Capsicum and Mycotoxin Contamination: State of the Art in a Global Context

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Santos ◽  
S. Marín ◽  
V. Sanchis ◽  
A.J. Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Fungal Toxins ◽  
Mycotoxin Analysis

Owing to their usual conditions of production in countries with warm and humid climates and to poor storage conditions, products derived from Capsicum sp. are susceptible to fungal contamination and development, which can lead to the accumulation of mycotoxins in these foods. Thus, products as chilli or paprika can be contaminated with fungal toxins, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins and other mycotoxins, which pose a serious risk to public health. This study reviews the main aspects regarding mycotoxin contamination of Capsicum, in the context of the importance of this product in a global market and approaches the effect of processing on final contamination of foods, as well as reviews the analytical methodology commonly employed in fungal and mycotoxin analysis in these types of products.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Fungi and Fungal Toxins in Fish Feed during Storage

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Constanze Pietsch ◽  
Georg Müller ◽  
Sulayman Mourabit ◽  
Simon Carnal ◽  
Kasun Bandara
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Fungal Toxins ◽  
Fish Feeds

Periods of unfavorable storing conditions can lead to changes in the quality of fish feeds, as well as the development of relevant mycotoxins. In the present study, a commercial fish feed was stored under defined conditions for four weeks. The main findings indicate that even storing fish feeds under unsuitable conditions for a short duration leads to a deterioration in quality. Mycotoxin and fungal contamination were subsequently analyzed. These investigations confirmed that different storage conditions can influence the presence of fungi and mycotoxins on fish feed. Notably, ochratoxin A (OTA) was found in samples after warm (25 °C) and humid (>60% relative humidity) treatment. This confirms the importance of this compound as a typical contaminant of fish feed and reveals how fast this mycotoxin can be formed in fish feed during storage.

scholarly journals Mycotoxin Contamination of Consumed Rice in Iran: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heibatullah Kalantari ◽  
Mohammad Javad Khodayar ◽  
Kobra Shirani ◽  
Maryam Shirani
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Maximum Tolerated Dose ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Rice Consumption

: Mycotoxin contamination of rice has been introduced as a big challenge for public health in developing countries in numerous studies. Rice consumption is also considered the main source of secondary metabolites in Iran. Given the diversity of climatic conditions in this region as well as unsuitable storage conditions, including high temperature and humidity, rice can be extremely contaminated via various fungi. The current study is a review of the occurrence of mycotoxins in rice in Iran. In this regard, some investigations had revealed that rice could be contaminated by mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AFTs) (B1, B2, G1, and G2), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin (FM) (B1 and B2), ochratoxin A (OTA), T-2 toxin, and zearalenone (ZEN). Moreover, the amount of mycotoxins in rice was reported in varying ranges in different provinces and regions and normally less than Iranian maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Given the importance of rice in the Iranian diet, it was finally recommended to screen consumed rice to find about fungal contaminations and mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Tree nut phytochemicals: composition, antioxidant capacity, bioactivity, impact factors. A systematic review of almonds, Brazils, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamias, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios and walnuts

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley W. Bolling ◽  
C.-Y. Oliver Chen ◽  
Diane L. McKay ◽  
Jeffrey B. Blumberg
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
Phytochemical Content ◽  
Tree Nuts ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Tree Nut ◽  
Roasting Process ◽  
Intervention Trials

Tree nuts contain an array of phytochemicals including carotenoids, phenolic acids, phytosterols and polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids, proanthocyanidins (PAC) and stilbenes, all of which are included in nutrient databases, as well as phytates, sphingolipids, alkylphenols and lignans, which are not. The phytochemical content of tree nuts can vary considerably by nut type, genotype, pre- and post-harvest conditions, as well as storage conditions. Genotype affects phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes and phytosterols, but data are lacking for many other phytochemical classes. During the roasting process, tree nut isoflavones, flavanols and flavonols were found to be more resistant to heat than the anthocyanins, PAC and trans-resveratrol. The choice of solvents used for extracting polyphenols and phytosterols significantly affects their quantification, and studies validating these methods for tree nut phytochemicals are lacking. The phytochemicals found in tree nuts have been associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, antiviral, chemopreventive and hypocholesterolaemic actions, all of which are known to affect the initiation and progression of several pathogenic processes. While tree nut phytochemicals are bioaccessible and bioavailable in humans, the number of intervention trials conducted to date is limited. The objectives of the present review are to summarise tree nut: (1) phytochemicals; (2) phytochemical content included in nutrient databases and current publications; (3) phytochemicals affected by pre- and post-harvest conditions and analytical methodology; and (4) bioactivity and health benefits in humans.

