Bias and accuracy in judging sexism in mixed-gender social interactions

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 850-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin X. Goh ◽  
Aria Rad ◽  
Judith A. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Multiple Targets ◽  
First Impression ◽  
Gender Dyads ◽  
Gender Interactions ◽  
Mixed Gender ◽  
Opposite Gender

This research examined bias and accuracy in judging hostile and benevolent sexism during mixed-gender interactions. Bias is defined as underestimation or overestimation of a partner’s sexism. Accuracy is defined as covariation in two different ways, as (a) the strength of the association between a dyad member’s judgment and their partner’s sexism, across dyads, and (b) the ability to differentiate sexism between multiple targets. In Studies 1 and 2, members of mixed-gender dyads rated their own and their partners’ benevolent and hostile sexism. Overall, there was no covariation, across dyads, between perceptions and the partner’s self-reported sexism. However, women overestimated men’s hostile sexism; there was no evidence of biases for women judging men’s benevolent sexism. Men underestimated women’s hostile sexism and overestimated benevolent sexism. In Study 3, participants watched brief videos of male or female students (targets) from Study 1 and completed benevolent or hostile sexism items for each target as they thought the target would fill them out. Accuracy for detecting sexism across multiple targets (using sensitivity correlations) was significantly above chance for both forms of sexism. Male and female participants were more accurate at detecting hostile sexism in male targets than female targets. Participants were more accurate at detecting benevolent sexism of same-gender targets than opposite-gender targets. When judging targets of opposite gender, women’s judgments were significantly above chance for both forms of sexism, but men were not accurate for either forms of sexism. These studies suggest that there is bias and accuracy in first impression judgments of sexism.

scholarly journals Obstacles to Birth Surname Retention Upon Marriage: How Do Hostile Sexism and System Justification Predict Support for Marital Surname Change Among Women?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Chayinska ◽  
Özden Melis Uluğ ◽  
Nevin Solak ◽  
Betül Kanık ◽  
Burcu Çuvaş
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
System Justification ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
System Justification Theory ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

Despite the ongoing shift in societal norms and gender-discriminatory practices toward more equality, many heterosexual women worldwide, including in many Western societies, choose to replace their birth surname with the family name of their spouse upon marriage. Previous research has demonstrated that the adherence to sexist ideologies (i.e., a system of discriminatory gender-based beliefs) among women is associated with their greater endorsement of practices and policies that maintain gender inequality. By integrating the ideas from the system justification theory and the ambivalent sexism theory, we proposed that the more women adhere to hostile and benevolent sexist beliefs, the more likely they would be to justify existing gender relations in society, which in turn, would positively predict their support for traditional, husband-centered marital surname change. We further argued that hostile (as compared to benevolent) sexism could act as a particularly strong direct predictor of the support for marital surname change among women. We tested these possibilities across three cross-sectional studies conducted among women in Turkey (Study 1, N=118, self-identified feminist women; Study 2, N=131, female students) and the United States (Study 3, N=140, female students). Results of Studies 1 and 3 revealed that higher adherence to hostile (but not benevolent) sexism was associated with higher support for marital surname change indirectly through higher gender-based system justification. In Study 2, the hypothesized full mediation was not observed. Consistent with our predictions, in all three studies, hostile (but not benevolent) sexism was found to be a direct positive predictor of the support for marital surname change among women. We discuss the role of dominant ideologies surrounding marriage and inegalitarian naming conventions in different cultures as obstacles to women’s birth surname retention upon marriage.

scholarly journals The Impact of Sexism on Leadership in Female-Male Climbing Dyads

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Kulich ◽  
Soledad de Lemus ◽  
Pilar Montañés Muro
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Women's Leadership ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Gender Attitudes ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Leadership Context ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mixed Gender

