HIV, International Travel and Tourism: Global Issues and Pacific Perspectives

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Davis Lewis ◽  
Jodi Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Islands ◽  
International Travel ◽  
World Health ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Population Movement ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Travel And Tourism ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Year 2000

AIDS, like plagues throughout human history, has been blamed repeatedly on foreigners. This has heightened ramifications, from the personal to the geopolitical, in an era of escalating population movement and rapid international travel. By the end of 1990, the World Health Organization had estimated that the total number of AIDS cases worldwide was close to 1.3 million1. Recent estimates suggest that by the year 2000, 38-100 million adults and over 10 million children will have been infected with HIV2. Seventy-five to eighty-five percent of that number will be from the developing world. AIDS has rapidly become pandemic, with wide-ranging consequences for humankind. Human population movement is an important component in the natural history of AIDS. With respect to this, a central consideration is the relationship between AIDS and international travel, especially tourism. In this paper, after reviewing HTV in the Asia-Pacific region, we present the epidemiology of HIV in the Pacific Islands, discuss its impact with particular reference to population movement, and explore some of the specific challenges that the Pacific Island region faces.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourism Industry: Possible Reconciliation Strategy for Bangladeshi Tourism Industry

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tourism Industry ◽  
International Travel ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
Travel And Tourism ◽  
Community Mobility ◽  
Global Tourism ◽  
World Tourism Organization ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Tourism Organization

The novel corona virus (COVID-19) has created a significant impact with international travel bans affecting over 90% of the world population and extensive restrictions on public gatherings and community mobility, tourism mainly comes to a halt in March 2020. Especially Tourism is at a risk to assess to counteract pandemics because of restricting mobility and social distancing. This paper is based on secondary document analysis from various journals, newspaper articles, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC), reports, and papers of various tourism-related Bangladeshi organizations’ (PATA, TEAB, TOAB etc.). The paper provides a critical assessment of the reported impacts of COVID-19 on global tourism, particularly on Bangladesh, and is looking for way-out and regional recovery suggestions against the uncertainty of COVID-19. Keywords: COVID-19, Travel, Community, Mobility, Tourism, Pandemics, Global, Bangladesh

scholarly journals Risk posed by the Ebola epidemic to the Pacific islands: findings of a recent World Health Organization assessment

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam T Craig ◽  
Axelle Ronsse ◽  
Kate Hardie ◽  
Boris I Pavlin ◽  
Viema Biaukula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Health Organization

The WHO START Study

Crisis ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. De Leo ◽  
A. Milner ◽  
A. Fleischmann ◽  
J. Bertolote ◽  
S. Collings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Suicidal Behaviors ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Hong Kong Sar ◽  
Enormous Variation ◽  
Health Organization

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) study entitled Suicide Trends in At-Risk Territories (START) is an international multisite initiative that aims to stimulate suicide research and prevention across different areas of the globe. A central component of the study is the development of registration systems for fatal and nonfatal suicidal behaviors. Aims: This paper provides an overview of the data collected on suicidal behaviors from the participating locations in the START study. Method: Descriptive statistics on the data are presented in terms of age, sex, and method. Results: A greater proportion of suicide deaths occurred among males. In all areas except the Philippines more females than males engaged in nonfatal suicidal behaviors. Compared to Australia, Italy, New Zealand, the Philippines, and Hong Kong SAR, in the Pacific Islands suicide most often occurs in younger age groups. Results indicate notable variations between countries in choice of method. A greater proportion of suicides occurred by hanging in Pacific Islands, while inhalation of carbon monoxide, use of firearms, ingestion of chemicals and poisons, and drug overdose were the most frequent methods of choice in other areas. Conclusion: The information drawn from this study demonstrates the enormous variation in suicidal behavior across the areas involved in the START Study. Further research is needed to assess the reliability of the established data-recording systems for suicidal behaviors. The baseline data established in START may allow the development of suicide prevention initiatives sensitive to variation in the profile of suicide across different locations.

Response to Austriaco on Vaccine Passports

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
Joseph Meaney ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
International Travel ◽  
World Health ◽  
Yellow Fever Vaccine ◽  
Work Activities ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

This essay clarifies the author’s objections to COVID-19 vaccine credentials voiced in “The Ethics of COVID-19 Vaccine Passports.” The author’s objections centered on discriminatory practices based on vaccine status for domestic social and work activities, but he agrees with the World Health Organization that these credentials should not be required for international travel. In addition, there is a significant ethical different between currently available COVID-19 vaccines and the yellow fever vaccine because the former are produced or tested using abortion-derived cell lines. The yellow fever vaccine is much less ethically problematic. This situation could change with the approval of new COVID-19 vaccines without links to abortion-derived cell lines.

scholarly journals Lethal Violence: A Global View on Homicide

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietrich Oberwittler
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern Period ◽  
World Health ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
Welfare Policies ◽  
Lethal Violence ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Other World ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Health Organization

