scholarly journals Cognitive processes in autism: Repetitive thinking in autistic versus non-autistic adults

Autism ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 136236132110343
Author(s):  
Kate Cooper ◽  
Ailsa Russell ◽  
Steph Calley ◽  
Huilin Chen ◽  
Jaxon Kramer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repetitive Behaviours ◽  
Insistence On Sameness ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Repetitive Behaviour ◽  
Repetitive Thinking ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Core Feature ◽  
Paper Form ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Repetitive and restricted behaviours are a core feature of autism, and cognition in autistic individuals may also be repetitive and restricted. We aimed to investigate the relationship between repetitive behaviours and repetitive thinking. We predicted that autistic people would experience more repetitive, perseverative, visual and negative cognition than controls. We predicted that repetitive thinking would be associated with repetitive behaviours in the autistic participants. We recruited autistic ( n = 54) and control ( n = 66) participants who completed measures of insistence on sameness and obsessive-compulsive behaviours. Participants then took part in 5 days of descriptive experiencing sampling, recording their thoughts when a random alarm sounded. Consistent with our hypothesis, autistic participants reported more repetitive thinking. Contrary with our other hypotheses, autistic participants reported equivalent frequency of perseveration, visual thoughts and negative thoughts to non-autistic participants. Moreover, participants who reported more obsessive thinking reported more repetitive behaviour (insistence on sameness), but there was no such relationship between repetitive thinking and behaviour. Autistic participants who reported more repeated thoughts in the descriptive experience sampling had significantly lower obsessive thinking scores. We conclude that anxiety focused cognitions may drive insistence on sameness behaviours, and that the relationship between repetitive cognition and behaviour is complex and warrants further investigation. Lay abstract A core feature of autism is the tendency to do the same activity or behaviour repetitively. We wanted to find out if autistic people also experience repetitive thinking, for example, having the same thoughts repeatedly. We thought that there would be a link between repetitive behaviour and repetitive thinking. We asked 54 autistic people and 66 non-autistic people to complete questionnaires measuring repetitive behaviours and obsessive thinking. Next, participants were trained by a researcher to record their thoughts using a structured paper form. They then completed 5 days of thought recording, which they did each time a random alarm sounded on their mobile phone. We found that autistic people had more repetitive thoughts than non-autistic people, but they did not report having more negative or visual thoughts compared with non-autistic people. Autistic people who had more repetitive thoughts during the 5 days of thought recording did not report more repetitive behaviour. However, autistic people who reported more obsessive thinking, for example, more negative and unwanted thoughts, also reported higher levels of repetitive behaviour. We conclude that some repetitive behaviours may be linked to anxiety and that more research is needed to better understand repetitive behaviours in autism.

scholarly journals The Mediating Effects of Alexithymia, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Anxiety on the Relationship Between Sensory Processing Differences and Restricted and Repetitive Behaviours in Autistic Adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather L. Moore ◽  
Samuel Brice ◽  
Lauren Powell ◽  
Barry Ingham ◽  
Mark Freeston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Intolerance Of Uncertainty ◽  
Repetitive Behaviours ◽  
Insistence On Sameness ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Autistic Adults ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Processing Differences ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Repetitive Motor

AbstractDistress caused by sensory processing differences for autistic individuals may be reduced by repetitive behaviours (RRB), including repetitive motor (RMB) and insistence on sameness (ISB) behaviours. Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and anxiety mediate the relationship between sensory processing and RRB in autistic children. We replicated this model in autistic adults, extending it to include alexithymia. Serial mediation, using data from 426 autistic adults, identified significant direct effects from sensory processing to RMB and ISB, and indirect effects through alexithymia-IU-anxiety for RMB, and IU alone, and alexithymia-IU for ISB. Different mechanisms may underpin RMB and ISB. Alexithymia alongside, IU and anxiety, should be considered when understanding the relationship between sensory processing and RRB, and when offering interventions to support autistic people.

scholarly journals РАСПРЕДЕЛЁННАЯ ОБРАЗНОСТЬ: ИМАГИНАТИВНЫЕ ПРАКТИКИ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilya Inishev
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Contemporary Culture ◽  
Normative Claim ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Core Feature ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Regime Characteristic

