Was This in Your Statistics Textbook? IV. Frequency Data

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-25
Author(s):  
D. J. Finney
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Contingency Tables ◽  
The Other ◽  
Frequency Data ◽  
Significance Tests ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Jumping To Conclusions ◽  
Proper Role ◽  
Measure Of Association

SUMMARYObservations that are frequencies rather than measurements often call for special types of statistical analysis. This paper comments on circumstances in which methods for one type of data can sensibly be used for the other. A section on two-way contingency tables emphasizes the proper role of χ2 a test statistic but not a measure of association; it mentions the distinction between one-tail and two-tail significance tests and reminds the reader of dangers. Multiway tables bring new complications, and the problems of interactions when additional classificatory factors are explicit or hidden are discussed at some length. A brief outline attempts to show how probit, logit, and similar techniques are related to the analysis of contingency tables. Finally, three unusual examples are described as illustrations of the care that is needed to avoid jumping to conclusions on how frequency data should be analysed.

The other Side of the Coin: Another Physician Views Drug Advertising

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
Michael Halberstam
Keyword(s):  
Medical Profession ◽  
The Other ◽  
Previous Article ◽  
Medical Journals ◽  
Drug Advertising ◽  
Proper Role ◽  
Drug Promotion

Dr. Halberstam's views are in direct contradiction to those stated in the previous article, emphasizing the absence of consensus, even among physicians, concerning the proper role of drug promotion. He points out that few physicians are influenced by ads appearing in medical journals and defends the medical profession against charges of over-prescribing on the basis that no standards exist for what is “over” or what is “under” and suggests that many patients may be under-medicated.

‘What Shall We Do With the Wanton Student?’: Tutoring the Catholic Gentry in the Eighteenth Century

1994 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Gooch
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Proper Role

I am not one to follow in my own footnotes, but a number of correspondents have wondered how the shockingly poor relations between the Catholic gentry and their chaplains described in ‘Priests and Patrons in the Eighteenth Century’ (Recusant History Vol. 20, No. 2 pp. 207–22) could have arisen. One instance might be ascribed to the overbearing demeanour of a squire, or his wife, another to a clash of temperament, and yet another to a differing perception of the proper rôle of a chaplain, but the lack of cordiality between the clergy and the gentry was so widespread that a predisposition to incompatibility might reasonably be suspected. This paper traces the origins of their antipathy to the experience each gained of the other in early life, particularly during their schooldays.

Using Litigation to Make Public Health Policy: Theoretical and Empirical Challenges in Assessing Product Liability, Tobacco, and Gun Litigation

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 556-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy D. Lytton
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Product Liability ◽  
Gun Violence ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Public ◽  
Proper Role ◽  
Liability Claims

In recent years, a number of prominent scholars have touted the use of litigation as an effective tool for making public health policy. For example, Stephen Teret and Michael Jacobs have asserted that product liability claims against car makers have played a significant role in reducing automobile-related injuries, Peter Jacobson and Kenneth Warner have argued that litigation against cigarette manufacturers has advanced the cause of tobacco control, and Phil Cook and Jens Ludwig have suggested that lawsuits against the firearms industry can reduce gun violence. Critics have attacked this use of litigation as doing more harm than good to public health and as a misuse of the courts. This debate involves two distinct controversies: one over whether the public health benefits of litigation outweigh its costs and the other over the proper role of courts within our system of government.

Two Tails of Justice

2002 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranab Chatterjee ◽  
Amy D'Aprix
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Social Workers ◽  
Restorative Justice ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Group Behavior ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
Normal Curve ◽  
Proper Role

It is argued that justice is a form of group behavior, and that there are basically five types of justice: protective, corrective, restorative, distributive, and representational. Corrective and protective justice, for the most part, help attain social control and strengthen existing social order. Distributive and representational justice often help the marginalized and disadvantaged members of a group. Restorative justice is in the middle, and performs both functions. Thus, justice seems to have two tails, similar to that found in a normal curve in statistics. One of these tails, where corrective and protective justice help support the existing social order of groups, provides social stability. The other tail, where distributive and representational justice support the vulnerable and the marginalized members of a group, generates the thrust for social change. Social workers need to understand the proper role of both of these tails.

scholarly journals Effect of early contamination by Botrytis cinerea on the development of Grey mould on Muscat d’Italie in Tunisian vineyard

OENO One ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Samir Chebil ◽  
Jean Roudet ◽  
Abdelwahed Ghorbel ◽  
Bernadette Dubos
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Maturation Stage ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Very High

