State-Local School and Highway Expenditure Trends, 1965–1966 and 1969–1970

1973 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Richard W. Lindholm
Keyword(s):  
Property Tax ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
General Situation ◽  
Fuel Tax ◽  
Gasoline Tax ◽  
Local Schools ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
Interstate Highway System ◽  
State Variation ◽  
The Common

The data used in this analysis demonstrate a considerable state variation in support given local schools and highways as measured by percentage of personal income. In the area of education, the general situation demonstrated by the data is that the property tax, plus the assistance it received, did no more than keep up with personal income during the five-year period under study, which was also a period when local schooling demands were very strong. Highways, which are nearly entirely financed from fuel tax revenues, absorbed a general declining portion of personal income during the period of the great expansion of urban-related highway expansion needs and the completion of much of the interstate highway system. The analysis demonstrates some decline and certainly considerable stability of the portion of personal income used for local schools and highways. The findings do not support the common attitude that a service having access to a tied revenue source is able to benefit from relatively luxurious financing Undoubtedly, the fact that this was a period of rapid inflation of incomes and that neither the property tax nor the gasoline tax possesses an automatic adjustment for price increases affected the level of support provided local education and highways during the 1965–1966 and 1969–1970 periods of great need.

scholarly journals Property tax deductions and fairness of personal income taxation

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1100-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.P. Mel'nikova ◽  
◽  
A.V. Tikhonova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Property Tax ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Income Taxation ◽  
Tax Deductions ◽  
Personal Income Taxation

scholarly journals Development of Taxation of Income of Individuals in the Russian Federation Based on Foreign Experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 412-421
Author(s):  
Alexandra O. Ryndina ◽  
◽  
Maria S. Zhverantseva ◽  
Tatiana E. Totikova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
The United States ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Income Taxation ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Foreign Experience ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Common

Introduction. The issue of reforming the taxation of personal income has not left the agenda in recent decades. The importance of solving this issue is determined by the high economic and social significance of personal income tax and its impact on the labor market and consumption. Theoretical analysis. The article analyzes the statistics of the Federal Tax Service on income tax on physical incomes in the budget system of the country, identifies and substantiates the problems of income taxation in the Russian Federation. Discussion of results. A study of the characteristics of income taxation in the United States, Norway and Sweden revealed the common features and differences in the principles of constructing a system of income taxation in the studied countries and the Russian Federation. The analysis made it possible to substantiate measures to improve the system of income taxation of the Russian Federation based on foreign experience and evaluate the expected effect of some measures.

scholarly journals System and tax policy and population policy

Stanovnistvo ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 81-104
Author(s):  
Bozidar Raicevic ◽  
Brankica Gagic ◽  
Danijel Pantic
Keyword(s):  
Tax Policy ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
The Other ◽  
Corporate Income Tax ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
Economic Capacity

System and tax policy may be used for numerous purposes. That is, especially, the case with contemporary tax systems which are, among other features, based at the synthetic (global) taxation of the economic capacity of the natural persons. Besides the basic, fiscal, many other goals, may be reached through the taxation, including those which fall in the scope of the population policy. In this paper, modern tendencies have been analysed in achieving the goals of the population policy, which provide solutions in respect of the following tax instruments: personal income tax, corporate income tax, property tax and turnover tax. It has been emphasized that relatively numerous and differentiated possibilities exist in respect of the annual personal income tax and far less, with the other forms of taxation.

The Accuracy of Consumers’ Perception of Future Inflationary Price Changes

2011 ◽  
Vol 219 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Christandl ◽  
Tommy Gärling
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Price Increase ◽  
Future Price ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Price Changes ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
Proportional Increase ◽  
The Common

Four laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the extent to which and how consumers encountering inflationary increases in product prices are able to accurately extrapolate future price increases. Between 32 and 48 undergraduates participated in the different experiments. In Experiment 1 it was found that participants were more able to extrapolate a proportional increase when presented with two consecutive proportional price increases compared to one price increase. This finding was not replicated for decreasing prices in Experiment 2. Experiment 3 showed that varying the time interval between prices counteracted an accurate extrapolation of proportional price increases despite that two price increases were presented. In Experiment 4 it was found that presenting the same (vs. different) proportional price increases for two products made participants able to extrapolate the common proportional price increase.

scholarly journals Fiscal Centralization: Theory and Evidence from the Great Depression

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Coen-Pirani ◽  
Michael Wooley
Keyword(s):  
Great Depression ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Fiscal Centralization ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Sales Taxation ◽  
State Variation ◽  
Property Tax Delinquency ◽  
Lasting Influence

The Great Depression produced a profound and lasting influence on the structure of US government. This paper studies theoretically and empirically the increased centralization of revenues and expenditures by the states relative to local governments during this period. A model of property and sales taxation and tax delinquency is introduced. In the model, the income decline of the Depression causes a rise in property tax delinquency and leads to a shift toward sales taxation and fiscal centralization by the states. Empirical evidence based on cross-state variation in the severity of the Depression is consistent with the model's key predictions. (JEL E32, H25, H71, H72, H77, N12, N42)

scholarly journals Alternatives to the Local Property Tax for Educational Finance

1973 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F. Hady
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Local Property ◽  
Present System ◽  
Lower Court ◽  
Local Schools ◽  
The U.S

