Salivary Cortisol Response to a Psychosocial Stressor on Children Diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differences Between Diagnostic Subtypes

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 707-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique F. Maldonado ◽  
Mª Victoria Trianes ◽  
Antonio Cortés ◽  
Encarnación Moreno ◽  
Milagros Escobar
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Psychosocial Stressor ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Group A

The purpose of the present study was to compare the reactivity of the HPA-axis in children diagnosed with different subtypes of ADHD against a healthy control group. This study included a total of 66 children: 33 children with ADHD diagnoses (10 with prevalent inattentive symptoms, 9 with prevalent hyperactive-impulsive symptoms and 14 with the combined subtype) and 33 healthy controls. The Trier Stress Social Test for Children (TSST-C) was employed as stressor. This test included two main stressors: first, completing a story initiated by an interviewer, and second, executing a timed cognitive task. Saliva samples were then obtained at -1, and +1, +10, +20 and +30 minutes with respect to the stressinducing task. While the repeated-measures ANOVA showed a statistically significant time effect, the expected cortisol stress-response was not observed in any group. A difference was observed in the response from the hyperactive-impulsive group that was also observed in the AUCG comparisons with the subgroups. The ADHD group with prevalent hyperactivity-impulsive symptoms showed more significantly reduced cortisol levels than the control group and other experimental subgroup with prevalent inattentive symptoms.

The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Movement on Parameters of Stress

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacalyn J. Robert-McComb ◽  
Andrew Cisneros ◽  
Anna Tacón ◽  
Rutika Panike ◽  
Reid Norman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Stress ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Coping Style ◽  
Stress And Coping ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Stress Scale ◽  
And Coping

The Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction program (MBSR) of Kabat-Zinn includes a combination of sitting meditation, yoga, and walking; thus, movement is not emphasized primarily to induce a state of awareness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a Mindfulness-Based Movement Program (MBM) in women on parameters of stress and coping; that is, in contrast to MBSR, MBM primarily emphasized yoga to cultivate awareness. This study investigated: (a) an objective measure of stress (the cortisol response to a laboratory stressor) following an 8-week MBM in year 1 participants only (n = 17; MBM group = 9; Control group = 8); (b) subjective measures of stress following an 8-week MBM in years 1 and 2 (n = 32; MBM = 16; C = 16); and (c) changes in coping style following an 8- week MBM in years 1 and 2 (n = 32; MBM = 16; C = 16). A mixed plot 2 (Group: TC or MBM) by 5 (Trial: Baseline, Stressor, Recovery 1, Recovery 2, and Recovery 3) repeated measures ANOVA was run for cortisol. Preliminary results indicated a strong trend towards a lowered cortisol response for the MBM group compared to the control group. A mixed plot 2 (Group: TC or MBM) by 2 (Time: Pretest, Post-test) repeated measures ANOVA was run for Spielberg's State Anxiety, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Problem Focused Style of Coping Scale for the Suppressive, Reflective, and the Reactive Coping Style. There were significant main effects for time, group, and an interaction of time and group for Spielberg's State Anxiety and the Perceived Stress Scale. Significant differences were also found for time and the interaction of time and group for the Problem Focused Style of Coping for the Reflective Coping Style (p < 0.05). In conclusion, results indicate positive effects of the MBM program on perceived measures of stress and coping style in women.

scholarly journals Head motion in children with ADHD during resting-state brain imaging

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang-zhen Kong
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Head Motion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Neural Imaging ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Motion Parameters

Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) has become an important method for analyzing the neural mechanisms underlying mental disorders. But studies targeting head motion during an rs-fMRI examination are rare. Since head motion may pollute the data in the neural imaging studies and further mislead the understanding of the causes of some disorders, systematic investigations on this topic were badly needed. To this end, in this study, children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and demographically-matched typically developing control (TDC) participants underwent an rs-fMRI examination. We obtained a summary motion index and six mean single head motion parameters (three translational and three rotational) for each participant. With the summary index, we found that motion was significantly increased in the ADHD group and the results showed that the increase was mainly contributed by the motion around and along the superior-to-inferior direction. Moreover, the classification analysis showed that these head motion parameters during scanning could accurately distinguish children with ADHD from the healthy control group. These results suggest that accounting for head motion during scanning may be helpful for ADHD diagnosis and treatment with neuroimaging.

