Discrimination, Genocide, and Politicide

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Uzonyi ◽  
Victor Asal
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Mass Murder ◽  
The Other ◽  
Discrimination Hypothesis ◽  
Violent Threat

The first generation of genocide scholars emphasized the role of discrimination in the onset of genocide and politicide. However, second-generation scholars discount such claims and have not found quantitative support for the discrimination hypothesis. We return to first-generation theories linking discrimination to genocide and politicide. We argue that while such policies set the stage for genocide, they do not influence the onset of politicide. This is because genocide is a policy aimed at eradicating the “other” while politicide is a policy designed to eliminate violent threat to the regime elites. Therefore, we encourage scholars not to conflate the logics of genocide and politicide. Statistical analysis of discrimination and government mass murder from 1955 to 2005 reveals that while some causes of genocide and politicide are similar, ethnic discrimination influences genocide but not politicide, as we expect.

The role of style in the ethnolect: Style-shifting in the use of ethnolectal features in first- and second-generation speakers

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 861-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ksenia Gnevsheva
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Style Shifting ◽  
Australian English ◽  
First And Second Generation

Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: The paper aimed to investigate style-shifting in the use of ethnolectal features in first- and second- generation bilingual migrants. Design/Methodology/Approach: Three groups of speakers (first- and second-generation Russian–English bilinguals as well as monolingual Anglo Australians) were audio-recorded in three different styles (conversation, interview, and reading). Data and Analysis: Their production of the goose and trap vowels across the styles was analyzed quantitatively. Findings/Conclusions: Overall differences were found between the groups such that first- and second-generation speakers produced more Russian-like vowels compared to the monolinguals; with the biggest differences between the first-generation speakers and the other two groups. In terms of style-shifting, no significant differences were found in the monolingual speakers, and both first- and second-generation speakers were found to produce most Australian English-like vowels in the conversation style. At the same time, certain differences between the two bilingual groups surfaced, such as no significant differences in the first-generation speakers’ production of the goose vowel and in the vowels’ linguistic conditioning. Originality: Previous studies have compared ethnolects in the first- and second-generations of migrants and mainstream varieties in order to theorize ethnolect formation. Several studies have also investigated intraspeaker style-shifting between more ‘mainstream’ and more ‘ethnic’ in ethnolect speakers, but such style-shifting is rarely compared across generations. Significance/Implications: The similarities and differences between the two bilingual groups suggest that ethnolectal features may be originally derived from the community language but may be reallocated to other sociolinguistic meanings in the second generation.

Was This in Your Statistics Textbook? IV. Frequency Data

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-25
Author(s):  
D. J. Finney
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Contingency Tables ◽  
The Other ◽  
Frequency Data ◽  
Significance Tests ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Jumping To Conclusions ◽  
Proper Role ◽  
Measure Of Association

SUMMARYObservations that are frequencies rather than measurements often call for special types of statistical analysis. This paper comments on circumstances in which methods for one type of data can sensibly be used for the other. A section on two-way contingency tables emphasizes the proper role of χ2 a test statistic but not a measure of association; it mentions the distinction between one-tail and two-tail significance tests and reminds the reader of dangers. Multiway tables bring new complications, and the problems of interactions when additional classificatory factors are explicit or hidden are discussed at some length. A brief outline attempts to show how probit, logit, and similar techniques are related to the analysis of contingency tables. Finally, three unusual examples are described as illustrations of the care that is needed to avoid jumping to conclusions on how frequency data should be analysed.

scholarly journals Exploring Ethnic and Generational Differences in Gender Role Attitudes among Immigrant Populations in Britain: The Role of Neighborhood Ethnic Composition

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 1121-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Senhu Wang ◽  
Rory Coulter
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Generational Differences ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Nationally Representative

Divergent gender role attitudes among ethnic groups in Britain are thought to contribute to ethnic disparities in many socio-economic domains. Using nationally representative data (2010–2011), we investigate how ethnic minority gender role attitudes vary across generations and with neighborhood ethnic composition. The results show that while Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Indians, and Black Africans have more traditional attitudes than Black Caribbeans, the attitudes of the former groups are more traditional in the first than in the second generation. We also find that the gender role attitudes of Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, and Indians become more traditional as the local share of co-ethnic neighbors increases or the share of White British residents decreases. Importantly, these patterns are more pronounced for second-generation Pakistanis and Bangladeshis, whose gender role attitudes are more sensitive to variations in neighborhood ethnic composition than are those of the first generation. Taken together, these findings indicate that migration researchers must conceptualize and study how immigrants’ cultural values are heterogeneous, fluid, and dynamic characteristics that can vary spatially across host societies.