If we could get a nickel for every time the demise of the property tax has been predicted in this century, we probably could invest the proceeds and use the interest to finance a program of property tax reform. In a sense, this subject is old.In another sense, however, there is something very new about discussing alternative ways of raising money for local governments. In August 1971, the California Supreme Court issued its decision in the now well-known case of Serrano v. Priest; in March 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned a similar ruling by a lower court in Texas. The Court ruled that the present system of financing local schools in California, which relies heavily on the property tax, unconstitutionally “conditions the full entitlement to such interest on wealth, classifies its recipients on the basis of their collective affluence and makes the quality of a child's education depend upon the resources of his school district and ultimately upon the pocketbook of his parents.” Since that time, more than 50 similar suits have been filed in some 31 states, and the U.S. Supreme Court is reviewing an appeal from Texas in a case similar to Serrano.

scholarly journals Aging Population and Its Impacts on Economy of Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1681-1685
Author(s):  
Nguyen Tan Danh
Keyword(s):  
Population Aging ◽  
Aging Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
General Situation ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

The proportion of the elderly in Vietnam is happening with rapidly growing numbers. This is an inevitable trend in Vietnamese society, and also a problem - a challenge for the government. The main goal of our country in particular is to point out and face the immediate situation (high aging rate of the population), and at the same time find a strategy that is suitable for the development of the country as well as consistent with the common interests of the current elderly group; making predictions to take the right steps to minimize the risks and risks from its negative sides. This article discusses the general situation of population aging in recent years in Vietnam; give specific numbers and statistics on this issue. From there, this article will highlight the opportunities and challenges that this country is facing - especially the impact on the country's economy and give a number of recommendations related to the improvementin order to build a satisfactory welfare and welfare system for the elderly in the current aging population in Vietnam. The article uses the method of surveying a number of interviewers to find suitable solutions, and the results show that the problem of the elderly, even though not alarmed since the elderly in Vietnam are still taken care by children and their families rather well. However, there is quite a big concern we need to pay more attention, that is, the economic burden will be an issue for society in the future, especially in the medical field.

scholarly journals The concept of fairness as a criterion for the assessment of the personal income tax in Poland

2021 ◽  
pp. 83-96
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Anna Lewkowicz-Grzegorczyk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Vertical Equity ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Tax Exemptions ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The One

Purpose – The aim of the article is to present the essence of tax justice in relation to the personal income tax in Poland. Research method – The realisation of the aim required using the method of descriptive and compa-rative analysis to assess the fairness of charging the personal income tax.Results – The results of the empirical study on the personal tax structure point to the progressive tax as the one which better fulfils the concept of tax justice. The common acceptance of the tax progression confirms the deeply rooted sense of vertical equity in the Polish society. According to this, higher taxes should be paid by the rich, while the less wealthy should be charged with lower taxes. Unfortunately, the structure of the personal income tax in Poland does not reflect this. On the basis of the evolution of the PIT tax structure, it is possible to determine flattening of the progression due to the introduction of the two-stage tax scale. What is more, one may experience frequent ethical doubts connected with tax exemptions, and especially with the rules of granting them.Originality / value / implications / recommendations – Author’s own evaluation of the personal income tax in terms of tax fairness.

scholarly journals The Agricultural Sector and Horizontal Equity of the Property Tax: A Historical Look

1976 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-101
Author(s):  
Jerome M. Stam ◽  
Ann Gordon Sibold
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Local Property ◽  
Horizontal Equity ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Local Schools ◽  
General Revenue ◽  
State And Local

The property tax continues to play a major role in raising public revenues at the local level. While this tax contributed only 15.1 percent of all governmental (Federal, State and local) tax revenue in fiscal 1974, it accounted for 35.3 percent of local general revenue and 82.2 percent of all local tax revenue. It also continues to be especially important as a source of revenue for local schools with 57.4 percent of all local property taxes going to support local schools in 1969–70–the latest year for which data are available.

scholarly journals Relationships between Vehicle Pricing and Features: Data Driven Analysis of the Chinese Vehicle Market

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiqi Ou ◽  
Wan Li ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
Zhenhong Lin ◽  
Xin He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Chinese Market ◽  
Vehicle Class ◽  
Market Positioning ◽  
Statistical Correlations ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
The Common ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Vehicle Market

A full-scale understanding of the dynamics of the Chinese vehicle market can benefit stakeholders with respect to rational decision-making and effective long-term investment. This study attempts to discover the common vehicle pricing patterns in the Chinese market by quantifying statistical correlations among critical vehicle features from intrinsic powertrain systems to extrinsic market positioning. The data samples involve almost all passenger vehicle models sold in 2013 to 2019. After comparing multiple statistical methodologies, a log-transformation variant of the multinomial linear regression model was found to be the best one, and the goodness of fit shows that this model can offer stable estimates, which were validated using 2019 market data. The insights achieved are: (1) The price and major performance features of SUVs/crossovers are similar to those of sedans; (2) If all other explicit features remain the same, the price of a Japanese midsize sedan is 62% higher than that of a Chinese midsize sedan, and European midsize vehicles have the highest prices overall. (3) The incremental price of fuel consumption varies by vehicle class and fuel economy. For example, from 30 to 50 MPG, the vehicle price increases by $119 for a Chinese brand sedan vehicle, by $69 for a Chinese brand SUV.

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