Development of the Subtle ADHD Malingering Screener

Assessment ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 524-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujith Ramachandran ◽  
Erin R. Holmes ◽  
Meagen Rosenthal ◽  
Benjamin F. Banahan ◽  
John Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Testing ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Factor Solution ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prescription Stimulants ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Group A

The objective of this study was to develop a subtle self-report scale—the Subtle ADHD Malingering Screener (SAMS)—to screen for malingering among individuals reporting symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study employed a cross-sectional experimental design with an ADHD group, a control group—comprising individuals without ADHD—and a malingering group—comprising individuals without ADHD who were instructed to feign ADHD in their responses. Factor analysis and psychometric testing were conducted to develop a final scale that could distinguish the malingering from the other groups. A 10-item, two-factor solution was obtained for the SAMS, with a sensitivity of 90.3% and specificity of 80.1%. The SAMS presents an innovative approach to help reduce overdiagnosis of ADHD and misuse of prescription stimulants. The efficient, straightforward form of the measure particularly enhances its potential application in both medical and psychosocial clinical settings.

scholarly journals The Association between Prosocial Behaviour and Peer Relationships with Comorbid Externalizing Disorders and Quality of Life in Treatment-Naïve Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 475
Author(s):  
Szabina Velő ◽  
Ágnes Keresztény ◽  
Gyöngyvér Ferenczi-Dallos ◽  
Luca Pump ◽  
Katalin Móra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Peer Relationships ◽  
Externalizing Disorders ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Treatment Naïve

Several recent studies confirmed that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has a negative influence on peer relationship and quality of life in children. The aim of the current study is to investigate the association between prosocial behaviour, peer relationships and quality of life in treatment naïve ADHD samples. The samples included 79 children with ADHD (64 boys and 15 girls, mean age = 10.24 years, SD = 2.51) and 54 healthy control children (30 boys and 23 girls, mean age = 9.66 years, SD = 1.73). Measurements included: The “Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Kid; Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire” and the “Inventar zur Erfassung der Lebensqualität bei Kindern und Jugendlichen”. The ADHD group showed significantly lower levels of prosocial behaviour and more problems with peer relationships than the control group. Prosocial behaviour has a weak positive correlation with the rating of the child’s quality of life by the parents, both in the ADHD group and in the control group. The rating of quality of life and peer relationship problems by the parents also showed a significant negative moderate association in both groups. The rating of quality of life by the child showed a significant negative weak relationship with peer relationships in the ADHD group, but no significant relationship was found in the control group. Children with ADHD and comorbid externalizing disorders showed more problems in peer relationships than ADHD without comorbid externalizing disorders. Based on these results, we conclude that therapy for ADHD focused on improvement of prosocial behaviour and peer relationships as well as comorbid externalizing disorders could have a favourable effect on the quality of life of these children.

Mainstream and Remedial School Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Boys: More Alike than Different

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-88
Author(s):  
J. B. Savitz ◽  
P. Jansen
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Executive Deficits ◽  
Mainstream School ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Neuropsychological Tasks

The literature on the neuropsychology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is plagued by inconsistent findings, which are usually attributed to a variety of extraneous variables. One of the most inadequately explored of these variables is the difference between ADHD children attending remedial and mainstream schools. This study aimed to investigate whether the performance of remedial and mainstream school ADHD boys differs on relevant neuropsychological tasks. The sample consisted of three groups of 8- to 12-year-old boys. Two of these groups consisted of children with ADHD: one from remedial schools and one from mainstream schools. The third group was made up of participants without ADHD, who attended mainstream schools. The performance of the remedial school learners on the Stroop, Lurian and cancellation tasks was investigated and compared to a mainstream school ADHD sample. The performance of the ADHD group as a whole was compared with that of a control group. No significant difference in performance was found between the two ADHD groups, except for the length of time taken to read words in the control condition of the Stroop. The control group out-performed the ADHD samples on the Stroop, Lurian and cancellation tasks. The findings suggest that mainstream and remedial ADHD boys do not differ in the severity of their executive deficits, but that boys with ADHD attending remedial schools may be more likely to have another learning disorder than their counterparts at mainstream schools.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Creativity, and the Effects of Methylphenidate

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 816-819
Author(s):  
Jeanne B. Funk ◽  
John B. Chessare ◽  
Michael T. Weaver ◽  
Anita R. Exley
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Clinically Significant

Given that children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more impulsive than peers, this study explored whether they are correspondingly more creative, and whether creativity declines when impulsivity is decreased through methylphenidate (Ritalin) therapy. A repeated-measures quasi-experimental design was used to compare the performance of 19 boys with previously diagnosed ADHD and 21 comparison boys aged 8 through 11 on two administrations of alternate forms of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking-Figural (nonverbal). Boys with ADHD received prescribed methylphenidate only for the first session. Overall, mean Torrance summary scores for comparison boys (mean = 115.1, SD = 16.1) were higher than for boys with ADHD (mean = 107.6, SD = 12.7). However, the difference between means was small (7%) and did not meet the 25% criterion for a clinically significant difference. No changes in performance over time (comparison group) or medication state (ADHD group) were observed. These data suggest that, when measured nonverbally, the creative thinking performance of boys with ADHD is not superior to that of peers who do not have ADHD. Regarding the effects of methylphenidate, prescribed therapy did not influence performance on this measure of creative thinking.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Mean Platelet Volume and Red Cell Distribution Width in FMF: Are They Related to Subclinical Inflammation or Not?

