Development of the Subtle ADHD Malingering Screener

The objective of this study was to develop a subtle self-report scale—the Subtle ADHD Malingering Screener (SAMS)—to screen for malingering among individuals reporting symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study employed a cross-sectional experimental design with an ADHD group, a control group—comprising individuals without ADHD—and a malingering group—comprising individuals without ADHD who were instructed to feign ADHD in their responses. Factor analysis and psychometric testing were conducted to develop a final scale that could distinguish the malingering from the other groups. A 10-item, two-factor solution was obtained for the SAMS, with a sensitivity of 90.3% and specificity of 80.1%. The SAMS presents an innovative approach to help reduce overdiagnosis of ADHD and misuse of prescription stimulants. The efficient, straightforward form of the measure particularly enhances its potential application in both medical and psychosocial clinical settings.

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Salivary Cortisol Response to a Psychosocial Stressor on Children Diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differences Between Diagnostic Subtypes

The Spanish Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1017/s1138741600002079 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 707-714 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Enrique F. Maldonado ◽

Mª Victoria Trianes ◽

Antonio Cortés ◽

Encarnación Moreno ◽

Milagros Escobar

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Cognitive Task ◽

Control Group ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Cortisol Response ◽

Psychosocial Stressor ◽

Repeated Measures Anova ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Healthy Control ◽

Group A

The purpose of the present study was to compare the reactivity of the HPA-axis in children diagnosed with different subtypes of ADHD against a healthy control group. This study included a total of 66 children: 33 children with ADHD diagnoses (10 with prevalent inattentive symptoms, 9 with prevalent hyperactive-impulsive symptoms and 14 with the combined subtype) and 33 healthy controls. The Trier Stress Social Test for Children (TSST-C) was employed as stressor. This test included two main stressors: first, completing a story initiated by an interviewer, and second, executing a timed cognitive task. Saliva samples were then obtained at -1, and +1, +10, +20 and +30 minutes with respect to the stressinducing task. While the repeated-measures ANOVA showed a statistically significant time effect, the expected cortisol stress-response was not observed in any group. A difference was observed in the response from the hyperactive-impulsive group that was also observed in the AUCG comparisons with the subgroups. The ADHD group with prevalent hyperactivity-impulsive symptoms showed more significantly reduced cortisol levels than the control group and other experimental subgroup with prevalent inattentive symptoms.

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Age related volume of cadaver-prostates in Bangladesh

Ibrahim Medical College Journal ◽

10.3329/imcj.v4i2.6501 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 74-77

Author(s):

Rukshana Ahmed ◽

Shamim Ara

Keyword(s):

Prostate Gland ◽

Age Groups ◽

Clinical Settings ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical College ◽

Age Related ◽

Group A ◽

Key Words Prostate ◽

The Mean ◽

Group B

Pathological changes in the prostate gland occur commonly with advancing age including inflammation, atrophy, hyperplasia and carcinoma and a change in volume is also evident. Estimation of volume of prostate may be useful in a variety of clinical settings. A cross-sectional descriptive study was designed to see the changes in volume of the prostate with advancing age and done in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from August 2006 to June 2007. The study was performed on 70 post-mortem human prostates collected from the unclaimed dead bodies that were under examination in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. The samples were divided into three age groups; group A (10-20 years), group B (21-40 years) and group C (41-70 years). Volume of the sample was measured by using the ellipsoid formula. The mean ± SD volume of prostate was 7.68 ± 3.64 cm3 in group A, 10.61 ± 3.99 cm3 in group B and 15.40 ± 6.31 cm3 in group C. Mean difference in volume between group A and group C, group B and group C were statistically significant (p<0.001). Statistically significant positive correlation was found between age and volume of prostate (r = + 0.579, p < 0.001). Key Words: Prostate; volume; Bangladeshi. DOI: 10.3329/imcj.v4i2.6501Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 74-77

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The Association between Prosocial Behaviour and Peer Relationships with Comorbid Externalizing Disorders and Quality of Life in Treatment-Naïve Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci11040475 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 475

Author(s):