В статье идёт речь о формах образного, которые во всё возрастающей степени становятся характерными для современной культуры. Центральная характеристика этих форм – распределённость в пространстве и времени, их способность сопровождать нас практически повсеместно, не будучи привязанными к каким-либо организационным формам. Распределённые разновидности образного противопоставляются «традиционным», нераспределённым образам, «репрезентирующим» некоторое идентифицируемое содержание. Одна из базовых черт нераспределенного образного – заключённое в нём нормативное притязание, затрагивающее не только способы его интерпретации, но и телесные практики воспринимающего «субъекта», релевантные для его восприятия. В отличие от репрессивного характера нераспределённого образа, являющегося его структурной характеристикой, связанной с характерным для него режимом восприятия, распределённая образность базируется не на редукции и контроле телесности воспринимающего, но – напротив – на интенсификации (и в этом смысле эмансипации) его эмоционально-телесного самоприсутствия. В диахронической перспективе отношение между нераспределённой и распределённой образностью опосредовано сложной социально-исторической и материально-технологической динамикой развитого и позднего модерна. Реконструкция этой динамики позволяет выстроить генетическую связь (континуальность) между нераспределённой и распределённой образностью. В синхронической перспективе распределённая и нераспределенная разновидности образности генерируют несовместимые типы опыта с взаимоисключающими структурными характеристиками и социально-политическими импликациями (дискретность).Main theme of the article are the types of imagery becoming increasingly characteristic of contemporary culture. The core feature of these types is their being distributed across time and space, their ability to accompany us virtually everywhere, without being tied to any organizational form. Distributed imagery opposes “traditional”, non-distributed images “representing” some identifiable subject-matter. One of the essential traits of non-distributed imagery is its normative claim addressing not only the ways of its interpretation but also bodily practices of the perceiving subject, relevant for experiencing images of this kind. In contrast to the inherent oppressiveness of non-distributed image connected to a perceptual regime characteristic of it, the distributed imagery draws not on reduction and control of body of the perceiving subject but – on the contrary – on intensifying (and in this sense, on emancipating) its bodily emotional self-presence. From a diachronic point of view, the relationship between distributed and non-distributed imageries is mediated by quite a complicated socio-historical and material-technological dynamic of the developed and late modernity. Reconstruction of this dynamic enables us to identify the genetic interrelation (continuity) between non-distributed and distributed imagery. From a synchronic point of view, distributed and non-distributed imagery forms generate incompatible experience types with mutually exclusive structural characteristics and social-political implications (discontinuity).

scholarly journals Neurocognitive And Dysfunctional Belief Candidate Endophenotypes Of Obsessive-Compulsive And Related Disorders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie E. Taillefer
Keyword(s):  
Self Report ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Secondary Analyses ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Neurocognitive Tasks ◽  
Excoriation Disorder ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Control Of Thoughts ◽  
Dysfunctional Belief

Background: The current dissertation examined neurocognitive and dysfunctional belief candidate endophenotypes (CEs) across the obsessive compulsive spectrum to elucidate general versus specific factors. This study included CEs from two etiological perspectives well established in the literature. Secondary analyses examined several CEs multidimensionally and examined the relationship between CEs and of QOL. Methods: A total of 77 participants took part in this study, divided into four groups; OCD (n = 21), Hoarding Disorder (HD; n = 16), Grooming Disorders which included both Trichotillomania and Excoriation Disorder (GD; n = 18), and control participants (n = 22). Participants completed a clinical interview and battery of neurocognitive tasks and questionnaires. Results: Those with HD performed worse than controls on measures of response inhibition and set-shifting. OCD continued to predict significant variance in number sequencing. Examination of dysfunctional belief CEs revealed specificity of Responsibility/Threat beliefs and Importance/Control of Thoughts beliefs to OCD. Perfectionism/Intolerance of Uncertainty appear to be broad CEs; however, differing specificity emerged depending on the measure utilized to measure the construct. Self-report indecision revealed specificity to OCD and HD. Differing patterns of QOL impairments emerged across the spectrum. A better understanding of CEs specificity has implications for diagnostic classification, etiology, course, and treatment.

scholarly journals Neurocognitive And Dysfunctional Belief Candidate Endophenotypes Of Obsessive-Compulsive And Related Disorders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie E. Taillefer
Keyword(s):  
Self Report ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Secondary Analyses ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Neurocognitive Tasks ◽  
Excoriation Disorder ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Control Of Thoughts ◽  
Dysfunctional Belief

Background: The current dissertation examined neurocognitive and dysfunctional belief candidate endophenotypes (CEs) across the obsessive compulsive spectrum to elucidate general versus specific factors. This study included CEs from two etiological perspectives well established in the literature. Secondary analyses examined several CEs multidimensionally and examined the relationship between CEs and of QOL. Methods: A total of 77 participants took part in this study, divided into four groups; OCD (n = 21), Hoarding Disorder (HD; n = 16), Grooming Disorders which included both Trichotillomania and Excoriation Disorder (GD; n = 18), and control participants (n = 22). Participants completed a clinical interview and battery of neurocognitive tasks and questionnaires. Results: Those with HD performed worse than controls on measures of response inhibition and set-shifting. OCD continued to predict significant variance in number sequencing. Examination of dysfunctional belief CEs revealed specificity of Responsibility/Threat beliefs and Importance/Control of Thoughts beliefs to OCD. Perfectionism/Intolerance of Uncertainty appear to be broad CEs; however, differing specificity emerged depending on the measure utilized to measure the construct. Self-report indecision revealed specificity to OCD and HD. Differing patterns of QOL impairments emerged across the spectrum. A better understanding of CEs specificity has implications for diagnostic classification, etiology, course, and treatment.

