Kinematic Analysis of Smiles in the Healthy Pediatric Population Using 3-Dimensional Motion Capture

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-437
Author(s):  
Rami R. Hallac ◽  
Nikhitha Thrikutam ◽  
Pang-Yun Chou ◽  
Rong Huang ◽  
James R. Seaward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Kinematic Analysis ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Functional Movement ◽  
Complete Representation ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
4D Imaging ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Right

Introduction: Facial normalcy, as measured with 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional photographs, has been documented in the healthy pediatric population. However, static images convey far from a complete representation of an individual’s daily interactions with peers. Craniofacial surgery induces changes to soft or osseous tissues and thereby affects dynamic facial expression. To-date, there has not been rigorous, dynamic quantification of normal facial expression. In this study, we used 4-dimensional (4D) imaging to assess the facial expression of healthy children to provide a normative reference point for craniofacial surgeons. Methods: A total of 36 healthy pediatric volunteers underwent 4D video recordings while performing a maximal voluntary smile. A face template containing 884 landmarks was registered and tracked throughout the videos using Dimensional Imaging software. Participants were divided into 2 smile groups: open-lip smile and closed-lip smile. Kinematic analysis of smiles was calculated for every landmark from its position in the resting frame to its terminal displacement. Results: Composite smiles and Euclidean distance maps were generated displaying areas of greatest displacement near the oral commissures. There was significant difference between closed-lip and open-lip groups in regions of eyes and cheeks. In addition, the open-lip smile group demonstrated significantly greater displacement in the oral commissure on the left side compared to the right ( P < .05); whereas, in the closed-lip group, the eyes and cheeks moved significantly more on the right side. Conclusion: This study presents an innovative method that can be used to evaluate facial expressions to help craniofacial surgeons restore functional movement in patients with facial anomalies.

scholarly journals Stiffness of the Masseter Muscle in Children—Establishing the Reference Values in the Pediatric Population Using Shear-Wave Elastography

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9619
Author(s):  
Cyprian Olchowy ◽  
Anna Olchowy ◽  
Aleksander Pawluś ◽  
Mieszko Więckiewicz ◽  
Luca Maria Sconfienza
Keyword(s):  
Shear Wave ◽  
Masseter Muscle ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Masseter Muscles

In children, the quality and muscle function are altered in many pathologic conditions, including temporomandibular disorders. Although several methods have been used to evaluate muscle tonus, none became a golden standard. Moreover, the masseter muscle characteristics in children have not been investigated to date. This study aimed to measure the stiffness of the masseter muscle using shear-wave elastography in healthy children. We enrolled 30 healthy children (mean age 10.87 ± 3.38 years). The stiffness of masseter muscles was measured with shear wave elastography. Stiffness for the total sample was 6.37 ± 0.77 kPa. A comparison of the measurements did not show significant differences between the right and the left masseter muscles (left—6.47 ± 0.78 kPa; right—6.24 ± 0.76 kPa; p = 0.3546). A significant difference was seen between boys and girls (boys—5.94 ± 0.50 kPa; girls—6.63 ± 0.80; p = 0.0006). Shear-wave elastography is a promising diagnostic tool. It may help to detect changes in the stiffness of the masseter muscle and draw attention to pathological processes within the jaw muscles. Directions for further research shall include determining stiffness values in pathological conditions and the impact of biological and functional factors on the stiffness of the masseter muscle.

scholarly journals The effect of functional movement screen and lower extremity training on hamstring/quadriceps ratio in football players

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-85
Author(s):  
Akan Bayrakdar ◽  
Boz Hilal Kılınç
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Sports Injury ◽  
Left Knee ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Functional Movement Screen ◽  
Functional Movement ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Right

Background and Study Aim. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of functional movement screen and lower extremity training on hamstring/quadriceps (H/Q) ratio in football players. Material and Methods. 11 players from Sivas Belediyespor, affiliated to the Turkish Football Federation, participated in this study. The average age of the players involved in the study was 25.75±4.45, height averages 178.49±8.72 cm, and body weight averages 69.83±6.47 kg. Players who participated in the study had previously suffered a knee area injury. In addition to team training for 8 weeks, extra exercises to strengthen their hamstring and quadriceps muscles were conducted 3 times a week. Isokinetic force tests and Functional Movement Screen (FMS) tests were conducted in the study. Data obtained were evaluated in SPSS package 24 program. Results: There was a significant difference in the total score of FMS at the level of p<0.05. Deep squat 13.5%, hurdle step 10.49%, in line lunge 9%, shoulder mobility 3.44%, active straight 6.84%, trunk stability push up 6.84%, rotatuar stability 14.73% and FMS total score 17.24% showed improvement. There was a significant difference in the H/Q ratio between both the right knee and left knee pre-test and post-test at p<0.01 level. The right knee developed at a rate of 600 H/Q at a rate of 17.24% and the left knee developed at a rate of 600 H/Q. Conclusions: As a result, 8 weeks of extra lower extremity exercises can be said to increase the H/Q ratio of football players. It is also seen that the FMS score has increased. Thus, it is thought that the risk of football players having a sports injury again is reduced.

