Non-state order and strategic communication via symbolic dress in Yemen

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-51
Author(s):  
Daniel Corstange

How do people keep order in weak states? Formal institutions provide law and order in rich societies, but are feeble and capricious in much of the developing world. Instead, people turn to informal, group-based order that operates through reputation and contingent cooperation. Such order requires people to police social boundaries and contributions, looking for costly signals of membership and commitment to weed out mimics and shirkers. Data from Yemen show that people rely on tribes for security and dispute resolution under customary law. Yemenis use a prominent symbol of tribalism, the iconic tribal dagger, to communicate their affiliations and commitments to their customary responsibilities. Yet people vary in how well they understand the semiotic system, and the accuracy of the link between dagger-wearing and tribalism improves with sophistication. While the most knowledgeable Yemenis reveal their tribal types with the dagger, the least knowledgeable communicate nothing at all.

Author(s):  
Wayan Resmini ◽  
Abdul Sakban

Pengadilan, oleh masyarakat tidak lagi dilihat sebagai lembaga penyelesaiain sengketa satu-satunya. Saat ini keberadaan lembaga pengadilan sudah terindikasi dengan berbagai kasus korupsi, kolusi, dan nepotisme, yang lebih dikenal dengan istilah KKN. Hal ini mengingat banyak produk keputusan pengadilan yang menyimpang dari asas-asas keadilan, cepat dan berbiaya murah. Dalam konteks inilah diperlukan model alternative penyelesaian sengketa pada masyararakat hukum adat yang lebih efisien, adil serta akomodatif guna menjaga kelesterian dan keberlanjutan kehidupan masyarakat hukum adat, yang lebih manusiawi dan berkeadilan. Tradisi penyelesaian sengketa pada masyarakat hukum adat didasarkan pada nilai filosofi kebersamaan (komunal), pengorbanan, nilai supernatural, dan keadilan. Dalam masyarakat hukum adat kepentingan bersama merupakan filosofi hidup yang meresap pada setiap anggota masyarakat adat. Pelaksanaan hasil mediasi yang sudah disakralkan dihadapan tokoh adat, apalagi sudah dilakukan dengan suatu upacara adat (ritual), maka kesepakatan tersebut harus dilaksanakan dengan segera, bila salah satu pihak mengingkari atau tidak bersedia melaksanakan hasil mediasi, maka pihak tersebut akan mendapatkan sanksi adat dari masyarakat hukum adat. Sanksi adat diberikan atas pertimbangan, bahwa pengingkaran kesepakatan damai merupakan bentuk pengingkaran terhadap nilai dan rasa keadilan masyarakat hukum adat. Penjatuhan sanksi adat dijatuhkan oleh tokoh adat yang bertindak sebagai penjaga nilai keadilan dan warisan leluhur dalam masyarakat hukum adat.The court, by the community is no longer seen as the only dispute resolution agency. At present the existence of a court institution has been indicated by various cases of corruption, collusion and nepotism, which are better known as KKN. This is because there are many products of court decisions that deviate from the principles of justice, fast and low cost. In this context an alternative model of dispute resolution is needed in the customary law community that is more efficient, fair and accommodative in order to maintain the sustainability and sustainability of the life of indigenous peoples, who are more humane and just. The tradition of dispute resolution in indigenous peoples is based on the values of communal philosophy, sacrifice, supernatural values, and justice. In indigenous peoples the common interest is a life philosophy that permeates every member of the indigenous community. The implementation of the mediation results that have been sacred before traditional leaders, moreover has been done with a traditional ceremony (ritual), then the agreement must be carried out immediately, if one party denies or is unwilling to carry out the mediation results, the party will get customary sanctions from the community customary law. Customary sanctions are given for consideration, that the denial of a peace agreement is a form of denial of the values and sense of justice of indigenous peoples. The imposition of customary sanctions is imposed by traditional leaders who act as guardians of the value of justice and ancestral heritage in indigenous and tribal peoples. 


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-90
Author(s):  
Kurnia Sari Wiwaha ◽  
Ustadi Hamsah

