Potential Uses for Metoclopramide

1985 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 723-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen F. Shaughnessy
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Failure To Thrive ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Dopamine Antagonist ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The U.S

Metoclopramide, a dopamine antagonist, is approved in the U.S. for the treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders. Its use has been investigated in a wide variety of diseases, including those not involving the intestinal tract. Although more study is required before routine clinical use of metoclopramide can be advocated, it may be effective in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia, in decreasing the risk factors associated with anesthetic-related aspiration, and as an adjunct in the treatment of gastric bezoars. It also may be used safely in patients with Parkinson's disease. The use of metoclopramide in the treatment of neurogenic bladder, orthostatic hypotension, tumor-associated gastroparesis, nonprolactinemic amenorrhea, failure to thrive, Tourette's syndrome, anorexia nervosa, and hiccups, as well as an adjunct to migraine therapy, has been investigated, but sufficient evidence has not been accumulated to advocate the use of metoclopramide in these disorders.

scholarly journals A Model of Disparities: Risk Factors Associated with COVID-19 Infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yelena Rozenfeld ◽  
Jennifer Beam ◽  
Haley Maier ◽  
Whitney Haggerson ◽  
Karen Boudreau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
English Language ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Black African ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Emerging Risk ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Structural Inequities ◽  
African American Race ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Background By mid-May 2020, there were over 1.5 million cases of (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19 across the U.S. with new confirmed cases continuing to rise following the re-opening of most states. Prior studies have focused mainly on clinical risk factors associated with serious illness and mortality of COVID-19. Emerging risk factors in the U.S., including clinical, sociodemographic, and environmental variables associated with contraction of COVID-19 have not been widely studied to assess disparities across populations. Methods A multivariable statistical model was used to identify predictors associated with COVID-19 contraction in the study population of 34,503 patients, comparing laboratory confirmed positive and negative COVID-19 cases in the Providence Health System (U.S.) between February 28 and April 27, 2020. Publicly available data were utilized as approximations for social determinants of health, and patient-level clinical and sociodemographic factors were extracted from the electronic medical record. Results Higher risk of contraction was associated with older age (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.41-2.02, p<0.0001), male gender (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.21-1.44, p<0.0001), Asian race (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.18-1.72, p= 0.0002), Black/African American race (OR 1.51; 95% CI 1.25-1.83, p<0.0001), Latino ethnicity (OR 2.07; 95% CI 1.77-2.41, p<0.0001), non-English language (OR 2.09; 95% CI 1.7-2.57, p<0.0001), high school education or less (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01-1.14, p=0.04), residing in a neighborhood with financial insecurity (OR 1.10; 95% CI 1.01-1.25, p=0.04), low air quality (OR 1.01; 95% CI 1.0-1.04, p=0.05), housing insecurity (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.16-1.5, p< 0.0001) or transportation insecurity (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.02-1.23, p=0.03), and living in senior living communities (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.23-2.32, p= 0.001). Conclusions Risks associated with COVID-19 contraction reflect disparities across age, race, ethnicity, language, socioeconomic status, and living conditions. Health promotion and disease prevention strategies should prioritize groups most vulnerable to contraction and address structural inequities that contribute to risk through social and economic policy.

scholarly journals Risk factors associated with infection of blood-borne virus among people who used methamphetamine

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilin Cai ◽  
Zheng Dai ◽  
Sijin Wen ◽  
Ruchi Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
High School Education ◽  
Poverty Index ◽  
Methamphetamine Use ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Background The surge of methamphetamine use has been a complicating factor compounding the steeply increasing number of drug overdose deaths in the U.S. Infection from blood-borne viruses including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV, related to methamphetamine use continue to grow. This study aims to examine the risk factors associated with HBV, HCV and HIV among people who used methamphetamine. Methods People who ever used methamphetamine were identified from five National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohorts, 2007 to 2016. The outcome was either positive or negative for blood-borne viruses as identified from laboratory tests. Weighted statistics for the combined ten years of data were calculated by multiplying the weighted variable for laboratory measurements by 0.2. We examined the association of sexual activities (sexual partners, sexual identity), drug use behaviors (poly-drug use, injection drug use, frequency of drug use, age started using methamphetamine), demographics, and socio-economic status with blood-borne viruses using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Results There were 1132 participants representing approximately 11,996,319 persons who ever used methamphetamine in the U.S. Blood-borne viruses’ positive rate was 13.0 per 100,000. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed significant associations of blood-borne infections with age 40–49 years (vs. age 20–29 years, adjusted odds ratio 4.77, 95% CI 1.11–20.55), age 50–59 years (vs. age 20–29 years, 10.25, 2.40–43.82), living within poverty index 1–1.9 (vs. poverty index > = 2, 2.55; 1.19–5.49), living below the poverty threshold (vs. poverty index > = 2, 2.55; 1.11–5.86), having lower than high school education (vs. equal or higher than high school education, 3.13; 1.51–6.46), sexual identity as other than heterosexual (vs. heterosexual, 5.60; 1.72–18.28), using methamphetamine and heroin and cocaine (vs. using methamphetamine alone, 4.24; 1.06–16.92), injection drug use (vs. no injection drug use, 3.15; 1.61–6.16), and started using methamphetamine at age above 25 (vs. started using methamphetamine at age between 10 and 17, 2.09; 1.01–4.35). Conclusions Among people who use methamphetamine, those who use polysubstance, or who inject substances, are in urgent need for vaccination and interventions to avoid further harm from blood borne infections.

