Building a Model to Predict Sexual Assault Victimization Frequency Among Undergraduate Women

2021 ◽  
pp. 107780122110227
Author(s):  
Mitchell Kirwan ◽  
Daniel J. Lanni ◽  
Samantha Nagy ◽  
Scott M. Pickett
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
College Campuses ◽  
Intervention Programs ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Drinking To Cope ◽  
Undergraduate Women ◽  
Sexual Refusal ◽  
Adult Undergraduate

Previous research has identified several factors, including sexual risk behaviors, alcohol consumption, sexual refusal assertiveness, impulse control difficulties, drinking to cope, and sex to cope, as being associated with sexual assault victimization. Data were collected from 465 adult, undergraduate women, and analyzed using structural equation modeling to determine how these variables related to one another. Results showed that together, these factors predicted 17.1% of the variance in victimization frequency. These findings may help future researchers better understand the etiology of sexual assault victimization on college campuses and prove crucial to the development of future intervention programs which reduce victimization.

Overlapping dimensional phenotypes of impulsivity and compulsivity explain co-occurrence of addictive and related behaviors

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (04) ◽  
pp. 426-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeggan Tiego ◽  
Sanne Oostermeijer ◽  
Luisa Prochazkova ◽  
Linden Parkes ◽  
Andrew Dawson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impulse Control ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Bifactor Model ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Control Problems ◽  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Obsessive Beliefs ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Amazon's Mechanical Turk

ObjectiveImpulsivity and compulsivity have been implicated as important transdiagnostic dimensional phenotypes with potential relevance to addiction. We aimed to develop a model that conceptualizes these constructs as overlapping dimensional phenotypes and test whether different components of this model explain the co-occurrence of addictive and related behaviors.MethodsA large sample of adults (N = 487) was recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk and completed self-report questionnaires measuring impulsivity, intolerance of uncertainty, obsessive beliefs, and the severity of 6 addictive and related behaviors. Hierarchical clustering was used to organize addictive behaviors into homogenous groups reflecting their co-occurrence. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate fit of the hypothesized bifactor model of impulsivity and compulsivity and determine the proportion of variance explained in the co-occurrence of addictive and related behaviors by each component of the model.ResultsAddictive and related behaviors clustered into 2 distinct groups: Impulse-Control Problems, consisting of harmful alcohol use, pathological gambling, and compulsive buying, and Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Problems, consisting of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, binge eating, and internet addiction. The hypothesized bifactor model of impulsivity and compulsivity provided the best empirical fit, with 3 uncorrelated factors corresponding to a general Disinhibition dimension, and specific Impulsivity and Compulsivity dimensions. These dimensional phenotypes uniquely and additively explained 39.9% and 68.7% of the total variance in Impulse-Control Problems and Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Problems.ConclusionA model of impulsivity and compulsivity that represents these constructs as overlapping dimensional phenotypes has important implications for understanding addictive and related behaviors in terms of shared etiology, comorbidity, and potential transdiagnostic treatments.

Connecting personality traits to social networking site addiction: the mediating role of motives

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 633-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adela Chen ◽  
Nicholas Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Personality Types ◽  
Social Networking Site ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
And Coping

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether four motives – conformity, enhancement, social and coping – mediate relationships between four personality types – agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism and openness to experience – and social networking site (SNS) addiction. Impulse control is included as a moderator. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses a survey to collect data at two points in time from 304 SNS users. Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. Findings Empirical results show that conformity, enhancement and coping motives act as mediators between various personality types and SNS addiction. Furthermore, impulse control weakens the effects of two motives – enhancement and social – on SNS addiction. Research limitations/implications The research model included only four motives. Future research could investigate other motivational mechanisms and moderators. The research method surveyed university students in the USA; thus, results may not generalize to a different user population. The method also included only one SNS, Facebook. Originality/value The paper contributes to the literature by showing that motives of SNS use connect personality to SNS addiction. This study also shows that self-reflective factors like impulse control can reduce the positive effects of motives on SNS addiction.

scholarly journals Surviving the Storm

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1601-1618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thema Bryant-Davis ◽  
Sarah E. Ullman ◽  
Yuying Tsong ◽  
Robyn Gobin
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
African American ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
African American Female ◽  
Sexual Assault Survivors ◽  
American Women ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression

African American women are at high risk for sexual assault. In addition, many African American women endorse the use of social support and religiosity to cope with trauma. The current study investigates the relationship between these two coping strategies and posttrauma symptoms in a sample of 413 African American female sexual assault survivors using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Findings indicated that survivors with greater social support were less likely to endorse the symptoms of depression and PTSD. Conversely, increased use of religious coping was related to greater endorsement of depression and PTSD symptoms. Counseling and research implications are explored.

