point of movement and sound in the more-than-human world. We propose movement as a communicative practice that always occurs as a more complex entanglement of relations within more-than-human worlds. Through our analysis, an understanding of sound emerged as a more-than-human practice that encompasses children’s linguistic and non-linguistic utterances, and which occurs through, with, alongside movement. This paper draws on data from two different research studies: in the first study, two-year-old children in the UK banged on drums and marched in a museum. In the second study, two young children in Australia chose sites for their own research and produced a range of emergent literacies from vocalisation and ongoing stories to installations. We present examples of ways in which speaking, gesturing and sounding, as emergent literacy practices, were not so much about transmitting information or intentionally designed signs, but about embodied and sensory experiences in which communication about and in place occurred through the body being and moving in place. This paper contributes to the field of posthuman early childhood literacies by foregrounding movement within in-the-moment becoming. Movement and sound exist beyond the parameters of human perception, within a flat ontology in which humans are decentred and everything exists on the same plane, in constant motion. Starting from movement in order to conceptualise literacy offers, therefore, an expanded field of inquiry into early childhood literacy. In the multimodal literacy practices analysed in this paper, meaning and world emerge simultaneously, offering new forms of literacy and representation and suggesting possibilities for defining or conceptualising literacy in ways that resist anthropocentric or logocentric framings.

The art of deceit: Pseudolus and the nature of reading

1996 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Sharrock
Keyword(s):  
Visual Art ◽  
Art Criticism ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Art Critics

Reading is delusion. In order to read, we have to suspend certain standards of reality and accept others; we have to offer ourselves to deceit, even if it is an act of deception of which we are acutely aware. One way of considering this paradoxical duality in the act of reading (being deceived while being aware of the deception) is more or less consciously to posit multiple levels of reading, whereby the deceived reader is watched by an aware reader, who is in turn watched by a super-reader; and so it continues. The ancient art critics, obsessed as they were with deceptive realism, provide in anecdotal form a good example of such multiplicity of perception when they tell stories of birds trying to peck at painted grapes, horses trying to mate with painted horses, even humans deceived by the lifelikeness of works of art. Such stories act as easy but potent signifiers of ‘realism’ in ancient art criticism, by showing the reactions of a ‘naive reader’ (the animals) whose deception the aware reader can enter into but also see exposed. In verbal or visual art parading itself as realistic, the artistic pretence of a pose of reality is, at some level, intended to be seen as deceptive; when it is non-realistic, or anti-realistic, or even stubbornly abstract (which it rarely is), art still demands that the reader suspend ordinary perception. But deception alone is not enough: ‘deceit’ only becomes artistic when a viewer sees through it, for a work of art which is so lifelike that no-one realizes it is not real has not entered the realm of art. The appreciation of deception happens at the moment when the deception is undone, or by the imaginative creation of a less sophisticated reader who has not seen through the deceit. That is what happens in comedy, more overtly than in other artforms, but in the same way.

scholarly journals Neuroimaging of typical and atypical development: A perspective from multiple levels of analysis

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARK H. JOHNSON ◽  
HANIFE HALIT ◽  
SARAH J. GRICE ◽  
ANNETTE KARMILOFF–SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Postnatal Maturation ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Atypical Development ◽  
The Brain

To date, research involving functional neuroimaging of typical and atypical development has depended on several assumptions about the postnatal maturation of the brain. We consider evidence from multiple levels of analysis that brings into question these underlying assumptions and advance an alternative view. This alternative view, based on an “interactive specialization” approach to postnatal brain development, indicates that there is a need to: obtain data from early in development; focus more on differences in interregional interactions rather than searching for localized, discrete lesions; examine the temporal dynamics of neural processing; and move away from deficits to image tasks in which atypical participants perform as well as typically developing participants.

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