Contact, Perspective Taking, and Anxiety as Predictors of Stereotype Endorsement, Explicit Attitudes, and Implicit Attitudes

Purpose This paper aims to investigate modeling implicit attitudes as potential drivers of overall brand attitudes and stated behavior and investigate how the results are expected to be different from brand driver models that are based on explicit attitudes. Design/methodology/approach Data are collected via online surveys in five countries across 15 categories with sample sizes for each category/country combination in the range of about N = 1,000. Findings Implicit attitudes result in a higher number of significant effects than their explicit counterparts when used to explain behavioral intentions, brand closeness and brand usage in a multivariate situation with potential 12 brand attitude drivers. The authors also find fewer counter-intuitive effects in the implicit models. The results are consistent across 5 countries and across 15 categories (including CPG products, services and durable goods). They also show that implicit attitudes are less susceptible to response style effects (e.g. social desirability bias). Research limitations/implications The findings have implications for brand building and shopper activation. Further research should look into the impact of using implicit data on finding different brand segmentation and brand mapping results. Practical implications The findings have implications for brand building and shopper activation. Originality/value This paper contributes to the fast-growing field of implicit attitudes. The paper confirms and generalizes previous findings. This is the first paper to the authors’ knowledge that has investigated the impact of implicit attitudes on overall brand attitudes and stated behavior in a multivariate context.

Download Full-text

Implicit and Explicit Affective Evaluations of Athlete Brands: The Associative Evaluation–Emotional Appraisal–Intention Model of Athlete Endorsements

Journal of Sport Management ◽

10.1123/jsm.2017-0271 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 497-510 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yonghwan Chang ◽

Yong Jae Ko ◽

Brad D. Carlson

Keyword(s):

Implicit Attitudes ◽

Emotional Responses ◽

Perceived Fit ◽

Explicit Attitudes ◽

Fan Behavior ◽

Affective Attitudes ◽

Emotional Appraisal ◽

Athlete Endorsements ◽

Implicit And Explicit ◽

Implicit And Explicit Attitudes

The researchers explore consumers’ emotional responses toward athlete brands by developing the associative evaluation–emotional appraisal–intention (AEI) model. The AEI postulates that unconscious (implicit attitudes) and conscious (explicit affective attitudes) levels of emotional responses systematically flow following assessments of perceived fit in athlete endorsements. Implicit attitudes were measured through the implicit association test, whereas pleasure, arousal, and pride captured explicit affective attitudes. Contrary to dominant beliefs about successful athlete endorsements, findings from a lab experiment indicate that low perceived fit affected implicit attitudes, which in turn affected arousal for consumers with high involvement. Pleasure, arousal, and pride were interrelated and systematically determined behavioral intentions of viewership and online friendship with athletes. Studies investigating athlete brands and endorsement success should consider the influence of both implicit and explicit attitudes on fan behavior. Managers should strategically utilize both low and high fit endorsements to facilitate emotional experiences and optimize desired consumption behavior.

Download Full-text

Explicit and implicit attitudes toward people with COVID-19: Need for community mental health services

Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal ◽

10.2224/sbp.10900 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 49 (11) ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Yun Jung Choi ◽

Dong Hee Cho

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Health Services ◽

Health Services ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Implicit Attitudes ◽

Social Stigma ◽

Community Mental Health Services ◽

Explicit Attitudes ◽

Implicit And Explicit ◽

Components Of Behavior

During the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, social stigmatization of people who have been infected with the virus has been observed. This study measured the degree of social stigma by examining implicit and explicit attitudes toward people with COVID-19. Explicit attitudes were measured through self-reporting, taking into account the three components of behavior, cognition, and emotion, and we used the Single-Category Implicit Association Test to assess implicit attitudes. The findings show that explicit attitudes toward people with COVID-19 were positive, whereas implicit attitudes trended toward being negative. The results suggest that mental health services and policies are needed to reduce social stigma and prevent the risk of mental health problems among people who have been infected with COVID-19.