Adolescent Hope as a Mediator Between Parent-Child Connectedness and Adolescent Outcomes

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 853-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura M. Padilla-Walker ◽  
Sam A. Hardy ◽  
Katherine J. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
School Engagement ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Internalizing Behavior ◽  
Intervention Programs ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Adolescent Outcomes ◽  
Parent Child

This study examines adolescent hope as a mediator between connectedness to mother and father, and positive and negative child outcomes. Participants included 489 adolescents aged 9 to 14 years ( M = 11.29; SD = 1.01) and their parents from the Flourishing Families Project, and data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results suggested that hope mediated the relation between child-reported parent-child connectedness and adolescents’ prosocial behavior, school engagement, and internalizing behavior. Mother-and father-reported connectedness were not related to adolescent hope but were directly related to behavioral outcomes. This study highlights the importance of adolescents’ cognitive-motivational processes for both positive and negative outcomes and has important implications for prevention and intervention programs.

scholarly journals Using structural equation modeling to model compliance with COVID-19 related non-pharmaceutical interventions amongst university students in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer Shumway ◽  
Jonas Hopper ◽  
Ethan Richard Tolman ◽  
Daniel Ferguson ◽  
Gabriella Hubble ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
College Students ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
The United States ◽  
College Campuses ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Vulnerable Communities ◽  
General Trust ◽  
The World ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

The world is currently dealing with a devastating pandemic. Although growing COVID-19 case numbers, deaths, and hospitalizations are concerning, this spread is particularly alarming in the United States where polarizing opinions, changing policies, and misinformation abound. In particular, American college campuses have been a venue of rampant transmission, with concerning spillover into surrounding, more vulnerable, communities. We surveyed over 600 college students from across the United States and modeled predictors of compliance with non-pharmaceutical interventions. We identified concern with severity (p < .001), constitutional originalist ideology (p < .001), news exposure (p < .001) and religiosity (p < .05) as significant positive correlates with compliance, and general trust in science (p < .05) as a significant negative correlate. To determine how applicable nationwide modeling might be to individual local campuses we also administered this same survey to nearly 600 students at two large universities in Utah County. In this population, concern with severity was the only significant positive correlate with compliance (p < .001); Additionally, feelings of inconvenience was negatively correlated (p < .001). The effects of feelings of inconvenience, and news exposure were significantly different between populations (p < .001, p < .001). These results suggest that we should focus our efforts on increasing knowledge about the pandemic’s effects on our society and informing about constitutionality amongst college students. However, we also show that nationwide surveys and modeling are informative, but if campuses are to efficiently curb the spread of COVID-19 this coming semester, they would be best served to utilize data collected from their student populations as these might significantly differ from general consensus data.

Testing objectification theory with Chinese undergraduate women and men

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Zheng ◽  
Qingqing Sun
Keyword(s):  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Depressed Mood ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Objectification Theory ◽  
Body Shame ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Body Surveillance ◽  
Undergraduate Women ◽  
Appearance Anxiety

We tested the applicability of objectification theory to the prediction of disordered eating and depressed mood among Chinese undergraduate students. Participants (N = 430) completed measures of body surveillance, body shame, appearance anxiety, level of internal awareness, flow, disordered eating, and depressed mood. Results of structural equation modeling revealed the model of objectification theory provided a poor fit to the data for both genders, but 2 exploratory models with good fit were generated after subsequent modification to the model. For women, body shame and appearance anxiety mediated the relationships among body surveillance, disordered eating, and depressed mood. Furthermore, body surveillance indirectly influenced women's level of internal awareness and flow via body shame and appearance anxiety, which led to disordered eating and depressed mood. This pattern of relationships was similar for men, except for flow, which was not related to the outcome variables. We concluded that objectification theory is applicable to women and men in China.

Sexual Re-Assault among College Women Differs Based on Sexual Refusal Assertiveness and Assertive Resistance Strategy Intentions

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110286
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Oesterle ◽  
Amber M. Jarnecke ◽  
Amanda K. Gilmore
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
College Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
College Campuses ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Northwestern Region ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Sexual Refusal ◽  
Insight Into