Phenomenological differences appearing with repetitive behaviours in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome

1997 ◽  
Vol 170 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Euripedes C. Miguel ◽  
Lee Baer ◽  
Barbara J. Coffey ◽  
Scott L. Rauch ◽  
Cary R. Savage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Phenomenological Study ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Tourette's Syndrome ◽  
Tourette’S Syndrome ◽  
Repetitive Behaviours ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundObsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is heterogeneous, with some forms related to Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (GTS). This is a phenomenological study designed to investigate the nature of these possible OCD subtypes and the relationship between OCD and GTS.MethodWe evaluated 20 adult outpatients with OCD, 21 with GTS, and 20 with OCD plus GTS using a semi-structured interview designed to assess cognitive, sensory and autonomic phenomena preceding repetitive behaviours.ResultsMore cognitions and autonomic anxiety and fewer sensory phenomena were reported in OCD than in GTS. Like the GTS group, the OCD plus GTS group reported more sensory phenomena and fewer cognitions than the OCD group.ConclusionsThe presence or absence of cognitions, sensory phenomena, and autonomic anxiety distinguishes repetitive behaviours in patients with OCD from those with OCD plus GTS, and GTS. These subjective experiences may be useful in subtyping OCD and may represent valid predictors of prognosis and treatment response.

scholarly journals Relationship between Sensory Alterations and Repetitive Behaviours in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Parents’ Questionnaire Based Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 484
Author(s):  
Anna Fetta ◽  
Elisa Carati ◽  
Laura Moneti ◽  
Veronica Pignataro ◽  
Marida Angotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Sensory Profile ◽  
Stereotyped Behaviour ◽  
Repetitive Behaviours ◽  
Repetitive Behaviour ◽  
Medical Observation ◽  
Prospective Phase ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between sensory profile and repetitive behaviours in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has long been known. However, there is no consensus on the type of relationship that exists between them. This monocentric retrospective–prospective observational study aimed (a) to detect a clinical correlation between the severity of repetitive behaviours and the alterations of sensory profile in a sample of 50 children diagnosed with ASD; (b) to evaluate how different patterns of stereotypies and sensory alterations correlate with each other and with the main clinical–instrumental variables in the same sample. We enrolled 29 children in the retrospective phase of the study and 21 in the prospective phase. The Repetitive Behaviour Scale-Revised (RBS-R) and the Short Sensory Profile (SSP) were administered to the caregivers, and clinical–instrumental data were collected. SSP and RBS-R total scores directly correlated with a high significance rate. Among the subscales, the strongest correlations involved “Visual/Auditory Sensitivity”, related to “Stereotyped Behaviour” and “Sameness Behaviour”. “Under-Responsive/Seeks Sensation” related to “Stereotyped Behaviour”. Sex and intellectual disability significantly influenced both the stereotypies and the sensory alterations of the examined population. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the relationship between sensory alterations and repetitive behaviours in ASD children by using direct medical observation and parent observation.

From Container to Claustrum: Projective Identification in Couples

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Projective Identification ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intimate Partners ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
As If

This paper is a contribution to the growing literature on the role of projective identification in understanding couples' dynamics. Projective identification as a defence is well suited to couples, as intimate partners provide an ideal location to deposit unwanted parts of the self. This paper illustrates how projective identification functions differently depending on the psychological health of the couple. It elucidates how healthier couples use projective identification more as a form of communication, whereas disturbed couples are inclined to employ it to invade and control the other, as captured by Meltzer's concept of "intrusive identification". These different uses of projective identification affect couples' capacities to provide what Bion called "containment". In disturbed couples, partners serve as what Meltzer termed "claustrums" whereby projections are not contained, but imprisoned or entombed in the other. Applying the concept of claustrum helps illuminate common feelings these couples express, such as feeling suffocated, stifled, trapped, held hostage, or feeling as if the relationship is killing them. Finally, this paper presents treatment challenges in working with more disturbed couples.