Download Full-text

Implicit Attitudes towards People with Intellectual Disabilities: Their Relationship with Explicit Attitudes, Social Distance, Emotions and Contact

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0137902 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. e0137902 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Michelle Clare Wilson ◽

Katrina Scior

Keyword(s):

Intellectual Disabilities ◽

Social Distance ◽

Implicit Attitudes ◽

Explicit Attitudes ◽

People With Intellectual Disabilities

Download Full-text

RESEARCH OF IMPLICIT ATTITUDES TOWARDS GAMBLING FOR GAMBLERS AND NON-GAMBLERS

SOCIETY INTEGRATION EDUCATION Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference ◽

10.17770/sie2016vol1.1529 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 498

Author(s):

Irina Plotka ◽

Nina Blumenau ◽

Zhanna Vinogradova

Keyword(s):

Implicit Attitudes ◽

Implicit Associations ◽

Attitudes And Beliefs ◽

Implicit Measures ◽

Implicit Methods ◽

Explicit Attitudes ◽

Problem Gamblers ◽

Single Category ◽

Gamblers Anonymous ◽

Explicit Measures

The importance of studying attitudes towards gambling has been recently recognized in the field of gambling. Research aim is to examine whether non-gamblers and gamblers exhibit both positive and negative implicit attitudes towards gambling-related stimuli. Research questions: (I) What is the valence of implicit associations with gambling among gamblers and non-gamblers? (II) Are the differences in attitudes towards gambling revealed by explicit and implicit methods among gamblers and non–gamblers? (III) Is there a consistency between results obtained by implicit measures and explicit measures of attitude towards gambling? Methods: Participants - 98, age 18-58, Mdn=34 years. Groups: Social Gamblers – 24, Problem Gamblers – 25, Non-Gamblers – 49. Implicit measures: Modified version of Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT). Explicit measures: “Gambling Attitudes and Beliefs (GABS)” and “Gamblers anonymous twenty questions (GA-20)”. Results and Conclusions. (I) Both positive and negative implicit gambling associations were found in each of the groups. (II) Explicit attitudes towards gambling are most pronounced in social gamblers and most not pronounced in non-gamblers. Differences in implicit associations with gambling among the groups were not found. (III) In case of positive implicit associations, a negative correlation between the results of explicit and implicit measurements was found. It is possible that the use of negative implicit associations will contribute to the classification of gamblers with low, moderate and high risk.

Download Full-text

Moderators of the relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes

10.31219/osf.io/wqpzj ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Brian A. Nosek

Keyword(s):

Implicit Attitudes ◽

Web Based ◽

Self Presentation ◽

Explicit Attitudes ◽

The Third ◽

Two Factors ◽

Private Context ◽

Implicit And Explicit ◽

Implicit And Explicit Attitudes ◽

The Relationship

Preferences that are products of introspection and endorsed by the respondent (explicit attitudes) can conflict with preferences that are measured indirectly and do not require conscious introspection or endorsement (implicit attitudes). In three studies, two factors are examined that may predict when implicit and explicit attitudes will be associated or dissociated: self-presentation and attitude elaboration. In the first study, evidence that increasing self-presentation demands negatively affected implicit-explicit correspondence was observed through a manipulation of a public and a private context in which the attitude was reported. In the second study, elaborating an attitude for 20 minutes increased implicit-explicit correspondence compared to a control attitude. The third study reports a synthesis of web-based and laboratory tasks that varied in self-presentation and elaboration. Perceived self-presentation and elaboration produced stable differences in implicit-explicit correspondence such that attitude objects with low self-presentation concerns and high elaboration showed the strongest correspondence. These data suggest that existing models cannot sufficiently account for the relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes, and that the relationship between automatic and consciously mediated preferences is both reliable and predictable.