Islam has been known as a religion of Rahmatn lil’alamiin which guarantees inclusion and maintains a treatise on all humanity. However, the interpretation of universality of Islam does not meet a common understanding even though within Muslim community itself. Those diverse interpretations have resulted in how the universality of Islam has been expressed. One of those quarrels toward interpretation is the discussion of Islam Nusantara. West Sumatera is one of the regions in Indonesia which implements Islamic law as its customary law in which rejection against Islam Nusantara has been echoed across the borders. The rejection caused reactions from various parties since West Sumatera strongly stated the rejection as a way for preserving it. Those dispute has been sharpened by the online news in several Indonesian media that began to raise the phenomenon up. This research aim to find out how those medias frame the news and whether online media contribute on minimizing public tensions. This research used descriptive method with qualitative approach. The source of the data focused on Indonesian online media news on 2018 and was analyzed with framing analysis from Robert N. Entman and also using the concept of treatment recommendation as an analyzes of dispute resolution. The results discovered that media with its framing analysis technique has their own moral judgement and treatment recommendation as a form of dispute resolution towards discourses in the media. This moral judgment can show the tendency and alignment of a media regarding an issue. In addition, the media also has an important role in developing the audience’s mindset in the midst of dispute it can be analyzed from the treatment recommendation that can be used as a media based dispute resolution.   Islam merupakan agama rahmatan lil ‘alamiin dan bersifat universal serta hadir sebagai sebuah risalah seluruh umat manusia. Akan tetapi, pemaknaan terhadap universalitas Islam tidak seragam terlebih pemaknaannya bagi kalangan umat Islam itu sendiri. Hal ini menimbulkan banyak interpetasi yang bermacam-macam untuk mengekspresikan universalitas Islam ini. Salah satu bentuk interpretasi ini adalah munculnya istilah Islam Nusantara yang kembali menuai perdebatan. Sumatera Barat merupakan salah satu wilayah di Indonesia dengan hukum Islam dan adatnya yang sangat kuat menolak pengistilahan ini. Penolakan ini menimbulkan banyak reaksi dari beberbagai pihak. Hal ini dikarenakan, Sumatera Barat yang sangat menjaga kelestarian budayanya menolak wacana ini yang memiliki visi samaseperti yang dimiliki Sumatera Barat. Arena pertarungan ini diperluas oleh adanya pemberitaan di media-media online Indonesia yang mulai mengangkat fenomena ini. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menemukan bagaimana media membingkai pemberitaan dan apakah media juga memiliki peran untuk meminimalisasi ketegangan yang terjadi antara pihak yang bertikai. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Sumber data yang diperoleh mengacu pada pemberitaan media online mainstream Indonesia pada tahun 2018 dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis framing media model Robert N. Entman dan treatment recommendation sebagai bentuk dispute resolution wacana di media. Hasil dari penelitan ini mengungkapkan bahwa dalam pembingkaian sebuah berita, media memiliki moral judgement-nya masing-masing. Moral Judgement ini yang dapat memperlihatkan arah atau keberpihakan suatu media terhadap suatu isu. Selain itu, media juga memiliki peranan penting dalam mendewasakan khalayak di tengah konflik. Hal ini terlihat dari adanya treatment recommendation yang dapat digunakan sebagai dispute resolution berbasis media.


1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Beckerman

Historical inquiry into the character of local dispute resolution and the operation of customary law in medieval England begins in manorial courts, since it is from those local courts that the most abundant documentation survives. Were the judgments of these courts “principled” in the sense of being rooted in substantive legal rules that courts ordinarily followed, or were they ad hoc determinations based on factual circumstances invisible to the modern reader? Can historians extrapolate behavioral norms and shared cultural values from the manor court records that survive in increasing profusion from the second quarter of the thirteenth century?


Legal Ukraine ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
Mykhailo Yurkevich

The article considers the issues of legislative regulation in the ancient monument of law – Ruska Pravda, issues of forest protection in the territory of Kievan Rus, in order to form a general comprehensive concept of forest protection in Ukraine in different periods of state formation. The relevance of the study is justified by the change of economic, political, social and legal development of Ukraine, which influenced the transition from the monistic paradigm of legal reality research methodology to the pluralism of research paradigms and allows a new assessment of development of forest protection norms on the territory of Ukraine. The most important factors that led to the formation of forest protection legislation of Kievan Rus are highlighted. A comparative legal analysis of the Short and Spatial editions of Russkaya Pravda was carried out. It is established that the Spatial edition differs from the Short edition by a larger number of articles on the protection of forestry, which is due to the process of formation of feudal society and the need for more detailed regulation of property rights. The features of this monument of law, which distinguished it from the legal acts created in subsequent periods, are indicated. Attention is drawn to the enshrinement in Russkaya Pravda of the norms of customary law, according to which «what is given by nature belongs to the whole society». Therefore, deforestation was not prohibited, but liability for theft of firewood was imposed by imposing a fine of 9 kunas, and for each cart with firewood – 2 kunas separately, while the law regulated fishing related to forests. The system of fines provided by Ruska Pravda for offenses related to forestry is described. Organizational principles of forest protection in Kievan Rus are considered. It is established that in this period there were no special organizational structures in this area and that law and order in the forests was provided by princely warriors with the participation of hunters. Key words: «Russian Law», Kievan Rus, forest protection, forestry, liability for violation of forest protection norms, theft, fine.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-122
Author(s):  
Yuli Prasetyo Adhi ◽  
Triyono Triyono ◽  
Muhyidin Muhyidin

