Design Heuristics For In-Crisis Users

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 827-832
Author(s):  
Miriam Binman
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Abuse ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
High Anxiety ◽  
Motor Processing ◽  
Design Heuristics ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Effective Option ◽  
Crucial Information ◽  
Improved Design

Any interface designed for in-crisis users needs to address their state of mind and physiological arousal. However, to date no clear guidance exists for the specific needs of in-crisis users. An opportunity to redesign a regional domestic abuse website inspired us to adapt Nielsen’s 10 heuristics by including three heuristics for in-crisis users, specifically domestic abuse victims. Given the lack of research we used existing research to address users’ cognitive and motor processing impairments during high anxiety and arousal. To see how well current domestic abuse websites follow these heuristics, we evaluated a pseudo-randomly selected set of 98 domestic abuse helplines. The result showed overall poor results. Irrelevant information, poor readability, and failure to highlight crucial information were among the main contributors for the poor assessment. The data illustrates the need for improved design guidelines to create a safe and effective option for in-crisis users.

Epilogue

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Lawson
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Withdrawal Symptoms ◽  
High Anxiety ◽  
Mind Reading ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
First Time

Did Alex Arnold kill Betty Gail Brown? I have been asked that question hundreds of times and have never found it easy to answer. My difficulty with the question began almost as soon as I saw Arnold for the first time, in a jail cell in Lexington two or three days after he had confessed to the killing and been charged with murder. Although Arnold was not at the time hallucinating about mind-reading machines or talking to creatures on the walls of his jail cell, he was quite obviously still suffering mental impairments. He had lost his access to alcohol a little more than a week earlier and had been sitting alone in jail for most of that period; he seemed to have passed through the worst of his withdrawal symptoms, but was not even close to a total escape from the consequences of at least ten years of drunkenness. He had lost the “good feelings” he gained from drinking (elevated mood, self-confidence, and nonexistent inhibitions) and had found in their place high anxiety, low energy, some disorientation, and a crystal-clear desire to be left alone. It was under these conditions, speaking very softly and seeming almost to be talking to himself, that he said, “I killed her.” Had he made this statement under normal circumstances, in a clean and clear state of mind, it would have been easy to believe that the state had found the killer of Betty Gail Brown. But the circumstances under which the statement was made were far from normal, although they were much closer to normal that those that prevailed a few days earlier when he signed the confession that led to his prosecution for murder....

scholarly journals An imroved design for ZVT DC-DC PWM converters with snubber assisted auxiliary switch

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
J. Russi ◽  
M. L. Martins ◽  
H. A. Gründling ◽  
H. Pinheiro ◽  
J. R. Pinheiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Voltage Source ◽  
Pwm Converters ◽  
Converter Design ◽  
Improved Design ◽  
Auxiliary Circuit

This paper proposes an improved design to calculate the snubber auxiliary elements of ZVT DC-DC PWM converters with snubber assisted auxiliary switch. The proposed improved design guidelines are based on the reduction of the conduction losses through the auxiliary circuit. It is accomplished by the unique location of the turn-off snubber capacitor, which is shared by both active switches. By means of this improved design guidelines the converter efficiency can be increased. An efficiency comparative analysis is carried out and the experimental results, obtained from 1 kW, 100 kHz laboratory prototypes, show a relevant improvement in converter efficiency compared to the original converter design. In addition, experimental results also confirm that with the improved design the ZVT PWM converters with snubber assisted auxiliary switch can be competitive with ZVT PWM converters with constant auxiliary voltage source (True PWM ZVS pole).

9. Homicide

2021 ◽  
pp. 360-420
Author(s):  
Michael J. Allen ◽  
Ian Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Domestic Abuse ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Duty Of Care ◽  
Life Imprisonment ◽  
Loss Of Self ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
The Law ◽  
New Guidelines ◽  
Context Features

Course-focused and contextual, Criminal Law provides a succinct overview of the key areas on the law curriculum balanced with thought-provoking contextual discussion. This chapter discusses offences of homicide: murder and manslaughter. Murder is unlawful homicide committed with ‘malice aforethought’, the penalty being life imprisonment. Manslaughter generally covers all unlawful homicides which are not murder. The punishment for this offence is in the discretion of the court. Manslaughter may be divided into voluntary and involuntary manslaughter. Voluntary manslaughter arises where the accused has committed murder but circumstances of excuse or justification, either diminished responsibility or loss of self-control, are present, reducing his culpability. The chapter analyses the scope of these defences, situating them in the context of the abolition in 2009 of the provocation defence. Involuntary manslaughter is an unlawful killing where the accused lacked malice aforethought but otherwise had a state of mind which the law treats as culpable. Unlawful act manslaughter covers situations where a person has unlawfully killed as a result of committing an unlawful act, such as a punch. Gross negligence manslaughter covers situations where a person has unlawfully killed as a result of a gross breach of a duty of care owed to the victim. One of the chapter’s ‘The law in context’ features examines the sentencing for homicide offences in light of new guidelines from the Sentencing Council. A new ‘The law in context’ feature analyses the relevance of domestic abuse for the defences available to a woman charged with murdering her abusive partner.