Szabina Velő ◽

Ágnes Keresztény ◽

Gyöngyvér Ferenczi-Dallos ◽

Luca Pump ◽

Katalin Móra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Peer Relationships ◽

Externalizing Disorders ◽

Control Group ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Prosocial Behaviour ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Treatment Naïve

Several recent studies confirmed that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has a negative influence on peer relationship and quality of life in children. The aim of the current study is to investigate the association between prosocial behaviour, peer relationships and quality of life in treatment naïve ADHD samples. The samples included 79 children with ADHD (64 boys and 15 girls, mean age = 10.24 years, SD = 2.51) and 54 healthy control children (30 boys and 23 girls, mean age = 9.66 years, SD = 1.73). Measurements included: The “Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Kid; Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire” and the “Inventar zur Erfassung der Lebensqualität bei Kindern und Jugendlichen”. The ADHD group showed significantly lower levels of prosocial behaviour and more problems with peer relationships than the control group. Prosocial behaviour has a weak positive correlation with the rating of the child’s quality of life by the parents, both in the ADHD group and in the control group. The rating of quality of life and peer relationship problems by the parents also showed a significant negative moderate association in both groups. The rating of quality of life by the child showed a significant negative weak relationship with peer relationships in the ADHD group, but no significant relationship was found in the control group. Children with ADHD and comorbid externalizing disorders showed more problems in peer relationships than ADHD without comorbid externalizing disorders. Based on these results, we conclude that therapy for ADHD focused on improvement of prosocial behaviour and peer relationships as well as comorbid externalizing disorders could have a favourable effect on the quality of life of these children.

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Temporomandibular disorders in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis and at-risk individuals in the Dutch population: a cross-sectional study

RMD Open ◽

10.1136/rmdopen-2020-001485 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. e001485

Author(s):

Johanna M Kroese ◽

Catherine M C Volgenant ◽

Wim Crielaard ◽

Bruno Loos ◽

Dirkjan van Schaardenburg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

At Risk ◽

Early Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Temporomandibular Disorders ◽

Self Report ◽

Joint Disease ◽

Control Group ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Pain Diagnosis

ObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (ERA) and individuals at-risk of RA.Methods150 participants were recruited in three groups (50 per group): (1) patients with ERA (2010 EULAR criteria) (2) at-risk individuals and (3) healthy controls. All participants were tested for seropositivity of rheumatoid factor and anticitrullinated protein antibodies. A possible TMD diagnosis was determined according to the standardised and validated diagnostic criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) in five categories: myalgia, arthralgia, articular disc displacement, degenerative joint disease and headache attributed to TMD. Results were tested for the prevalence of TMD (all categories combined) and TMD pain (myalgia and/or arthralgia). To investigate a possible role for bruxism, a probable sleep and/or awake bruxism diagnosis was determined based on self-report and several clinical features.ResultsThe prevalence of any TMD diagnosis did not differ between the three groups. However, at-risk individuals more often had a TMD-pain diagnosis than healthy controls (p=0.046). No such difference was found between the ERA group and the control group. However, within the ERA group, seronegative patients had a TMD-pain diagnosis more often than seropositive patients (4/12 (33%) vs 3/38 (8%), p=0.048). Participants with a TMD-pain diagnosis were more often diagnosed with probable sleep bruxism than those without a TMD-pain diagnosis.ConclusionThe prevalence of TMD pain is increased in individuals at-risk of RA and seronegative ERA patients, and is associated with bruxism signs and symptoms. These results suggest that health professionals should be alert to TMD pain in these groups.

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Mainstream and Remedial School Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Boys: More Alike than Different

South African Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1177/008124630503500105 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 73-88

Author(s):

J. B. Savitz ◽

P. Jansen

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Control Group ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Executive Deficits ◽