scholarly journals A Longitudinal Investigation of Sleep and Daytime Wakefulness in Children and Youth With Concussion

ASN NEURO ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 175909141882240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Wiseman-Hakes ◽  
Nadia Gosselin ◽  
Bhanu Sharma ◽  
Laura Langer ◽  
Isabelle Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Acute Stage ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Symptom Scale ◽  
Orthopedic Injury ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Scale Total Score ◽  
Daytime Nap

A high proportion of adults who sustain a concussion identify changes in their sleep during the acute stage, typically reporting an increased need for sleep or nonrestful sleep. Our understanding of sleep following concussion is less well understood within a pediatric population. In this study, we investigated the trajectory of sleep and daytime sleepiness in a prospective cohort of 40 children and youth (6–18 years old) with concussion, 40 age-and sex-matched healthy children and youth, and 40 with upper-extremity orthopedic injury. Evaluations occurred during the acute stage (<2 weeks) and at 3-, 6-, and 12-month postinjury using the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children and the Postconcussion Symptom Scale. There were no significant differences within- or between-group differences in sleep across all four time points with analysis of the groups as a whole. When groups were divided by age (6–11 and 12– < 18 years), there was a significant difference in the ability to initiate sleep for the younger concussed group during the acute stage, compared with healthy controls, as well as significantly greater daytime nap duration that decreased over time. Significant correlations were also found between the frequency and duration of daytime naps and Postconcussion Symptom Scale total score and subscores (cognitive, physical/migraine, mood, and sleep) in the concussed group during the acute stage. Our results suggest that in a group with noncomplicated concussion, children and youth have transient alterations in daytime sleepiness that are related to concussion symptoms. Younger children may be more vulnerable to disturbances in sleep and daytime wakefulness.

scholarly journals Upper and Lower Limb Strength and Body Posture in Children with Congenital Hypothyroidism: An Observational Case-Control Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (13) ◽  
pp. 4830
Author(s):  
Jessica Brusa ◽  
Maria Cristina Maggio ◽  
Valerio Giustino ◽  
Ewan Thomas ◽  
Daniele Zangla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Hypothyroidism ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Isometric Handgrip ◽  
Lower Limb Strength ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Right

Background: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is an endocrine disease with a precocious significant impairment of growth and neuromotor development. Thyroid hormones are essential for central nervous system development, maturation, and myelination. Furthermore, thyroid hormone deficiency affects the function of several systems, including the musculoskeletal system. The disease has a significant incidence in the general population (1:3000–1:2000 newborns in Italy). The aim of the present study was to evaluate any differences in upper and lower limb strength, body sway, and plantar loading distribution in children with CH compared to healthy children. Methods: In this study, the case group was composed of children with CH (CHG), while the control group included healthy children (CG). Both groups comprised 19 children (CHG: female = 12; CG: female = 9). The maximum isometric handgrip strength and explosive-elastic lower limb strength were assessed with the handgrip test and the Sargent test, respectively. The stabilometric and baropodometric analyses were used to measure the Center of Pressure displacements and the plantar loading distribution between feet, respectively. The differences between groups were analyzed by a univariate analysis of covariance using as covariates weight and height with the significant level set at < 0.05. Results: We found that CHG children were shorter and thinner than CG ones (p < 0.05). No significant difference in the upper and lower limb strength was found between groups. CHG exhibited a significant greater Sway Path Length (p < 0.01) and Ellipse Surface (p < 0.05) than CG. Moreover, CHG displayed an asymmetric plantar loading distribution with a significant lower percentage in the right than in the left foot (p < 0.05). Moreover, a significant lower plantar loading percentage in the right foot of CHG than in the right foot of CG was observed (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings seem to suggest that CH does not affect muscle strength in early treated children. However, these patients show poor postural control ability and asymmetric plantar loading distribution. Increasing the physical activity in these children could improve their body posture.

scholarly journals Establishing an appropriate Z score regression equation for Chinese pediatric coronary artery echocardiography: a multicenter prospective cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-min Fan ◽  
Bei Xia ◽  
Wei-xiang Liu ◽  
Wei Yu ◽  
Zhi-xia Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Standard Normal Distribution ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Pediatric Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Coronary Artery Diameter