As the most serious crime, homicide is both relevant and suitable for cross-national comparisons. The global homicide rate of ca. 6 per 100,000 people is an average of hugely diverging national rates ranging from 0.25 in Singapore to ca. 100 in El Salvador. The validity of global homicide statistics suffers from various differences in definitions as well as reporting and registration processes. Both criminal justice and causes of death statistics are used by the World Health Organization to construct rates, yet these are available only for a minority of countries. An overview on homicide in history and non-state societies shows that violence levels were considerably higher compared to those in today’s developed world and have dropped dramatically in Europe and North America during the early modern period. The rates first increased and then declined between ca.1960 and today in most developed nations in a synchronized manner, hinting at common influences. In recent years, homicide trends have shown a polarizing pattern, with increasing rates in Latin America and decreasing rates in most other world regions, especially East Asia and the Pacific, where rates have fallen below the European average concurrent with rising scores on the Human Development Index. Except in Eastern Europe, the frequency of homicide is strongly linked to the use of firearms, which account for 44% of homicide cases worldwide. Longitudinal studies have produced robust evidence for the pivotal role of deprivation and inequality in fostering lethal violence and of social welfare policies in reducing it. Although the transition to democratic political systems seems to increase homicide rates temporarily, the legitimacy of state institutions and the suppression of corruption are connected to lower homicide rates. Because of conceptual and methodological problems, questions concerning the generalizability of effects across space and time remain. Nevertheless, the research findings are sufficiently robust to draw important conclusions for violence prevention: reductions in poverty and income inequality, investments in welfare policies and gender equality, and improvements in the legitimacy of state institutions will help to bring homicide rates down.

scholarly journals Advances in the Treatment of Yaws

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Marks
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
World Health ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
West And Central Africa ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Oral Azithromycin

Yaws is one of the three endemic treponematoses and is recognised by the World Health Organization as a neglected tropical disease. Yaws is currently reported in 15 countries in the Pacific, South-East Asia, West and Central Africa, predominantly affects children, and results in destructive lesions of the skin and soft tissues. For most of the twentieth century penicillin-based treatment was the standard of care and resistance to penicillin has still not been described. Recently, oral azithromycin has been shown to be an effective treatment for yaws, facilitating renewed yaws eradication efforts. Resistance to azithromycin is an emerging threat and close surveillance will be required as yaws eradication efforts are scaled up globally.

Neonatal tetanus at the close of the 20th century in Nigeria

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tinuade A Ogunlesi ◽  
John A O Okeniyi ◽  
Joshua A Owa ◽  
Gabriel A Oyedeji
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Neonatal Tetanus ◽  
World Health ◽  
Preventive Strategies ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Primary Health Centres ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Year 2000

The year 2000 marked another failed World Health Organization deadline for neonatal tetanus (NNT) eradication. Existing preventive strategies can be enhanced by exploring factors involved in the persistence of the scourge. Thus, records of neonates admitted between 1996 and 2000 into the Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesa, were analysed. Of 3051 total neonatal admissions,162 (5.3%) had NNT. Eighty-nine (54.9%) mothers had clinic-based antenatal care (ANC), but only 59 (36.4%) had tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccines. The majority (66.7%) of them delivered at home or churches and others at either private clinics or primary health centres. Overall, the case fatality rate was 43.8%, though it was significantly higher among babies whose mothers had neither clinic-based ANC (odds ratio [OR] = 2.62; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.33-5.18) nor antenatal TT vaccination (OR = 2.41; 95% CI = 1.17-5.03). Thus, improvement on ANC, anti-tetanus immunization and ensuring hygienic deliveries are crucial for eliminating NNT in the 21st century.

Development of the ICD-10 simplified version and field test

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wansa Paoin ◽  
Maliwan Yuenyongsuwan ◽  
Yukiko Yokobori ◽  
Hiroyoshi Endo ◽  
Sukil Kim
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
World Health ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Clinical Coding ◽  
Average Accuracy ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
International Statistical Classification ◽  
Health Organization

Background: The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (ICD-10) has been used in various Asia-Pacific countries for more than 20 years. Although ICD-10 is a powerful tool, clinical coding processes are complex; therefore, many developing countries have not been able to implement ICD-10-based health statistics (WHO-FIC APN, 2007). Objective: This study aimed to simplify ICD-10 clinical coding processes, to modify index terms to facilitate computer searching and to provide a simplified version of ICD-10 for use in developing countries. Method: The World Health Organization Family of International Classifications Asia-Pacific Network (APN) developed a simplified version of the ICD-10 and conducted field testing in Cambodia during February and March 2016. Ten hospitals were selected to participate. Each hospital sent a team to join a training workshop before using the ICD-10 simplified version to code 100 cases. All hospitals subsequently sent their coded records to the researchers. Results: Overall, there were 1038 coded records with a total of 1099 ICD clinical codes assigned. The average accuracy rate was calculated as 80.71% (66.67–93.41%). Three types of clinical coding errors were found. These related to errors relating to the coder (14.56%), those resulting from the physician documentation (1.27%) and those considered system errors (3.46%). Discussion: The field trial results demonstrated that the APN ICD-10 simplified version is feasible for implementation as an effective tool to implement ICD-10 clinical coding for hospitals. Conclusion: Developing countries may consider adopting the APN ICD-10 simplified version for ICD-10 code assignment in hospitals and health care centres. The simplified version can be viewed as an introductory tool which leads to the implementation of the full ICD-10 and may support subsequent ICD-11 adoption.

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