Mainstream School ◽

The Difference ◽

Neuropsychological Tasks

The literature on the neuropsychology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is plagued by inconsistent findings, which are usually attributed to a variety of extraneous variables. One of the most inadequately explored of these variables is the difference between ADHD children attending remedial and mainstream schools. This study aimed to investigate whether the performance of remedial and mainstream school ADHD boys differs on relevant neuropsychological tasks. The sample consisted of three groups of 8- to 12-year-old boys. Two of these groups consisted of children with ADHD: one from remedial schools and one from mainstream schools. The third group was made up of participants without ADHD, who attended mainstream schools. The performance of the remedial school learners on the Stroop, Lurian and cancellation tasks was investigated and compared to a mainstream school ADHD sample. The performance of the ADHD group as a whole was compared with that of a control group. No significant difference in performance was found between the two ADHD groups, except for the length of time taken to read words in the control condition of the Stroop. The control group out-performed the ADHD samples on the Stroop, Lurian and cancellation tasks. The findings suggest that mainstream and remedial ADHD boys do not differ in the severity of their executive deficits, but that boys with ADHD attending remedial schools may be more likely to have another learning disorder than their counterparts at mainstream schools.

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PERSONALITY AND SELF-CONCEPT IN SUBGROUPS OF PATIENTS WITH ANOREXIA NERVOSA AND BULIMIA NERVOSA

Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal ◽

10.2224/sbp.2002.30.4.347 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 347-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Erica B. FÄldt Ciccolo ◽

Per Johnsson

Keyword(s):

Anorexia Nervosa ◽

Bulimia Nervosa ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Self Report ◽

Self Concept ◽

Control Group ◽

Eating Disordered ◽

Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽

Group A ◽

High Degree

The question of subgroups in eating disorders was addressed in this study. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, IV, the two subtypes for anorexia nervosa are restricting and binge-eating/purging. For bulimia nervosa, the subtypes are purging and nonpurging. An attempt was made here to examine alternative ways to create meaningful subgroups in the eating-disordered patient group. A cluster analysis was performed in a group of 52 female patients (AN=21, BN=31). Fifty-five undergraduate students served as a control group. Three self-report instruments were used: the Eating Disorder Inventory-2, Karolinska Scales of Personality, and Tennessee Self-Concept Scale. The results reveal three different groups of patients. Factors like poor interoceptive ability and high degree of somatization differentiate between the groups, and contribute to severity of pathology, as well as to lower levels of self-concept.The results reveal three different groups of patients. Factors like poor interoceptive ability and high degree of somatization differentiate between the groups, and contribute to severity of pathology, as well as to lower levels of self-concept.

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Self-compassion and Perceived Criticism in Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Mindfulness ◽

10.1007/s12671-020-01464-w ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 2506-2518

Author(s):

Danielle M. Beaton ◽

Fuschia Sirois ◽

Elizabeth Milne

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Self Report ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Natural Group ◽

Adhd Diagnosis ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Self Compassion ◽

Perceived Criticism ◽

Group Comparisons

Abstract Objectives Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with increased criticism from others. To date, there is little research considering the consequences of how others respond to people with ADHD. Self-compassion is a positive way of relating to oneself during difficulty. Here, we investigate whether levels of self-compassion differ between people with and without ADHD, and whether perceived criticism mediates any differences in self-compassion between people with and without ADHD. Methods A cross-sectional design was used to conduct natural group comparisons. A sample of 1203 adults (46% with a self-reported ADHD diagnosis) recruited via social media, online forums and posters completed online self-report measures of diagnostic status, ADHD traits, self-compassion and perceived criticism. Between-group comparisons of self-compassion and perceived criticism were conducted on participants grouped by diagnosis, then grouped by ADHD trait severity. Perceived criticism was tested as a mediator variable between ADHD diagnosis and self-compassion. Results Adults with an ADHD diagnosis showed significantly lower self-compassion and higher perceived criticism than the participants without ADHD. Participants high in ADHD traits but without a diagnosis had significantly similar levels of self-compassion to the diagnosed group. Mediation analysis found that higher perceived criticism partially explained the relationship between ADHD diagnosis and self-compassion, even after accounting for co-occurring mood disorder diagnosis. Conclusions Adults with ADHD are less self-compassionate than adults without ADHD. This is partially explained by the higher level of criticism they perceive from others.