scholarly journals Non-modifiable Risk Factors Associated with Sternoclavicular Joint Dislocations in the U.S. Military

2018 ◽  
Vol 183 (5-6) ◽  
pp. e188-e193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baris Gun ◽  
Robert Dean ◽  
Beatrice Go ◽  
Catherine Richardson ◽  
Brian R Waterman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Sternoclavicular Joint ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Adjusted Rate ◽  
Senior Enlisted ◽  
The U.S

Abstract INTRODUCTION Sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) dislocations, although uncommon, are observed in patients with ligamentous laxity as well as those who experience traumatic injuries. The incidence and epidemiology of this costly and debilitating injury to our relatively young and active military population have not previously been reported. The purpose of this study is to consider and quantify the non-modifiable risk factors associated with this injury. METHODS Using Defense Medical Epidemiological Database, first-time occurrences, from 2006 to 2015 for the ICD-9-CM code 839.61 (closed dislocation of the SCJ), were obtained and further categorized by gender, race, age, rank, and branch of service. Race was classified based on self-reporting of patients into White, Black, or other categories. Age was divided into the categories of less than 20 yr, 20–24 yr, 25–29 yr, 30–34 yr, 35–39 yr, and greater than 40 yr. Rank was categorized as junior enlisted (E-1 to E-4), senior enlisted (E-5 to E-9), junior officer (O-1 to O-3), and senior officer (O-4 to O-10). Branch of service includes Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines. Multivariate data analysis was performed to obtain rate per 1,000 person-years as well as adjusted rate (adjusted for age group, gender, race, rank, and service) to isolate risk factors. RESULTS Between 2006 and 2015, 427 cases of closed SCJ dislocations occurred among an at-risk population of 13,772,342 person-years for an unadjusted incidence rate (IR) of 0.031 per 1,000 person-years. The annual unadjusted IR ranged from 0.017 in 2006 to 0.059 in 2014 with the greatest increase occurring between 2006 and 2007 representing 61% increase in the rate of injuries. Males were almost twice as likely to sustain these injuries compared with females (adjusted rate ratio 1.73; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23, 2.43). Age was not found to be a risk factor for the development of these injuries with IRs for each age group overlapping with 95% CI for all other age groups. Similarly, the other category for race was also not found to be a statistically significant risk factor. Junior Officers (adjusted rate 0.017; 95% CI 0.011, 0.025) were found least likely to suffer from these injuries with Junior Enlisted (0.034; 95% CI 0.030, 0.040) and Senior Enlisted (0.032; 95% CI 0.028, 0.037) most at risk. Being in the Navy (0.019; 95% CI 0.015, 0.025) was found to be most protective compared with Air Force (0.032; 95% CI 0.026, 0.039), Army (0.036; 95% CI 0.031, 0.041), and Marines (0.036; 95% CI 0.028, 0.045). DISCUSSION and CONCLUSION Annual unadjusted IR of SCJ dislocations readily increased from 2006 to 2014. Statistically significant risk factors, for suffering a closed SCJ dislocation, identified by our study, were male sex, enlisted rank, and branch of service other than Navy. Age and race were not found to have a statistically significant risk. These results can shed light on non-modifiable risk factors for dislocations of the SCJ and can be used in other studies to aid in reducing injury burden on the U.S. Military.

scholarly journals Analysis of risk factors for unplanned reoperation following primary repair of gastrointestinal disorders in neonates

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Cui ◽  
Rong Cao ◽  
Jia Li ◽  
Ling-mei Deng
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Operative Time ◽  
Primary Repair ◽  
Hospital Length ◽  
Hospital Length Of Stay ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Link Type