<p style="text-align: justify;">Grey rot, caused by <em>Botrytis cinerea</em>, is nowadays the most damaging disease of the Tunisian vineyard. The fungus attacks berries at the maturation stage and causes important economic losses. The protection of vineyard against this disease is very difficult due to the fungus characteristics. In fact <em>B. cinerea</em> is in the border of parasitism and saprophytism, in pre-veraison it usually survive as saprophyte then it attacks berries before their maturation. The purpose of this study is to highlight the role of pre-veraison’s contamination by <em>B. cinerea</em> on the development of the Grey rot on the berries after veraison.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The results revealed that at the pre-veraison stage, <em>B. cinerea</em> grows as a saprophyte. The fungus’s rate presence is low on the barks (less than 10 %), very high on the floral buds (between 5 and 27 %) and relatively high in the immature berries (about 20 %). The quantification of bunches pollution, showed that the rate of contaminations by <em>B. cinerea</em> is very high (more than 70 %).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On the other hand, the mapping out showed up that outbreak of the disease happened after veraison on Muscat d’Italie. Also, the rate of berries’ rot, were different each year, in relation to the climatic conditions and plant’s physiology. We found that the rate of rot inside bunches is relatively high (between 15 and 40 %) due to condia on stem or <em>B. cinerea</em> latent. The statistical analysis showed significant relationships between the rate of latent <em>B. cinerea</em> and the appearance of the disease after the veraison stage. Also, the scoring of conidia observed in the air showed a big activity of the fungus during flowering and the maturation of berries.</p>

Deterrence and Criminal Attempts

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-623
Author(s):  
David Schmidtz
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Deterrence Theory ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
James Buchanan ◽  
Proper Role ◽  
Cost Of Crime ◽  
Costs Of Crime ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
The Cost

It is widely held that the proper role of criminal punishment is to ensure in a cost-efficient manner that criminal laws will be obeyed. As James Buchanan puts it,the reason we have courts is not that we want people to be convicted of crimes but that we want people not to commit them. The whole procedure of the law is one, essentially, of threatening people with unpleasant consequences if they do things which are regarded as objectionable.According to the deterrence theory of punishment, which I will here accept without argument in order to tease out some of its implications, legislators must be aware of opportunities to maximize the threat value of criminal prohibitions. By maximizing deterrence, we minimize the cost of crime. On the other hand, creating these threats, and carrying them out, is also costly. So we also wish to minimize the cost of avoiding crime. An efficient deterrent, therefore, will be one which minimizes the sum of the costs of crime and crime avoidance, where ‘cost’ is to be broadly construed.

Islam as Public Philosophy

2019 ◽  
pp. 85-136
Author(s):  
Mohammed A. Bamyeh
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Instrumental Reason ◽  
Public Philosophy ◽  
Educational Project ◽  
Proper Role ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Surveying the structure of Islamic public philosophy over 100 years, this chapter identifies two major approaches: instrumental reason and hermeneutics. The instrumentalists present Islam as an instrument to solve problems. The hermeneuts, by contrast, present Islam as an educational project designed to elevate the intellectual capacities of humanity. The instrumentalists argue that humans should be capable of knowing god’s intentions, whereas the hermeneuts argue that this knowledge is not available to humans with certainty. Overall, whereas the instrumentalists see the proper role of the pious person to consist in applying god’s law, the hermeneuts see that role to consist of interpreting god’s intention. One approach sees divinity as external to the self, whereas the other see it as existing in dialectical relation to it. The chapter charts out the genealogies of each school in various countries, and analyzes the relationship of each to competing secular discourses, including anti-colonial nationalism and the debates on the character of the modern state.

Discrimination, Genocide, and Politicide

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Uzonyi ◽  
Victor Asal
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Mass Murder ◽  
The Other ◽  
Discrimination Hypothesis ◽  
Violent Threat

The first generation of genocide scholars emphasized the role of discrimination in the onset of genocide and politicide. However, second-generation scholars discount such claims and have not found quantitative support for the discrimination hypothesis. We return to first-generation theories linking discrimination to genocide and politicide. We argue that while such policies set the stage for genocide, they do not influence the onset of politicide. This is because genocide is a policy aimed at eradicating the “other” while politicide is a policy designed to eliminate violent threat to the regime elites. Therefore, we encourage scholars not to conflate the logics of genocide and politicide. Statistical analysis of discrimination and government mass murder from 1955 to 2005 reveals that while some causes of genocide and politicide are similar, ethnic discrimination influences genocide but not politicide, as we expect.

scholarly journals A Graphical Diagnostic Test for Two-Way Contingency Tables

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Iván Vélez ◽  
Fernando Marmolejo-Ramos ◽  
Juan Carlos Correa
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Real World ◽  
Graphical Method ◽  
Contingency Tables ◽  
The Other ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Real World Applications

<p>We propose and illustrate a new graphical method to perform diagnostic analyses in two-way contingency tables. In this method, one observation is added or removed from each cell at a time, whilst the other cells are held constant, and the change in a test statistic of interest is graphically represented. The method provides a very simple way of determining how robust our model is (and hence our conclusions) to small changes introduced to the data. We illustrate via four examples, three of them from real-world applications, how this method works.</p>

The role of leadership in building and managing corporate reputation of 4 and 5 star hotels

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodoros A Stavrinoudis ◽  
Dimitra Chrysanthopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Corporate Reputation ◽  
Charismatic Leadership ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Primary Research ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The One

This paper deals with the building and managing of corporate reputation of 4 and 5 star hotels in Athens-Attica, as well as with the role of leadership in corporate reputation. A primary research in hotel firms in Athens-Attica helped identify i) to which extent a charismatic leadership and the skills of a leader positively affect the reputation of hotels, and ii) to which extent a charismatic leadership is related to the leader's skills. The statistical analysis of the research results revealed on the one hand a number of positive correlations between the factors and variables examined and on the other hand some not particularly strong correlations between their sub-factors, thus allowing both reaching conclusions and making suggestions for further research.

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