Abstract Background Z score utility is emphasized in classifying coronary artery lesions in Kawasaki disease patients. The present study is the largest such multicenter Chinese pediatric study about coronary artery diameter reference values and Z score regression equation to date. It is useful in Chinese pediatric echocardiography. Methods A multicenter cohort was assembled, which consisted of 852 healthy children between 1 month and 17 years of age, ten children were excluded because their ultrasound images were not clear, or lost in following up. Diameters of the right coronary artery, left coronary artery, and left anterior descending coronary artery were assessed using echocardiography. Data were body surface area (BSA)-corrected using BSA calculated via either the Stevenson BSA formula or the Haycock BSA formula. Coronary artery diameter reference values and Z score regression equations were established for use in the Chinese pediatric population. Results No difference was observed between coronary artery diameter data corrected using BSAste or BSAhay. Of the five assessed regression models, the exponential model exhibited the best fit and was therefore selected as the basis for derivation of the SZ method. When comparing Z scores, those produced by the SZ method conformed to the standard normal distribution, while those produced by the D method did not. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference between Z scores produced by the SZ and D methods (P < 0.05). Conclusions Coronary artery diameter reference values for echocardiography were successfully established for use in the Chinese pediatric population, and a Z score regression equation more suitable for clinical use in this population was successfully developed.

scholarly journals A Clinical Method for Identifying Scapular Dyskinesis, Part 2: Validity

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela R. Tate ◽  
Philip McClure ◽  
Stephen Kareha ◽  
Dominic Irwin ◽  
Mary F. Barbe
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Scapular Dyskinesis ◽  
Clinical Method ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Scapular Motion

Abstract Context: Although clinical methods for detecting scapular dyskinesis have been described, evidence supporting the validity of these methods is lacking. Objective: To determine the validity of the scapular dyskinesis test, a visually based method of identifying abnormal scapular motion. A secondary purpose was to explore the relationship between scapular dyskinesis and shoulder symptoms. Design: Validation study comparing 3-dimensional measures of scapular motion among participants clinically judged as having either normal motion or scapular dyskinesis. Setting: University athletic training facilities. Patients or Other Participants: A sample of 142 collegiate athletes (National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I and Division III) participating in sports requiring overhead use of the arm was rated, and 66 of these underwent 3-dimensional testing. Intervention(s): Volunteers were viewed by 2 raters while performing weighted shoulder flexion and abduction. The right and left sides were rated independently as normal, subtle dyskinesis, or obvious dyskinesis using the scapular dyskinesis test. Symptoms were assessed using the Penn Shoulder Score. Main Outcome Measure(s): Athletes judged as having either normal motion or obvious dyskinesis underwent 3-dimensional electromagnetic kinematic testing while performing the same movements. The kinematic data from both groups were compared via multifactor analysis of variance with post hoc testing using the least significant difference procedure. The relationship between symptoms and scapular dyskinesis was evaluated by odds ratios. Results: Differences were found between the normal and obvious dyskinesis groups. Participants with obvious dyskinesis showed less scapular upward rotation (P &lt; .001), less clavicular elevation (P &lt; .001), and greater clavicular protraction (P  =  .044). The presence of shoulder symptoms was not different between the normal and obvious dyskinesis volunteers (odds ratio  =  0.79, 95% confidence interval  =  0.33, 1.89). Conclusions: Shoulders visually judged as having dyskinesis showed distinct alterations in 3-dimensional scapular motion. However, the presence of scapular dyskinesis was not related to shoulder symptoms in athletes engaged in overhead sports.

scholarly journals Establishing an Appropriate Z Score Regression Equation for Chinese Pediatric Coronary Artery Echocardiography: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-min Fan ◽  
Bei Xia ◽  
Wei-xiang Liu ◽  
Wei Yu ◽  
Zhi-xia Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Standard Normal Distribution ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Pediatric Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Coronary Artery Diameter

Abstract Background: Z score utility is emphasized in classifying coronary artery lesions in Kawasaki disease patients. The present study is the largest such multicenter Chinese pediatric study about coronary artery diameter reference values and Z score regression equation to date. It is useful in Chinese pediatric echocardiography.Methods: A multicenter cohort was assembled, which consisted of 852 healthy children between 1 month and 17 years of age, ten children were excluded because their ultrasound images were not clear, or lost in following up. Diameters of the right coronary artery, left coronary artery, and left anterior descending coronary artery were assessed using echocardiography. Data were body surface area (BSA)-corrected using BSA calculated via either the Stevenson BSA formula or the Haycock BSA formula. Coronary artery diameter reference values and Z score regression equations were established for use in the Chinese pediatric population. Results: No difference was observed between coronary artery diameter data corrected using BSAste or BSAhay. Of the five assessed regression models, the exponential model exhibited the best fit and was therefore selected as the basis for derivation of the SZ method. When comparing Z scores, those produced by the SZ method conformed to the standard normal distribution, while those produced by the D method did not. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference between Z scores produced by the SZ and D methods (P < 0.05).Conclusions：Coronary artery diameter reference values for echocardiography were successfully established for use in the Chinese pediatric population, and a Z score regression equation more suitable for clinical use in this population was successfully developed.