Content Analysis (Analisis Isi) terhadap Peraturan Daerah Bernuansa Syariat Islam di Kabupaten Banyumas

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Dody Nur Andriyan
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Public Issues ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Administrative Sanctions ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Regional Regulation (Perda) which regulates public issues such as prostitution, alcoholic beverages, gambling, and the relationship between men and women turns out to be identified as a Regional Regulation with nuances of Islamic law. in Banyumas Regency there is a Regional Regulation which if used by the identification of Arfiansyah above, it can be referred to as a Regional Regulation with nuances of Islamic law. The regulation is: Banyumas District Regulation Number 15 of 2014 concerning Control, Supervision and Control of Circulation of Alcoholic Beverages and Regional Regulations of Banyumas Regency Number 16 of 2015 concerning Community Disease Management. This research has two formulations of the first problem related to the results of the content of the analysis on the Perda that are nuanced by Islamic law in Banyumas Regency. Both of the results of the analysis content on the Regional Regulations that are nuanced by Islamic law in Banyumas Regency are not contrary to Law-Invitation Number 12 of 2011? This research is a qualitative-descriptive study. The research method used is normative juridical. The main source of data is the Banyumas District Regulation Number 15 of 2014 concerning Control, Supervision and Control of Circulation of Alcoholic Beverages and Regional Regulations of Banyumas Regency Number 16 of 2015 concerning Community Disease Management. Interviews were also conducted with resource persons. Furthermore, the results of the analysis were carried out. Regional Regulation No. 15 of 2014 is actually a Regional Regulation that has a broad purpose of public interest, for the nation and state. So that the claim that Perda No 15 of 2014 as a Regional Regulation with nuances of Islamic law is not true. Regional Regulation No. 16 of 2015 is actually a Regional Regulation that has a broad purpose of public interest, for the nation and state. So that the claim that Perda No 16 of 2015 as a Regional Regulation with nuances of Islamic law is not true. Both of these Perda (Perda No 15 of 2014 and Perda No. 16 of 2015) are not in conflict with Law No. 12 of 2011 concerning the Establishment of Legislation. Both in terms of content, principles, goals, arrangements, administrative sanctions and criminal sanctions. Formally and procedurally the two Perda are in accordance with Law Number 12 of 2011

Camouflaging in non-autistic adults is associated with poorer mental health

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Somerville ◽  
Sarah E. MacPherson ◽  
Sue Fletcher-Watson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Mental Health Symptoms ◽  
Health Symptoms ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Autistic Adults ◽  
The Relationship

Camouflaging is a frequently reported behaviour in autistic people, which entails the use of strategies to compensate for and mask autistic traits in social situations. Camouflaging is associated with poor mental health in autistic people. This study examined the manifestation of camouflaging in a non-autistic sample, examining the relationship between autistic traits, camouflaging, and mental health. In addition, the role of executive functions as a mechanism underpinning camouflaging was explored. Sixty-three non-autistic adults completed standardised self-report questionnaires which measured: autistic traits, mental health symptoms, and camouflaging behaviours. In addition, a subset (n=51) completed three tests of executive function measuring inhibition, working memory, and set-shifting. Multiple linear regression models were used to analyse data. Results indicated that autistic traits are not associated with mental health symptoms when controlling for camouflaging, and camouflaging predicted increased mental health symptoms. Camouflaging did not correlate with any measure of executive function. These findings have implications for understanding the relationship between autistic traits and mental health in non-autistic people and add to the growing development of theory and knowledge about the mechanism and effects of camouflaging.

The effect of type of water supply on water quality in a developing community in South Africa

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Genthe ◽  
N. Strauss ◽  
J. Seager ◽  
C. Vundule ◽  
F. Maforah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Developing Communities ◽  
Quality Guideline ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Efforts to provide water to developing communities in South Africa have resulted in various types of water supplies being used. This study examined the relationship between the type of water supply and the quality of water used. Source (communal taps, private outdoor and indoor taps) and point-of-use water samples were examined for heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), total and faecal coliforms, E. coli, and coliphages. Ten percent of samples were also analysed for enteric viruses, Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Approximately 320 households were included in a case-control study. In addition, a cross-sectional study was conducted. Both studies examined the relationship between different types of water facilities and diarrhoea among pre-school children. The source water was of good microbial quality, but water quality was found to have deteriorated significantly after handling and storage in both case and control households, exceeding drinking water quality guideline values by 1-6 orders of magnitude. Coliphage counts were low for all water samples tested. Enteric viruses and Cryptosporidium oocysts were not detected. Giardia cysts were detected on one occasion in case and control in-house samples. Comparisons of whether in-house water, after handling and storage, complied with water quality guideline values demonstrated households using communal taps to have significantly poorer quality than households using private outdoor or indoor taps for HPC and E. coli (χ2 = 14.9, P = 0.001; χ2 = 6.6, P = 0.04 respectively). A similar trend (although not statistically significant) was observed for the other microbial indicators. The cross-sectional study demonstrated an apparent decrease in health risk associated with private outdoor taps in comparison to communal taps. This study suggests that a private outdoor tap is the minimum level of water supply in order to ensure the supply of safe water to developing communities.

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