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gozde Yildirim Cetin ◽  
Ozlem Gul ◽  
Fatma Kesici-Metin ◽  
İrem Gokalp ◽  
Mehmet Sayarlıoglu
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Subclinical Inflammation ◽  
Distribution Width ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Group A

In this paper we want to demonstrate whether higher than normal levels of RDW, and lower than normal levels of MPV can be used as indicators of subclinical inflammation and tools for treatment decision in FMF or not. The participants in this study included 89 patients with FMF during attack-free periods and 30 healthy controls. The RDW and platelet counts were significantly higher, while the MPV was significantly lower in the patients with FMF group than healthy control group (P<0.001;P=0.005;P<0.001, resp.). In the attack-free FMF group, a negative correlation was found between the MPV and RDW values (P<0.001,r=-0.40). The positive correlation was found between the RDW and ESR (r=0.23,P=0.028). And the negative correlation was found between the MPV and CRP (r=-0.216,P=0.042). Consequently, our results suggest that low MPV and high RDW levels may provide additional information about subclinical inflammation in FMF patients. But other strong predisposing factors affecting subclinical inflammation in FMF should be considered. Further studies with large numbers of patients are needed. Treatment of FMF should include not only prevention of acute attacks but also decreasing of the subclinical inflammation.

scholarly journals Investigation on Glucose and levels of Zn and Cu in Sera of Iraqi Males addicted on Methamphetamine or Tramadol

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-63
Author(s):  
Rulla Sabah ◽  
Ahmed saad abbas Fatin F.Al-Kazazz ◽  
Salam A.H Al-Ameri
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Zn And Cu In ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Group A ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Heavy Smokers

Addiction is the most critical form of Addiction. It is a chronic disease with a potential for fatality if not treated. In this work, 180 samples of male individuals were collected in this study. They classified into three groups, groups:  G1 who were healthy control; G2 who was addicted to methamphetamine (meth); G3 who was addicted to tramadol (Tra). Each group consists of 60 heavy smokers Iraqi male individuals in the age range of 18-43 years. The results showed a highly significant increase (p<0.0001) in the level of Glucose of the two addicted groups in comparison with the healthy group. A highly significant decrease (p<0.0001) could be seen in the level of Zn of the two addicted groups G2, G3 compared to the control group, while the level of Cu of the two addicted groups were highly significant increased (p<0.0001). Also, the results showed a highly significant difference (p<0.0001) in BMI for the studied groups, G2, G3 in comparison with the control group. All addictive individuals under this study were at normal weight depending on their BMI.  

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF FORM-FOCUSED PRACTICE AND FEEDBACK ON CHINESE EFL LEARNERS’ ACQUISITION OF REGULAR AND IRREGULAR PAST TENSE FORMS

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingli Yang ◽  
Roy Lyster
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Corrective Feedback ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chinese Learners ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Group A ◽  
Improving Accuracy ◽  
The University ◽  
Post Hoc

Conducted in English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) classrooms at the university level in China, this quasi-experimental study compared the effects of three different corrective feedback treatments on 72 Chinese learners’ use of regular and irregular English past tense. Three classes were randomly assigned to a prompt group, a recast group, or a control group and then participated in form-focused production activities that elicited the target forms. In the two feedback groups, teachers consistently provided one type of feedback (i.e., either recasts or prompts) in response to learners’ errors during the activities, whereas in the control group, the teacher provided feedback only on content. Pretests, immediate posttests, and delayed posttests administered 2 weeks after the treatment assessed participants’ acquisition of regular and irregular past tense forms in both oral and written production. Comparisons of group means across testing sessions using a repeated-measures ANOVA consistently revealed large effects for time. Post hoc within-group analyses of the eight immediate- and delayed-posttest measures revealed significant gains by the prompt group on all eight measures, the recast group on four, and the control group on three. The effects of prompts were larger than those of recasts for increasing accuracy in the use of regular past tense forms, whereas prompts and recasts had similar effects on improving accuracy in the use of irregular past tense forms.

scholarly journals Changing maladaptive beliefs among individuals with coronary heart disease using video information

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-228
Author(s):  
Henndy Ginting ◽  
Gérard W. B. Näring ◽  
Eni Sabrine Becker ◽  
Pintoko Tedjokusumo
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Baseline Measure ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Video Information ◽  
Maladaptive Beliefs ◽  
The Impact

Many individuals with coronary heart disease (CHD) have maladaptive beliefs which might increase anxiety and depression. This study investigates the impact of using video information to convey facts and correct misconceptions about CHD in individuals. 150 individuals with CHD were assigned to either the control group or one of two experimental groups. The participants completed the York Cardiac Beliefs Questionnaire in the baseline measure immediately after first viewing the video (time 1), and after viewing the video for six times within two weeks (time 2). The Beck Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory II were completed in the baseline and at time 2. Multiple repeated measures anova shows that after the intervention, participants’ maladaptive beliefs, anxiety and depression were reduced in both experimental groups. Yet, it did not happen in the control group. It indicates that the video information corrects maladaptive beliefs, and reduces anxiety and depression levels in individuals with CHD.  

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