Language maintenance in the second generation

1992 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jane Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Language Maintenance ◽  
Census Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
English Only ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Maintenance Activities

Abstract The article discusses the attitude of the second generation Dutch in Australia to language maintenance. It gives a profile of the group’s language maintenance activities, and examines factors related to language maintenance attitudes and the use of Dutch. The research involved detailed personal interviews with 100 members of the target group. Some of the information collected was evaluated quantitatively using computer-aided statistical analysis; other responses were analysed primarily in qualitative terms. The results revealed a more positive attitude to language maintenance and greater frequency of use of Dutch than might have been expected on the basis of the (limited) previous research on the second generation or the national census data. On the other hand, there was relatively little participation in activities with the potential to influence the use of Dutch: visits to the Netherlands, association with Dutch organizations, and attendance at Dutch classes. Overall the research provided no evidence of a continuing decline in frequency of use of Dutch to the point of a complete shift to English only. It was also clear that many informants valued their current use of Dutch.

scholarly journals Industrial Hubs as Development Incubators

2020 ◽  
pp. 521-558
Author(s):  
Arkebe Oqubay
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
East Asia ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
East Asian ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Industrial Policies ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
East Asian Economies

Contemporary industrial hubs evolved in East Asia after the 1950s and have been associated with the industrial catch-up of the East Asian economies and their industrial policies. This chapter has three main objectives: to depict the path of hubs development in these pioneering economies and provide a synthesis of the East Asian experience; to extract relevant lessons for policymakers and practitioners; and to provide a perspective on how industrial hubs can synergize industrialization and technological catch-up. Although there are commonalities, experiences have been uneven across these economies with different stages of development. The experiences of the first-generation industrial hubs, namely, Taiwan (China), South Korea, and Singapore are reviewed, followed by China as the second generation. A synthesis, key observations, and conclusions are reviewed. The chapter will complement the other chapters under Part IV through synthesis and lessons, while it complements the analytical perspectives under Parts I and II of the Handbook, by building on arguments and conceptual perspectives.

scholarly journals 156 Effects of the Inductive Period, Shoot Density, and Leaf Removal on the Flowering of Heliconia rostrata Ruiz & Pavon

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 416E-417
Author(s):  
Norberto Maciel ◽  
Richard A. Criley
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
The Third ◽  
Intact Plants ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Inductive Period ◽  
Short Days

Heliconia rostrata is a herbaceous-musoid sympodial rhizomatous plant that grows as clump. After three leaves are produced, each shoot of the clump may bear an inflorescence if it is induced by short days (SD). However, the relationship between shoot density and flowering has not been quantified. To evaluate the effects of the inductive period, number of shoots, and leaf removal on flowering, rhizomes were planted in 120 pots (8 L). One-third of the pots were planted with two rhizomes, while the remainder was planted with one. One-half of the pots with one rhizome were allowed to develop all their shoots for three generations, while in the remaining pots only one shoot per generation was allowed to grow. In addition, one-half of the plants in all the treatments were subjected to selective leaf removal. The plants were grown under long days (LD) >13 h in a glasshouse until four leaves were produced. Inductive SD was supplied to all the plants from 5:00 pm to 8:00 am. After 8 weeks of SD, one-half of the plants were given LD, while the other half continued under SD (conSD) until flowering. The highest percentage of flowering shoots (39% to 35%) was observed in plants under conSD; plants under SD-LD were 10% to 9%. The second generation of shoots showed the highest flowering (74% conSD and 21% SD-LD), followed by the first (62% conSD and 18% SD-LD), and third (31% conSD and 0% SD-LD) generations. Non-flowering shoots of the first generation were aborted or dead. Shoots of the third were still vegetative, since they had few leaves to be induced. Fewer flowers occurred in clumps allowed to develop all their shoots. Intact plants from rhizomes with one shoot per generation flowered more than the partially defoliated ones under conSD.

scholarly journals Estimation of Accurate and New Method for Hemodialysis Dose Calculation

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. CMU.S771
Author(s):  
Ahmad T. Azar
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Dose Calculation ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Method ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Dialysis Dose ◽  
New Formula ◽  
Hemodialysis Dose

Background The Kt/V value demonstrates the dose of hemodialysis (HD). However, because of several existing methods for calculating delivered dialysis dose, Kt/V values can, in fact, be different for the same set of pre-/post-dialysis blood urea concentrations. Methods In the study presented here, another formula was derived for calculating Kt/V from the pre- and post-dialysis BUN. We prospectively compared the Kt/V values obtained using this new formula and the Kt/V values obtained via the other existing formulae to see whether reliance on the latter approach was likely to lead to errors in over- or underprescribing dialysis regimens. Data were processed on 268 dialysis patients. Results The estimated Kt/V (Kt/Vest) values were statistically different (p < 0.05) from the calculated Kt/V values from other models, except for those Kt/V values calculated according to the lowrie (P = 0.112), Keshaviah (P = 0.069), Daugirdas First Generation (P = 0.059), Basile (P = 0.102), Ijely (P = 0.286) and Daugirdas Second Generation (P = 0.709). The best correlations were seen with the Daugirdas second generation formula (R = 0.958 and R2 = 0.919). Conclusion Since the best correlations were seen between Kt/Vest and the Daugirdas second generation Kt/V we can demonstrate that these two models are more accurate than the other models.