scholarly journals Assessment of thyroid gland vascularity with superb microvascular imaging in healthy children and its relationship with potential factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 1139-1145
Author(s):  
Mehmet Ozturk ◽  
Mehmet Sedat Durmaz ◽  
Fatih Ateş ◽  
Turgay Kara ◽  
Funda Gökgöz Durmaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Left Lobe ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Superb Microvascular Imaging ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
The Right ◽  
Microvascular Imaging

AbstractObjectivesTo define thyroid gland vascularity index (VI) values in healthy children with the superb microvascular imaging (SMI) method and to assess whether or not there is a correlation with potential factors that may affect these values.MethodsThis prospective study included a total of 138 children, their ages varying from 3–17 years. Cases were divided into three subgroups according to age: 3–6, 7–12 and 13–17 years. Gender, age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4) values were recorded. Volume and SMI measurements were performed with a 14 L5 mHz linear transducer. VI measurements were performed in the transverse and longitudinal planes and correlation with basic descriptive data was researched.ResultsMean age was 11.14 ± 3.34 years and BMI was 19.95 ± 4.92. VI values were 4.59 ± 2.34 in the right lobe and 4.23 ± 2.73 for the left lobe, with no significant difference identified. There were no significant differences in mean VI for all parenchyma regarding gender and age groups. While there was no correlation identified with mean VI for all parenchyma with TSH and fT4, there was, however, a negative correlation with BMI.ConclusionsReference VI values for normal thyroid glands in healthy children and adolescents were defined with the SMI method. There was no correlation between the VI values and age, gender, volume, TSH and fT4 values, while there was a negative significant correlation with BMI.

Suicidal Ideation and Self-Determination in Institutionalized Elderly

Crisis ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrée Fortin ◽  
Sylvie Lapierre ◽  
Jacques Baillargeon ◽  
Réal Labelle ◽  
Micheline Dubé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Determination ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Rational Suicide ◽  
Institutionalized Elderly ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Social Subscale ◽  
Civil Status ◽  
The Right ◽  
Taking Action

The right to self-determination is central to the current debate on rational suicide in old age. The goal of this exploratory study was to assess the presence of self-determination in suicidal institutionalized elderly persons. Eleven elderly persons with serious suicidal ideations were matched according to age, sex, and civil status with 11 nonsuicidal persons. The results indicated that suicidal persons did not differ from nonsuicidal persons in level of self-determination. There was, however, a significant difference between groups on the social subscale. Suicidal elderly persons did not seem to take others into account when making a decision or taking action. The results are discussed from a suicide-prevention perspective.

Liver Elastography in Healthy Children Using Three Different Systems – How Many Measurements Are Necessary?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Batman Mjelle ◽  
Anesa Mulabecirovic ◽  
Roald Flesland Havre ◽  
Edda Jonina Olafsdottir ◽  
Odd Helge Gilja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Wave ◽  
Transient Elastography ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Liver Stiffness ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pediatric Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Elastography

Abstract Purpose Liver elastography is increasingly being applied in screening for and follow-up of pediatric liver disease, and has been shown to correlate well with fibrosis staging through liver biopsy. Because time is of the essence when examining children, we wanted to evaluate if a reliable result can be achieved with fewer acquisitions. Materials and Methods 243 healthy children aged 4–17 years were examined after three hours of fasting. Participants were divided into four age groups: 4–7 years; 8–11 years; 12–14 years and 15–17 years. Both two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE; GE Logiq E9) and point shear wave elastography (pSWE; Samsung RS80A with Prestige) were performed in all participants, while transient elastography (TE, Fibroscan) was performed in a subset of 87 children aged 8–17 years. Median liver stiffness measurement (LSM) values of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 acquisitions were compared with the median value of 10 acquisitions (reference standard). Comparison was performed for all participants together as well as within every specific age group. We investigated both the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with absolute agreement and all outliers more than 10 %, 20 % or ≥ 0.5 or 1.0 kPa from the median of 10 acquisitions. Results For all three systems there was no significant difference between three and ten acquisitions, with ICCs ≥ 0.97. All systems needed 4 acquisitions to achieve no LSM deviating ≥ 1.0 kPa of a median of ten. To achieve no LSM deviating ≥ 20 % of a median of ten acquisitions, pSWE and TE needed 4 acquisitions, while 2D-SWE required 6 acquisitions. Conclusion Our results contradict recommendations of 10 acquisitions for pSWE and TE and only 3 for 2D-SWE.

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