Abstract Background The aim of our study was to identify the factors associated with unplanned reoperations among neonates who had undergone primary repair of gastrointestinal disorders. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted for neonates who underwent primary gastrointestinal surgery between July 2018 and September 2020. The neonates were divided into two cohort, depending on whether they had an unplanned reoperation. The primary outcome was the occurrence of unplanned reoperation. The risk factors that associated the occurrence of unplanned reoperation were examined. Main results Two hundred ninety-six neonates fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The incidence of unplanned reoperation was 9.8%. Analyses of all patients with respect of developing unplanned reoperation showed that the length of operative time was an independent risk factor [Odds Ratio 1.02; 95% confidence interval 1.00, 1.04; p = 0.03]. Patients with unplanned reoperation had a longer postoperative hospital length-of-stay [19.9 ± 14.7 vs. 44.1 ± 32.1 days; p<0.01]. Conclusion The current study is the first analysis of risk factors associated with an unplanned reoperation in neonates undergoing primary repair of gastrointestinal disorders. The length of operative time is the only risk factor for an unplanned reoperation, and the unplanned reoperation can directly prolong the postoperative hospital length-of-stay. Trial registration This study was registered at http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx with No. ChiCTR2000040260.

scholarly journals Risk Factors Associated With Infection of Blood-Borne Virus among People Who Used Methamphetamine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilin Cai ◽  
Zheng Dai ◽  
Sijin Wen ◽  
Ruchi Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Methamphetamine Use ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Polysubstance Use ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Background The surge of methamphetamine use has been a complicating factor compounding the U.S. poly-drug use landscape. Infections of blood-borne virus including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV, arising from methamphetamine use continue to grow. This study aimed to examine the risk factors associated with blood-borne infections from HBV, HCV and HIV among people who used methamphetamine. Methods Methamphetamine users were identified from five National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohorts from 2007 to 2016. We examined the association of sexual activities (sexual partners, sexual identity), drug use behaviors (poly-drug use, injection drug use, number of times drug use, age started using methamphetamine), demographics and socio-economic status with blood-borne infections using bivariate and multivariable logistic regressions. Results There were 1,075 participants representing approximately 11,319,270 methamphetamine users in the U.S. with prevalence of blood-borne infections 13.4 per 100,000. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed significant associations of blood-borne infections with age 50-59 years (adjusted odds ratio 6.32, 95% CI 1.35-29.69), living within poverty index 1-1.9 (2.80; 1.33 – 5.88), living below the poverty threshold (2.46; 1.14 – 5.28), having lower than high school education (3.57; 1.74 – 7.33), identified as men who have sex with men (MSM) (54.24; 13.80 – 213.24), using methamphetamine with other substances (5.86; 1.50 – 22.87), injection drug use (3.77; 1.93 – 7.36), and started using methamphetamine at age above 25 (2.18; 1.05 – 4.54). Conclusions Polysubstance use, injection drug use, and MSM were strongly associated with increased risk of blood-borne infections among methamphetamine users.

scholarly journals Risk Factors Associated With Infection of Blood-Borne Virus among People Who Used Methamphetamine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilin Cai ◽  
Zheng Dai ◽  
Sijin Wen ◽  
Ruchi Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
High School Education ◽  
Poverty Index ◽  
Methamphetamine Use ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Background: The surge of methamphetamine use has been a complicating factor compounding the steeply increasing number of drug overdose deaths in the U.S. Infection from blood-borne viruses (BBVs) including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV, related to methamphetamine use continue to grow. This study aimed to examine the risk factors associated with HBV, HCV and HIV among people who used methamphetamine.Methods: People who ever used methamphetamine were identified from five National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohorts, 2007 to 2016. The outcome was either tested positive or negative for blood-borne viruses as identified from laboratory tests. Weighted statistics for the combined ten years of data were calculated by multiplying the sample weight WTMEC2YR by 0.2. We examined the association of sexual activities (sexual partners, sexual identity), drug use behaviors (poly-drug use, injection drug use, frequency of drug use, age started using methamphetamine), demographics, and socio-economic status with BBV using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Results: There were 943 participants representing approximately 10,149,002 persons who ever used methamphetamine in the U.S. Blood-borne viruses’ positive rate was 13.3 per 100,000. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed significant associations of blood-borne infections with age 50-59 years (vs. age 20-29 years, adjusted odds ratio 6.61, 95% CI 1.37 - 31.90), living within poverty index 1-1.9 (vs. poverty index >=2, 2.89; 1.33 – 6.31), living below the poverty threshold (vs. poverty index >=2, 2.64; 1.21 – 5.77), having lower than high school education (vs. equal or higher than high school education, 3.38; 1.65 – 6.91), sexual identity as other than heterosexual (vs. heterosexual, 7.81; 2.54 – 24.03), using methamphetamine and heroin and cocaine (vs. using methamphetamine alone, 4.98; 1.20 – 20.68), injection drug use (vs. no injection drug use, 3.57; 1.81 – 7.03), and started using methamphetamine at age above 25 (vs. started using methamphetamine at age between 10-17, 2.26; 1.03 – 4.97).Conclusions: Among people who use methamphetamine, those who use polysubstance, or who inject substance, are in urgent need for vaccination and interventions to avoid further harm from blood borne infections.