Secondary Reinforcement and the Discrimination Hypothesis: The Role of Discrimination Training

1963 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Paige ◽  
H. J. McNamara
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Training ◽  
Secondary Reinforcement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Running Time ◽  
Resistance To Extinction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Discrimination Hypothesis

The purposes of this experiment are further investigation of: the discrimination hypothesis vs secondary reinforcement positions with respect to resistance to extinction; the role of explicit vs non-explicit discrimination training in resistance to extinction. One group of 32 rats was given explicit discrimination training in an L-type runway involving two goal boxes of different brightness. A second group of 32 Ss had non-explicit discrimination training, i.e., an unfastened card in the goal box entrances concealed the cues until S entered the goal box. Ss were always reinforced in the goal box of one brightness and never reinforced in the goal box of the other brightness. During extinction 16 Ss in each of the above groups were extinguished with the positive cue and 16 with the negative cue. Half of these positive cue and negative cue Ss encountered a card in the goal box entrance, and the rest did not. The results showed no significant difference in alley-running or arm-running times in extinction between the positive and negative cue Ss. Using number of trials to a criterion of two successive running times, Ss extinguished with the positive cue showed greater resistance to extinction. The type of discrimination training did not influence extinction results significantly, using running time or number of trials as a criterion. The results were interpreted as generally incompatible with the discrimination hypothesis prediction and only partially in support of a secondary reinforcement position.

Fasciola hepatica: the infection rate and the development of redial generations in Lymnaea truncatula exposed to miracidia after experimental desiccation and activation in water

1994 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Rondelaud
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lymnaea Truncatula

AbstractAdult Lymnaea truncatula were subjected to 10 days of experimental desiccation and then remained in water for 1 or 8 days before each was exposed to a single miracidium. The infection rate was lower in these snails than in infected controls that were not exposed to stress (52–54% vs 73%). The redial burden clearly decreased in stressed snails (18–25 rediae per snail) than in controls (43 rediae). This numerical decrease concerned essentially: i) live independent rediae of the first generation and the first cohort of the second generation, and ii) dependent rediae of subsequent generations. Mature rediae were more numerous in the first cohort of the second generation than in the other generations. Desiccation before exposure limited the size of the redial burden but placement in water for 8 days just after the stress attenuated the effects of this factor.

scholarly journals Effect of early contamination by Botrytis cinerea on the development of Grey mould on Muscat d’Italie in Tunisian vineyard

OENO One ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Samir Chebil ◽  
Jean Roudet ◽  
Abdelwahed Ghorbel ◽  
Bernadette Dubos
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Maturation Stage ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Very High

<p style="text-align: justify;">Grey rot, caused by <em>Botrytis cinerea</em>, is nowadays the most damaging disease of the Tunisian vineyard. The fungus attacks berries at the maturation stage and causes important economic losses. The protection of vineyard against this disease is very difficult due to the fungus characteristics. In fact <em>B. cinerea</em> is in the border of parasitism and saprophytism, in pre-veraison it usually survive as saprophyte then it attacks berries before their maturation. The purpose of this study is to highlight the role of pre-veraison’s contamination by <em>B. cinerea</em> on the development of the Grey rot on the berries after veraison.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The results revealed that at the pre-veraison stage, <em>B. cinerea</em> grows as a saprophyte. The fungus’s rate presence is low on the barks (less than 10 %), very high on the floral buds (between 5 and 27 %) and relatively high in the immature berries (about 20 %). The quantification of bunches pollution, showed that the rate of contaminations by <em>B. cinerea</em> is very high (more than 70 %).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On the other hand, the mapping out showed up that outbreak of the disease happened after veraison on Muscat d’Italie. Also, the rate of berries’ rot, were different each year, in relation to the climatic conditions and plant’s physiology. We found that the rate of rot inside bunches is relatively high (between 15 and 40 %) due to condia on stem or <em>B. cinerea</em> latent. The statistical analysis showed significant relationships between the rate of latent <em>B. cinerea</em> and the appearance of the disease after the veraison stage. Also, the scoring of conidia observed in the air showed a big activity of the fungus during flowering and the maturation of berries.</p>

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