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Self-perceived attention deficit and hyperactivity symptom levels and risk of non-migraine and migraine headaches among university students: A cross-sectional study

Cephalalgia ◽

10.1177/0333102418804155 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (6) ◽

pp. 711-721 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Claire Carpenet ◽

Elie Guichard ◽

Christophe Tzourio ◽

Tobias Kurth

Keyword(s):

University Students ◽

Migraine With Aura ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Migraine Headache ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Self Report ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Migraine Headaches ◽

Symptom Level

Objectives The aim was to evaluate the association of self-perceived levels of attention deficit and hyperactivity symptoms with non-migraine and migraine headaches among university students. We also evaluated their association with migraine aura. Methods Study subjects were all participants in the internet-based Students Health Research Enterprise. Scores were built to evaluate global attention and hyperactivity symptom levels, self-perceived attention deficit levels and self-perceived hyperactivity symptom levels based on the Adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale (ASRS v1.1.). We used standardised questions to classify headache and group participants into “no headache,” “non-migraine headache,” “migraine without aura” or “migraine with aura”. Results A total of 4816 students were included (mean age 20.3 ± 2.8 years; 75.5% women). Compared with participants without headache, we found significant associations between global ADHD scores and migraine. Students in the highest quintile of global ASRS scores had adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.95 (95% CI 1.56–2.45) when compared to the lowest. This association was mainly driven by an association between self-perceived hyperactivity and migraine with aura. The aOR for migraine with aura was 2.83 (95% CI 2.23–3.61) for students in the highest quintile of hyperactivity. No significant association was found for any attention and hyperactivity symptom level measure and non-migraine headache and between self-perceived levels of attention deficit and migraine. Conclusions Among students in higher education in France, self-perceived levels of attention deficit and hyperactivity symptoms were selectively associated with migraine. The association was strongest for the hyperactivity domain and migraine with aura.

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Parenting Behavior in Mothers of Preschool Children with ASD: Development of a Self-Report Questionnaire

Autism Research and Treatment ◽

10.1155/2015/381236 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Greet Lambrechts ◽

Jarymke Maljaars ◽

Hannah Boonen ◽

Lotte van Esch ◽

Karla Van Leeuwen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Parenting Behavior ◽

Self Report ◽

Control Group ◽

Factor Analyses ◽

Factor Solution ◽

Children With Asd ◽

Gender And Age

Parents of young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) encounter many daily challenges and often experience much stress. However, little research exists about parenting behavior among these parents. With this study, we aim to address this gap. We examined the structure and internal consistency of a questionnaire intended to measure parenting behavior among mothers of young children with ASD. Furthermore, we compared parenting behavior among mothers of young children with and without ASD between two and six years old. Factor analyses resulted in a factor solution with seven subscales of parenting behavior. Two additional subscales especially relevant for parenting preschoolers with ASD were also considered.Analyses of covariance, controlling for gender and age, showed significantly higher scores forDisciplineandStimulating the Developmentin the control group in comparison with the ASD group. These findings suggest that mothers of preschoolers with ASD are still trying to find strategies to guide and stimulate their child’s behavior and development effectively.

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Head motion in children with ADHD during resting-state brain imaging

10.7287/peerj.preprints.218v1 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Xiang-zhen Kong

Keyword(s):

Resting State ◽

Head Motion ◽

Control Group ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Typically Developing ◽

Children With Adhd ◽

Neural Imaging ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Healthy Control ◽

Motion Parameters

Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) has become an important method for analyzing the neural mechanisms underlying mental disorders. But studies targeting head motion during an rs-fMRI examination are rare. Since head motion may pollute the data in the neural imaging studies and further mislead the understanding of the causes of some disorders, systematic investigations on this topic were badly needed. To this end, in this study, children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and demographically-matched typically developing control (TDC) participants underwent an rs-fMRI examination. We obtained a summary motion index and six mean single head motion parameters (three translational and three rotational) for each participant. With the summary index, we found that motion was significantly increased in the ADHD group and the results showed that the increase was mainly contributed by the motion around and along the superior-to-inferior direction. Moreover, the classification analysis showed that these head motion parameters during scanning could accurately distinguish children with ADHD from the healthy control group. These results suggest that accounting for head motion during scanning may be helpful for ADHD diagnosis and treatment with neuroimaging.

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