Y-Net: Dual-branch Joint Network for Semantic Segmentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Yizhen Chen ◽  
Haifeng Hu
Keyword(s):  
Feature Vector ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Semantic Segmentation ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The One ◽  
Public Datasets ◽  
High Level

Most existing segmentation networks are built upon a “ U -shaped” encoder–decoder structure, where the multi-level features extracted by the encoder are gradually aggregated by the decoder. Although this structure has been proven to be effective in improving segmentation performance, there are two main drawbacks. On the one hand, the introduction of low-level features brings a significant increase in calculations without an obvious performance gain. On the other hand, general strategies of feature aggregation such as addition and concatenation fuse features without considering the usefulness of each feature vector, which mixes the useful information with massive noises. In this article, we abandon the traditional “ U -shaped” architecture and propose Y-Net, a dual-branch joint network for accurate semantic segmentation. Specifically, it only aggregates the high-level features with low-resolution and utilizes the global context guidance generated by the first branch to refine the second branch. The dual branches are effectively connected through a Semantic Enhancing Module, which can be regarded as the combination of spatial attention and channel attention. We also design a novel Channel-Selective Decoder (CSD) to adaptively integrate features from different receptive fields by assigning specific channelwise weights, where the weights are input-dependent. Our Y-Net is capable of breaking through the limit of singe-branch network and attaining higher performance with less computational cost than “ U -shaped” structure. The proposed CSD can better integrate useful information and suppress interference noises. Comprehensive experiments are carried out on three public datasets to evaluate the effectiveness of our method. Eventually, our Y-Net achieves state-of-the-art performance on PASCAL VOC 2012, PASCAL Person-Part, and ADE20K dataset without pre-training on extra datasets.

Introduction: Health Inequities in India—The Larger Dimensions

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Purendra Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Medical Anthropology ◽  
Medical Sociology ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Health Inequities ◽  
Global Market ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Health Inequities In India ◽  
Epidemiology And Public Health

This chapter provides a narrative that explains the politics of access (distribution, utilization, outcomes) as well as the context in which health inequalities are produced in India. While fields such as medical sociology, medical anthropology, health economics, community health, social medicine, epidemiology, and public health, among others, with their own theories, methods, and approaches are able to contribute distinctive dimensions, it becomes essential to engage across the boundaries in a collective manner to understand the complexity of health care that is increasingly shaped by the global market forces and ideologies. This volume thus opens up the possibility of constructing a new paradigm for understanding health sector as well as signalling a new field ‘health care studies’.

scholarly journals Analytical Dissection of an Automotive Li-Ion Pouch Cell

Batteries ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kovachev ◽  
Schröttner ◽  
Gstrein ◽  
Aiello ◽  
Hanzu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Li Ion Batteries ◽  
Complete Sample ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Sample Preparation Procedure ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Further Development

Information derived from microscopic images of Li-ion cells is the base for research on the function, the safety, and the degradation of Li-ion batteries. This research was carried out to acquire information required to understand the mechanical properties of Li-ion cells. Parameters such as layer thicknesses, material compositions, and surface properties play important roles in the analysis and the further development of Li-ion batteries. In this work, relevant parameters were derived using microscopic imaging and analysis techniques. The quality and the usability of the measured data, however, are tightly connected to the sample generation, the preparation methods used, and the measurement device selected. Differences in specimen post-processing methods and measurement setups contribute to variability in the measured results. In this paper, the complete sample preparation procedure and analytical methodology are described, variations in the measured dataset are highlighted, and the study findings are discussed in detail. The presented results were obtained from an analysis conducted on a state-of-the-art Li-ion pouch cell applied in an electric vehicle that is currently commercially available.

Triple Fortification of Instant Noodles in Thailand

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Visith Chavasit ◽  
Kraisid Tontisirin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Accelerated Storage ◽  
Sensory Qualities ◽  
The Media ◽  
Instant Noodles

Because Thailand was facing problems with deficiencies of iodine, iron, and vitamin A, in 1994 a committee of the Ministry of Public Health proposed a feasibility study of fortification of instant noodle seasoning powder. This project was undertaken by universities, government, and the private sector. Micronutrient dosages per serving were set at 5 mg for iron, 50 μg for iodine, and 267 μg for vitamin A, all of which represent one-third of the Thai recommended daily intake (RDI). The results showed that a premix containing potassium iodide, encapsulated reduced iron, and vitamin A remained stable under accelerated storage conditions, with no adverse effects on the sensory qualities of most products. Information concerning the fortified nutrients as well as the types and brands of the fortified product was publicized through the media with support from manufacturers of instant noodles and a ministerial committee. The products were marketed at the end of 1996.

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