Download Full-text

Preservice Teachers’ Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Towards Teaching and Learning

Frontiers in Education ◽

10.3389/feduc.2021.619098 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

Author(s):

Nicole Zaruba ◽

Andrea Westphal ◽

Franziska Gutmann ◽

Miriam Vock

Keyword(s):

Preservice Teachers ◽

Student Teaching ◽

Teaching And Learning ◽

Implicit Attitudes ◽

Explicit Attitudes ◽

Teaching And Learning Research ◽

Single Target ◽

Implicit And Explicit ◽

Implicit And Explicit Attitudes ◽

Explicit Measures

When it comes to teacher attitudes towards teaching and learning, research relies heavily on explicit measures (e.g., questionnaires). These attitudes are generally conceptualized as constructivist and transmissive views on teaching and learning with constructivism often considered to be more desirable. In explicit measures, this can have drawbacks like socially desirable responding. It is for this reason that, in this study, we investigated implicit attitudes as well as explicit attitudes towards constructivism and transmission. N = 100 preservice teachers worked on a questionnaire and two Single-Target Implicit Association Tests (ST-IAT constructivism and ST-IAT transmission) before (T1) and after (T2) a single master’s semester. One group (n = 50) did student teaching while a second group (n = 50) took master’s courses. We evaluated preservice teachers’ views on teaching at the end of their masters’ studies. Participants agreed with transmission and constructivism (T1) on both an explicit and implicit level. Implicit measures seem to exceed explicit measures in differentially assessing constructivist and transmissive views on teaching and learning. After student teaching (T2), there was no overall effect of attitude development but changes in rank indicate that participants’ implicit attitudes towards constructivism and transmission developed differently for each individual.

Download Full-text

Implicit and Explicit Racial Attitudes Changed During Black Lives Matter

10.31234/osf.io/29j7y ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jeremy Sawyer ◽

Anup Gampa

Keyword(s):

Social Movements ◽

Racial Attitudes ◽

Racial Bias ◽

Implicit Attitudes ◽

High Status ◽

Explicit Attitudes ◽

Black Lives Matter ◽

Societal Level ◽

Implicit And Explicit

Lab-based interventions have been ineffective in changing individuals’ implicit racial attitudes for more than brief durations, and exposure to high-status Black exemplars like Obama has proven ineffective in shifting societal-level racial attitudes. Anti-racist social movements, however, offer a potential societal-level alternative for reducing racial bias. Racial attitudes were examined before and during Black Lives Matter (BLM) and its high points of struggle with 1,369,204 participants from 2009 to 2016. After controlling for changes in participant demographics, overall implicit attitudes were less pro-White during BLM than pre-BLM, became increasingly less pro-White across BLM, and were less pro-White during most periods of high BLM struggle. Considering changes in implicit attitudes by participant race, Whites became less implicitly pro-White during BLM while Blacks showed little change. Regarding explicit attitudes, Whites became less pro-White and Blacks became less pro-Black during BLM, each moving toward an egalitarian “no preference” position.

Download Full-text

Effects of Perspective Taking on Implicit Attitudes and Performance in Economic Games

Social Robotics - Lecture Notes in Computer Science ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-25554-5_68 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 684-693

Author(s):

James Walliser ◽

Stephanie Tulk ◽

Nicholas Hertz ◽

Erin Issler ◽

Eva Wiese

Keyword(s):

Perspective Taking ◽

Implicit Attitudes ◽

Economic Games ◽

And Performance

Download Full-text

A New Attitudinal Integral-Model to Explain Green Purchase Intention

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11226290 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (22) ◽

pp. 6290 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sarabia-Andreu ◽

Sarabia-Sánchez ◽

Moreno-Albaladejo

Keyword(s):

Purchase Intention ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Implicit Attitudes ◽

Integral Model ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Green Products ◽

Explicit Attitudes ◽

Data Collection Process ◽

Affective Components ◽

Implicit And Explicit

: This study explores the relationship between different implicit and explicit attitudes and green purchase intention. A distinction is made between the cognitive and affective components of implicit attitudes. Negative-oriented attitudes such as cynicism and skepticism are also examined. The data collection process provided 724 responses to two online Implicit Association Tests, followed by a questionnaire on explicit attitudes. Two products (insecticide and toothpaste) in green and conventional formats were used. Each individual responded to a random choice of one of these two products. Structural equation modeling was used to test the research hypotheses. The cognitive and affective components of implicit attitudes were confirmed to be different constructs. Only the cognitive construct was observed to influence attitudes toward green products. Skepticism was observed to negatively influence attitudes toward green products, although it was not found to influence either attitudes toward purchasing green products versus conventional products or purchase intentions. This study offers an innovative approach by examining different types of attitudes that have never been analyzed together in the literature on green products.

Download Full-text