scholarly journals Risk Factors Associated With Infection of Blood-Borne Virus among People Who Used Methamphetamine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilin Cai ◽  
Zheng Dai ◽  
Sijin Wen ◽  
Ruchi Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
High School Education ◽  
Poverty Index ◽  
Methamphetamine Use ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Background The surge of methamphetamine use has been a complicating factor compounding the steeply increasing number of drug overdose deaths in the U.S. Infection from blood-borne viruses including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV, related to methamphetamine use continue to grow. This study aims to examine the risk factors associated with HBV, HCV and HIV among people who used methamphetamine. Methods People who ever used methamphetamine were identified from five National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohorts, 2007 to 2016. The outcome was either positive or negative for blood-borne viruses as identified from laboratory tests. Weighted statistics for the combined ten years of data were calculated by multiplying the weighted variable for laboratory measurements by 0.2. We examined the association of sexual activities (sexual partners, sexual identity), drug use behaviors (poly-drug use, injection drug use, frequency of drug use, age started using methamphetamine), demographics, and socio-economic status with blood-borne viruses using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Results There were 1132 participants representing approximately 11,996,319 persons who ever used methamphetamine in the U.S. Blood-borne viruses’ positive rate was 13.0 per 100,000. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed significant associations of blood-borne infections with age 40-49 years (vs. age 20-29 years, adjusted odds ratio 4.77, 95% CI 1.11–20.55), age 50-59 years (vs. age 20-29 years, 10.25, 2.40-43.82), living within poverty index 1-1.9 (vs. poverty index >=2, 2.55; 1.19–5.49), living below the poverty threshold (vs. poverty index >=2, 2.55; 1.11 – 5.86), having lower than high school education (vs. equal or higher than high school education, 3.13; 1.51 – 6.46), sexual identity as other than heterosexual (vs. heterosexual, 5.60; 1.72 – 18.28), using methamphetamine and heroin and cocaine (vs. using methamphetamine alone, 4.24; 1.06 – 16.92), injection drug use (vs. no injection drug use, 3.15; 1.61 – 6.16), and started using methamphetamine at age above 25 (vs. started using methamphetamine at age between 10-17, 2.09; 1.01 – 4.35). Conclusions Among people who use methamphetamine, those who use polysubstance, or who inject substances, are in urgent need for vaccination and interventions to avoid further harm from blood-borne infections.

scholarly journals Risk Factors Associated With Infection of Blood-Borne Virus among People Who Used Methamphetamine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilin Cai ◽  
Zheng Dai ◽  
Sijin Wen ◽  
Ruchi Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
High School Education ◽  
Poverty Index ◽  
Methamphetamine Use ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Background The surge of methamphetamine use has been a complicating factor compounding the steeply increasing number of drug overdose deaths in the U.S. Infection from blood-borne viruses including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV, related to methamphetamine use continue to grow. This study aims to examine the risk factors associated with HBV, HCV and HIV among people who used methamphetamine. Methods People who ever used methamphetamine were identified from five National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohorts, 2007 to 2016. The outcome was either positive or negative for blood-borne viruses as identified from laboratory tests. Weighted statistics for the combined ten years of data were calculated by multiplying the weighted variable for laboratory measurements by 0.2. We examined the association of sexual activities (sexual partners, sexual identity), drug use behaviors (poly-drug use, injection drug use, frequency of drug use, age started using methamphetamine), demographics, and socio-economic status with blood-borne viruses using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Results There were 1132 participants representing approximately 11,996,319 persons who ever used methamphetamine in the U.S. Blood-borne viruses’ positive rate was 13.0 per 100,000. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed significant associations of blood-borne infections with age 40-49 years (vs. age 20-29 years, adjusted odds ratio 4.77, 95% CI 1.11–20.55), age 50-59 years (vs. age 20-29 years, 10.25, 2.40-43.82), living within poverty index 1-1.9 (vs. poverty index >=2, 2.55; 1.19–5.49), living below the poverty threshold (vs. poverty index >=2, 2.55; 1.11 – 5.86), having lower than high school education (vs. equal or higher than high school education, 3.13; 1.51 – 6.46), sexual identity as other than heterosexual (vs. heterosexual, 5.60; 1.72 – 18.28), using methamphetamine and heroin and cocaine (vs. using methamphetamine alone, 4.24; 1.06 – 16.92), injection drug use (vs. no injection drug use, 3.15; 1.61 – 6.16), and started using methamphetamine at age above 25 (vs. started using methamphetamine at age between 10-17, 2.09; 1.01 – 4.35). Conclusions Among people who use methamphetamine, those who use polysubstance, or who inject substances, are in urgent need for vaccination and interventions to avoid further harm from blood-borne infections.

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