Sexual assault and sexual re-assault are common problems on college campuses for women, and experiencing an initial assault dramatically increases risk for experiencing sexual re-assault. Low use of sexual refusal assertiveness and assertive resistance strategy intentions has been found to predict initial victimization, yet few studies to date look collectively at the associations of sexual refusal assertiveness and assertive resistance strategy intentions to sexual re-assault. The current study examined both sexual refusal assertiveness and assertive resistance strategy intentions as potential moderators of sexual re-assault among college women. It was hypothesized that the association between sexual assault severity before college and sexual assault severity since college would be stronger among those with low sexual refusal assertiveness compared to those with high sexual refusal assertiveness (Hypothesis 1). it was also hypothesized that the association between sexual assault severity before college and sexual assault severity since college would be stronger among those who endorsed assertive resistance strategy intentions (Hypothesis 2). Participants (N = 623) included college women at a large, public university within the northwestern region of the United States, who completed a web-based survey. Results revealed that the association between sexual assault severity before college and sexual assault severity since college was significant among those with lower levels of sexual refusal assertiveness (t = 91.42, p < 0 .001). Results also revealed that the association between sexual assault severity before college and sexual assault severity since college was stronger among those who endorsed non-assertive resistance strategy intentions to a potential sexual assault scenario (t = 25.09, p < 0.001). These findings provide insight into risk for sexual re-assault, wherein risk reduction programmatic efforts may be targeted towards women entering college with a sexual assault history to increase their use of sexual refusal assertiveness and assertive resistance strategy intentions.

Multiple Facets of Self-Control in Arab Adolescents: Parallel Pathways to Greater Happiness and Less Physical Aggression

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belle Gavriel-Fried ◽  
Tammie Ronen ◽  
Qutaiba Agbaria ◽  
Hod Orkibi ◽  
Liat Hamama
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Intervention Programs ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Subjective Happiness ◽  
Bootstrap Analysis

Adolescence is a period of dramatic change that necessitates using skills and strengths to reduce physical aggression and increase happiness. This study examined the multiple facets of self-control skills in achieving both goals simultaneously, in a sample of 248 Arab adolescents in Israel. We conceptualized and tested a new multi-mediator model that posited two parallel paths. Structural equation modeling with bootstrap analysis supported the hypothesized model where self-control linked with subjective happiness directly, and indirectly through positive emotions and social support. In addition, self-control linked directly to physical aggression, and indirectly through hostility and anger. The findings provide new theoretical conceptualizations for further research and suggest possible mechanisms for prevention and intervention programs.

scholarly journals Greater Knowledge Enhances Complainant Credibility and Increases Jury Convictions for Child Sexual Assault

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Goodman-Delahunty ◽  
Natalie Martschuk ◽  
Eunro Lee ◽  
Annie Cossins
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Expert Witness ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Child Sexual Assault ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Post Trial

Child sexual assault (CSA) cases reliant on uncorroborated testimony yield low conviction rates. Past research demonstrated a strong relationship between verdict and juror CSA knowledge such as typical delays in reporting by victims, and perceived victim credibility. This trial simulation experiment examined the effectiveness of interventions by an expert witness or an educative judicial direction in reducing jurors' CSA misconceptions. Participants were 885 jurors in New South Wales, Australia. After viewing a professionally acted video trial, half the jurors rendered individual verdicts and half deliberated in groups of 8–12 before completing a post-trial questionnaire. Multilevel structural equation modeling exploring the relationship between CSA knowledge and verdict demonstrated that greater CSA knowledge after the interventions increased the odds ratio to convict by itself, and that the judicial direction predicted a higher level of post-trial CSA knowledge in jurors than other expert interventions. Moreover, greater CSA knowledge was associated with heightened credibility perceptions of the complainant and a corroborating witness. At the conclusion of the trial, the more jurors knew about CSA, the higher the perceived credibility of both the complainant and her grandmother, and the more likely jurors were to convict the accused.

Sexual Assault Characteristics and Perceptions of Event-Related Distress

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1147-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica A. Blayney ◽  
Jennifer P. Read
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Psychological Stressor ◽  
Assault Characteristics

Sexual assault (SA) is a potent psychological stressor, linked to harmful mental health outcomes in both the short- and long-term. Specific assault characteristics can add to the toxicity of SA events. Although research has assessed characteristics of the assault itself (e.g., force, penetration), few studies have examined the larger socioenvironmental context in which SA takes place. This was the purpose of the present study. Young adults ( N = 220; 80% female; 54% current students) reported on their most recent SA during college. Cross-sectional associations were tested via structural equation modeling to determine the contributions of socioenvironmental context and assault characteristics in predicting event-related distress. Socioenvironmental context from the most recent assault included assault setting, intoxication at the time of the assault, perpetrator relationship, and prior consensual sexual experiences with the perpetrator. We also examined assault characteristics, including physical force and penetration. Participants reported how upsetting the most recent assault was (a) at the time it occurred and (b) currently. Results revealed differential patterns for socioenvironmental context and assault characteristics based on the timing of distress (past or present). Notably, many of the socioenvironmental factors showed associations with distress above and beyond the powerful effects of physical force and penetration. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the unique factors that contribute to and maintain psychological distress in sexually victimized young adults.

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