Enhanced Design Guidelines for Interchange Loop Ramps

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (39) ◽  
pp. 20-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren J. Torbic ◽  
Marcus A. Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Crash Prediction ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Highway Safety Manual ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Lane Width ◽  
Design Speed ◽  
Lane Position ◽  
Improved Design ◽  
The Relationship

The objective of this research was to develop improved design guidance for interchange loop ramps. Despite their long use, there is little research on the design, safety, and operational characteristics of loop ramps. An observational field study was conducted to investigate the relationship between speed and lane position of vehicles and design elements of the ramp proper, and differences in performance between single-lane and multi-lane loop ramps. An assessment was also undertaken to determine how well crash prediction methods in the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) represent the safety performance of two ramp types with distinctly different geometrics: loop and diamond ramps. Based on the research results, recommendations regarding the design of the loop ramp proper, applicable at service interchanges are as follows: (a) for a given radius and design speed, recommended lane and shoulder widths for loop ramps are provided that are expected to induce speeds at or below the ramp design speed, result in similar levels of safety, and encourage drivers to stay within their intended travel lane; (b) regarding multi-lane loop ramps, outside lane widths of 12 ft for entrance ramps and 14 ft for exit ramps are sufficient to accommodate traffic comprised primarily of passenger vehicles, but if the outside lane is expected to accommodate moderate to high volumes of trucks, the outside lane width should be increased; and (c) when implementing the HSM ramp crash prediction methodology, calibration factors should be calculated separately for diamond and loop ramps.

Influence of process interruption on mechanical properties of material extrusion parts

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 821-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swapnil Sinha ◽  
Nicholas Alexander Meisel
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Material Extrusion ◽  
Layer Deposition ◽  
Process Guidance ◽  
Crucial Information ◽  
Functional Components

Purpose This paper aims to identify and quantify the effects of additive manufacturing (AM) process interruption on the tensile strength of material extrusion parts, and to find solutions to mitigate it. Design/methodology/approach Statistical analysis was performed to compare the tensile strength of specimens prepared with different process interruption time durations and different embedding methods. Subsequently, specimens were reheated at the paused layer before resuming, and tensile strengths were analyzed to observe any improvements. Findings Process interruption significantly reduced the tensile strength of printed parts by 48 per cent compared to non-interrupted specimens. Reheating the paused layer immediately before resuming the print improved part strength significantly by 47 per cent compared to regular process interrupted specimens and by 90 per cent compared to specimens with embeds. Practical implications The layer-by-layer deposition of material in AM introduces the capability for in situ embedding of functional components into printed parts. This paper shows that tensile properties are degraded during embedding due to the need for process interruption. These effects can be addressed by reheating the paused layer, providing process guidance for embedding with AM. Originality/value This paper provides an understanding of process interruption and embedding effects on mechanical properties of the parts, and how to improve them. The results from this experimental analysis provide crucial information toward design guidelines for multi-functional AM with embedded components.

scholarly journals Examining Movement-Specific Reinvestment and Performance in Demanding Contexts

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Malhotra ◽  
Jamie M. Poolton ◽  
Mark R. Wilson ◽  
Liis Uiga ◽  
Rich S.W. Masters
Keyword(s):  
Dual Task ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Quiet Standing ◽  
Movement Variability ◽  
High Anxiety ◽  
Motor Processing ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
Attention Demands ◽  
Insight Into

Two experiments examined the roles of the dimensions of movement-specific reinvestment (movement selfconsciousness and conscious motor processing) on performance under demanding conditions. In Experiment 1, novice golfers practiced a golf putting task and were tested under low- and high-anxiety conditions. Conscious motor processing was not associated with putting proficiency or movement variability; however, movement self-consciousness was positively associated with putting proficiency and appeared to be negatively associated with variability of impact velocity in low-anxiety conditions, but not in high-anxiety conditions. Increased anxiety and effort possibly left few attention resources for movement self-consciousness under high anxiety. In Experiment 2, participants performed a quiet standing task in single- and dual-task conditions. Movement self-consciousness was positively associated with performance when attention demands were low (single task) but not when attention demands were high (dual task). The findings provide insight into the differential influence of the two dimensions of movement-specific reinvestment under demanding conditions.

Kinematic Structural and Functional Analysis of Wobble-Plate Engines

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Yu ◽  
Ting W. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Mathematical Approach ◽  
Type Synthesis ◽  
Optimization Criteria ◽  
Design Heuristics ◽  
And Function

This paper concerns the development of a procedure for systematic searching for mechanisms, classifying them, and screening for the optimum mechanism structure for wobble-plate engines. It includes two parts. The first part is on kinematic structural analysis, including the development of a procedure for the structure classification of 150 mechanisms obtained as a result of an exhaustive search from the prior arts, as disclosed in nearly 1000 patents between 1874 and 1982, and other publications. The second part is on functional analysis, which screens for an optimum design based on a set of judgment criteria. Such optimization criteria are developed in this paper and applied to a group of representative mechanisms derived from the structure analysis. Recommendations such as design guidelines are presented. The general nature of the approach—following the method of separation of kinematic structure and function [1] and combining mathematical approach and design heuristics—is demonstrated here in the case of wobble-plate engine mechanisms and is believed to be useful in type synthesis and design of mechanisms of realistic complexity.

High Level of Trait Anxiety Leads to Salience-Driven Distraction and Compensation

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 2020-2030 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Gaspar ◽  
John J. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
High Anxiety ◽  
Anxiety Group ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
High Trait ◽  
High Trait Anxiety ◽  
High Level

Individuals with high levels of anxiety are hypothesized to have impaired executive control functions that would otherwise enable efficient filtering of irrelevant information. Pinpointing specific deficits is difficult, however, because anxious individuals may compensate for deficient control functions by allocating greater effort. Here, we used event-related-potential indices of attentional selection (the N2pc) and suppression (the PD) to determine whether high trait anxiety is associated with a deficit in preventing the misallocation of attention to salient, but irrelevant, visual search distractors. Like their low-anxiety counterparts ( n = 19), highly anxious individuals ( n = 19) were able to suppress the distractor, as evidenced by the presence of a PD. Critically, however, the distractor was found to trigger an earlier N2pc in the high-anxiety group but not in the low-anxiety group. These findings indicate that, whereas individuals with low anxiety can prevent distraction in a proactive fashion, anxious individuals deal with distractors only after they have diverted attention.

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