Observational Research in Face-to-Face Small Groupwork: Capturing Affect as Socio-Dynamic Interpersonal Phenomena

2021 ◽  
pp. 104649642098592
Author(s):  
Cheryl Jones ◽  
Simone Volet ◽  
Deborah Pino-Pasternak
Keyword(s):  
Observational Studies ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Observational Methods ◽  
Organizational Research ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Observation Methods ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Affect Dynamics

Interpersonal affect in face-to-face small groupwork, though pervasive in university and work environments, is rarely examined as the fine-grained sequential interactions in which it manifests. This review synthesized 21 recent studies in tertiary collaborative learning and organizational research that have used observation methods to investigate affect in face-to-face small groupwork. The analysis focused on examining the extent to which observational studies captured affect as social (interactive) and dynamic (temporally unfolding). Findings showed that observational methods elicit information about affect dynamics in groupwork that is unique and complementary to other methods. Key affect constructs, behavioral operationalizations, and analytical tools used to capture affect are discussed.

What Emotion Dysregulation Looks Like

2018 ◽  
pp. 52-68
Author(s):  
K. Ashana Ramsook ◽  
Pamela M. Cole ◽  
Margaret A. Fields-Olivieri
Keyword(s):  
Observational Studies ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Emotional Reaction ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Multiple Time Scales ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Observational Methods ◽  
New Directions

Recent conceptualizations of emotion dysregulation define it as a process that unfolds over multiple time scales and that leads to short- or long-term impairments. This chapter discusses the advantages of observational methods for measuring emotion dysregulation as a process, focusing on three patterns and associated evidence of them from observational studies. First, the chapter discusses context-inappropriate emotion, the absence of an expected emotional reaction or an atypical reaction for the situational context. Second, it discusses atypical emotion dynamics, specifically emotional expressions that change abruptly, including but not limited to emotional lability. Third, it discusses ways in which emotions endure and are difficult to modify, pointing to ineffective strategy use as a mechanism. It concludes by discussing new directions for observational research, including creative study design and analytic methods that can capture emotion dysregulation.

scholarly journals Observational studies in health professional education research

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-111
Author(s):  
Joanna Tai ◽  
Juan Fischer ◽  
Christy Noble
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Education Research ◽  
Health Professional ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Health Professional Education ◽  
Observational Methods ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Decision Points

Observational studies are not uncommon in health professional education and are frequently associated with ethnography as a methodology. This article aims to provide an overview of how observational studies are used in health professional education research. Firstly, we explore some ways in which observational methods can be used in association with a range of qualitative research stances, and then we focus on the practicalities of undertaking observational research. Next, we use two case studies to illustrate some of the key decision points when designing observational research. Finally, we collate resources and consider the implications of contemporary world events on observational research.

scholarly journals Determining causality in epidemiology: Why observational studies can be misleading and the case for experiments

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Perrin ◽  
James Steele
Keyword(s):  
Causal Inference ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Observational Methods ◽  
Alternative Approach

In epidemiology, the purpose of causal inference is often to identify variables that appear to induce the event of interest, through observational methods. This is usually because it is not feasible to experimentally induce such an event. By identifying causes, interventions can be developed to prevent the effects from manifesting. However, observational research is not without limitations. This article discusses the ways in which observational research can be misleading and how these problems can be overcome with an alternative approach to experimenting on the event of interest.

scholarly journals Using CCTV to study visitors in The New Art Gallery, Walsall, UK

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (2/3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ela Beaumont
Keyword(s):  
Code Of Ethics ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Video Observation ◽  
Visitor Studies ◽  
Art Gallery ◽  
Art Galleries ◽  
Observation Methods ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Uk

The routine use of CCTV surveillance in new art galleries in the UK presents an opportunity for researchers to harness its potential as a powerful observational tool in visitor studies, and recent developments in video technology have created new possibilities for observational research. Recent studies using video observation methods in the UK, France and the US have demonstrated how powerful film data can be, but have also shown the difficulties in operationalising studies that use these techniques. The analysis of video data is in its infancy in the field of art gallery visitor studies, and this paper contributes to the theoretical, ethical and practical debate by discussing a recent observational visitor study using in-house CCTV cameras in the New Art Gallery, Walsall. The study demonstrates significant advances on previous observational visitor studies that have gathered 'covert observational data'. It show how CCTV footage can be used to gather naturally occurring visitor activities in a highly structured way, without disrupting the gallery with extra cameras or microphones and yielding increasingly detailed, useful information. It opens up the prospect of a wider ideological debate about the use of CCTV in art galleries, and contributes to work in progress on a code of ethics for video observation in visitor studies.

scholarly journals How does gaze to faces support face-to-face interaction? A review and perspective

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy S Hessels
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dynamic Systems Theory ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
Literature Overview ◽  
Social Gaze ◽  
Human Social Behaviour

Gaze – where one looks, how long, and when – plays an essential part in human social behaviour. While many aspects of social gaze have been reviewed, there is no comprehensive review or theoretical framework that describes how gaze to faces supports face-to-face interaction. In this review, I address the following questions: (1) When does gaze need to be allocated to a particular region of a face in order to provide the relevant information for successful interaction; (2) How do humans look at other people, and faces in particular, regardless of whether gaze needs to be directed at a particular region to acquire the relevant visual information; (3) How does gaze support the regulation of interaction? The work reviewed spans psychophysical research, observational research and eye-tracking research in both lab-based and interactive contexts. Based on the literature overview, I sketch a framework for future research based on dynamic systems theory. The framework holds that gaze should be investigated in relation to sub-states of the interaction, encompassing sub-states of the interactors, the content of the interaction as well as the interactive context. The relevant sub-states for understanding gaze in interaction vary over different timescales from microgenesis to ontogenesis and phylogenesis. The framework has important implications for vision science, psychopathology, developmental science and social robotics.