Customary inheritance dispute might occur when the heirs cannot reach agreement between divisions of property or during inheritance law point which will be used. Indonesia acknowledges 3 existing inheritance laws which are western civil inheritance law, Moslem’s inheritance law, and customary inheritance law. Legal action of inheritance law is usually resolved by deliberation but if there is no agreement reached between these processes, therefore court mechanism can be used to make law suit and dispute resolution. UU No 3 of 2006 about religious jurisdiction is a legal product that is issued to provide improvement (Amendment) against UU No 7 of 1989 about religious jurisdiction. UU No 3 of 2006 is giving significant impact against the existence of custom inheritance law in Indonesia. Before this constitution is created, religious jurisdiction can accept customary inheritance disputes for Moslem people according to the criteria which have been stated in UU No 7 of 1989. Since UU No 3 of 2006 is created, therefore customary inheritance law, even though the heirs are Moslem, must follow the district court mechanism. This will provide increasingly narrow space for the existence of customary law in the future. This program is held in Pati, Central Java, where custom inheritance law still exists and is being used in Pati community. Dissemination and harmonization regarding customary law is important to maintain sustainability and existence of customary law in Indonesia.


Arena Hukum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-166
Author(s):  
Ahmad Muddin ◽  
◽  
Hardianto Djanggih

Abstract This study aims to analyze dispute resolution, the dispute resolution approach that guarantees legal certainty and examine the factors that influence the construction of the settlement of land rights of the customary community of Malind-Amin. This normative and empirical legal research is analized descriptively and analytically. The results shows that the nature of customary land dispute with customary law can be resolved through positive legal mechanisms and customary law mechanisms, while dispute resolution on disputed objects that have certificates based on the release of traditional institutions through mediation, synchronization / harmonization of laws and the making of local regulations. However, efforts to resolve this have experienced various factors of internal and external obstacles.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Abdullahi Ali

The Constitution of Kenya guarantees the promotion of customary justice systems. However, in many cases, the dictates of customary law are often in contravention with the progressive attitude embodied in the Constitution. The Constitution guarantees the right to equal treatment of men and women in social, political and cultural spheres. However, women in the Somali customary justice system do not enjoy this right. Women in the Somali customary justice system have no locus standi before any dispute resolution process and they cannot oversee the resolution of disputes as this position is reserved for the elders, who can only be men. Through Gary Becker’s theory on the economics of discrimination, this paper establishes, through an economic lens, that there is a prevailing cost to the Somali community for failing to include women in the processes of the customary justice system. It suggests a way forward of promoting inclusivity in line with the characteristics of customary law.


Author(s):  
Irfan Ullah ◽  
Muhammad Adeel Khan

Effective provision of justice remains essential for preventing wartime grievances into feuds and mass conflict in strengthening the state and improving accountability. It can lead to quick and cheaper resolution of disputes. This research focuses on evaluating the informal system of governance and justice delivery system in Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It evaluated the institutions of justice delivery (both formal and informal) in terms of structure, functions, and efficiency. The study reveals that informal mechanisms of dispute resolution is still preferred at large, despite the availability of formal institutions for this purpose. Majority of the respondents showed distrust on the formal institutions of justice delivery and dispute resolution across the sample population. This mistrust has been related to the ineffectiveness in terms of lengthy process of handling disputes of various types and the involved financial cost. Shariah and custom remained the preferred type of law to be adopted as compared to state law/statute for dispute resolution. The study concludes that state institutions of justice delivery and dispute resolution should work in collaboration with the informal institutions for effective provision of dispute resolution and justice delivery. A mixed method approach of depth interviews focus group and household survey is employed for collecting primary data.


2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noam Zamir

Under treaty law all civilian objects are protected in international armed conflicts (IAC) whereas it is only certain civilian objects that enjoy protection under treaty law in non-international armed conflicts (NIAC). However, it is commonly argued that all civilian objects are protected in NIAC under customary law. This article examines the reasons for the differences in the protection of civilian objects under treaty law and the argument that customary law now provides equal protection for all civilian objects under both IAC and NIAC. The article argues that this equal protection may hinder the ability of states to maintain law and order under their domestic law in NIAC in situations where they may need to destroy property which belongs to armed opposition groups. The article advances the argument that the law regarding targeting should be that all civilian objects are protected in NIAC but, unlike the protection of civilian objects in IAC, this protection does not bar a state from destroying in its territory objects which were considered to be illegal under domestic law before the commencement of the NIAC, in accordance with international human rights law as lex specialis.


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