scholarly journals Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and Elaboration. Translation to Russian

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Jan P. Vandenbroucke ◽  
Erik Von Elm ◽  
Douglas G. Altman ◽  
Peter C. Gotzsche ◽  
Cynthia D. Mulrow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Observational Studies ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Quality Of Reporting ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Useful Flow ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Strobe Statement

Much medical research is observational. The reporting of observational studies is often of insufficient quality. Poor reporting hampers the assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of a study and the generalisability of its results. Taking into account empirical evidence and theoretical considerations, a group of methodologists, researchers, and editors developed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) recommendations to improve the quality of reporting of observational studies. The STROBE Statement consists of a checklist of 22 items, which relate to the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results and discussion sections of articles. Eighteen items are common to cohort studies, case-control studies and cross-sectional studies and four are specific to each of the three study designs. The STROBE Statement provides guidance to authors about how to improve the reporting of observational studies and facilitates critical appraisal and interpretation of studies by reviewers, journal editors and readers. This explanatory and elaboration document is intended to enhance the use, understanding, and dissemination of the STROBE Statement. The meaning and rationale for each checklist item are presented. For each item, one or several published examples and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies and methodological literature are provided. Examples of useful flow diagrams are also included. The STROBE Statement, this document, and the associated Web site (http://www. strobe-statement.org/) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of observational research. This article is the reprint with Russian translation of the original that can be observed here: Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Mulrow CD, et al. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and Elaboration. PLoS Med 2007;4(10):e297. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040297

External Validity Reconsidered

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana C. Mutz
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Real World ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Convincing Case

This chapter talks about the significance of generalizability. Experimentalists often go to great lengths to argue that student or other convenience samples are not problematic in terms of external validity. Likewise, a convincing case for causality is often elusive with observational research, no matter how stridently one might argue to the contrary. The conventional wisdom is that experiments are widely valued for their internal validity, and experiments lack external validity. These assumptions are so widespread as to go without question in most disciplines, particularly those emphasizing external validity, such as political science and sociology. But observational studies, such as surveys, are still supposed to be better for purposes of maximizing external validity because this method allows studying people in real world settings.

Social data collection and analyses

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-76
Author(s):  
Marie J. E. Charpentier ◽  
Marie Pelé ◽  
Julien P. Renoult ◽  
Cédric Sueur
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Information Diffusion ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Large Array ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Analytical Tools

Sampling accurate and quantitative behavioural data requires the description of fine-grained patterns of social relationships and/or spatial associations, which is highly challenging, especially in natural environments. Although behavioural ecologists have tackled systematic studies on animals’ societies since the nineteenth century, new biologging technologies have the potential to revolutionise the sampling of animals’ social relationships. However, the tremendous quantity of data sampled and the diversity of biologgers (such as proximity loggers) currently available that allow the sampling of a large array of biological and physiological data bring new analytical challenges. The high spatiotemporal resolution of data needed when studying social processes, such as disease or information diffusion, requires new analytical tools, such as social network analyses, developed to analyse large data sets. The quantity and quality of the data now available on a large array of social systems bring undiscovered outputs, consistently opening new and exciting research avenues.

scholarly journals Recommendations for Designing, Conducting and Reporting Observational Studies in Homeopathy

Homeopathy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 109 (03) ◽  
pp. 114-125
Author(s):  
Michael Teut ◽  
Harald Walach ◽  
Roja Varanasi ◽  
Raj K. Manchanda ◽  
Praveen Oberai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
External Validity ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Strobe Statement

Abstract Background Randomized placebo-controlled trials are considered to be the gold standard in clinical research and have the highest importance in the hierarchical system of evidence-based medicine. However, from the viewpoint of decision makers, due to lower external validity, practical results of efficacy research are often not in line with the huge investments made over decades. Method We conducted a narrative review. With a special focus on homeopathy, we give an overview on cohort, comparative cohort, case-control and cross-sectional study designs and explain guidelines and tools that help to improve the quality of observational studies, such as the STROBE Statement, RECORD, GRACE and ENCePP Guide. Results Within the conventional medical research field, two types of arguments have been employed in favor of observational studies. First, observational studies allow for a more generalizable and robust estimation of effects in clinical practice, and if cohorts are large enough, there is no over-estimation of effect sizes, as is often feared. We argue that observational research is needed to balance the current over-emphasis on internal validity at the expense of external validity. Thus, observational research can be considered an important research tool to describe “real-world” care settings and can assist with the design and inform the results of randomised controlled trails. Conclusions We present recommendations for designing, conducting and reporting observational studies in homeopathy and provide recommendations to complement the STROBE Statement for homeopathic observational studies.

scholarly journals An Introduction to Video Methods in Organizational Research

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis LeBaron ◽  
Paula Jarzabkowski ◽  
Michael G. Pratt ◽  
Greg Fetzer
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Organization Studies ◽  
Organizational Research ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
The World ◽  
Methodological Tool

Video has become a methodological tool of choice for many researchers in social science, but video methods are relatively new to the field of organization studies. This article is an introduction to video methods. First, we situate video methods relative to other kinds of research, suggesting that video recordings and analyses can be used to replace or supplement other approaches, not only observational studies but also retrospective methods such as interviews and surveys. Second, we describe and discuss various features of video data in relation to ontological assumptions that researchers may bring to their research design. Video involves both opportunities and pitfalls for researchers, who ought to use video methods in ways that are consistent with their assumptions about the world and human activity. Third, we take a critical look at video methods by reporting progress that has been made while acknowledging gaps and work that remains to be done. Our critical considerations point repeatedly at articles in this special issue, which represent recent and important advances in video methods.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document