We investigated how sexism affected leadership in mixed-gender alpine climbing-dyads. We asked whether benevolent sexism would impair, and hostile sexism would increase (as a form of resistance) women’s leadership; and whether benevolent sexism would increase men’s leadership (as a form of paternalism). A correlational study assessed reported leading behaviour of alpine climbers. Then a vignette-based experiment presented climbers with cross-gender targets of which three were sexist (non-feminist), and one feminist (non-sexist) and assessed leading intentions depending on targets’ and participants’ gender attitudes. Findings showed that women endorsing benevolent sexism indicated lower leading intentions with targets expressing benevolent sexism (i.e., benevolent and ambivalent men) as compared to hostile sexist men. Moreover, women’s benevolent sexism negatively affected their leading intentions with men endorsing the same gender ideology. Unexpectedly, women with low endorsement of hostile sexism reported higher leading intentions with a hostile sexist man than an ambivalent one, and with an ambivalent than a benevolent man. Conversely, men intended to lead more with female targets who expressed benevolent sexism, accommodating these women’s expectations. Further, men intended to lead more with ambivalent women, than with women deviating from gender stereotypes (i.e., feminist women, or hostile sexist women - who lack benevolence expected based on gender stereotypes). We conclude that benevolent sexism likely reinforces traditional gender roles in a leadership context when men face women who fit the gender stereotype; and when women are benevolent sexist, themselves. Moreover, low hostile sexist women, confront men’s hostility with higher leading intentions, as a form of resistance.

scholarly journals What hostile and benevolent sexism communicate about men’s and women’s warmth and competence

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Ramos ◽  
Manuela Barreto ◽  
Naomi Ellemers ◽  
Miguel Moya ◽  
Lúcia Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Men And Women

Ambivalent sexism theory (Glick & Fiske, 1996) distinguishes between two interrelated forms of sexism: Hostile and benevolent. Although this theory motivated a large body of work examining how endorsement of these views impacts on social interactions and women’s performance, no research has yet examined what these forms of sexism are seen to communicate about men and women. We report three studies examining the image that benevolent and hostile sexist messages are seen to describe (Studies 1 and 2) and prescribe for men and women (Study 3). Results show that both benevolent and hostile sexism were seen to convey that women are and should be less competent than men. Additionally, benevolent sexism was seen as describing and prescribing women to be warmer than did hostile sexism. Across all studies men and women agreed about what the messages communicate about men and women. We discuss the implications of these results for the understanding of how stereotypical beliefs are perpetuated.

scholarly journals The impact of sexism on leadership in female-male climbing dyads

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Kulich ◽  
Soledad de Lemus ◽  
Pilar Montañés
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Women's Leadership ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Gender Attitudes ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Leadership Context ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mixed Gender

We investigated how sexism affected leadership in mixed-gender alpine climbing-dyads. We asked whether benevolent sexism would impair, and hostile sexism would increase (as a form of resistance) women’s leadership; and whether benevolent sexism would increase men’s leadership (as a form of paternalism). A correlational study assessed reported leading behaviour of alpine climbers. Then a vignette-based experiment presented climbers with cross-gender targets, of which three were sexist (non-feminist), and one feminist (non-sexist), and assessed leading intentions depending on targets’ and participants’ gender attitudes. Findings showed that women endorsing benevolent sexism indicated lower leading intentions with targets expressing benevolent sexism (i.e., benevolent and ambivalent men) as compared to hostile sexist men. Moreover, women’s benevolent sexism negatively affected their leading intentions with men endorsing the same gender ideology. Unexpectedly, women with low endorsement of hostile sexism reported higher leading intentions with a hostile sexist man than an ambivalent one, and with an ambivalent than a benevolent man. Conversely, men intended to lead more with female targets who expressed benevolent sexism, accommodating these women’s expectations. Further, men intended to lead more with ambivalent women, than with women deviating from gender stereotypes (i.e., feminist women, or hostile sexist women – who lack expected benevolence based on gender stereotypes). We conclude that benevolent sexism likely reinforces traditional gender roles in a leadership context when men face women who fit the gender stereotype; and when women are benevolently sexist, themselves. Moreover, low hostile sexist women confront men’s hostility with higher leading intentions, as a form of resistance.

Curvilinear Sexism and Its Links to Men’s Perceived Mate Value

2021 ◽  
pp. 014616722110097
Author(s):  
Jennifer K. Bosson ◽  
Gregory J. Rousis ◽  
Roxanne N. Felig
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Subjective Social Status ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Mate Value ◽  
Women Studies

We tested the novel hypothesis that men lower in status-linked variables—that is, subjective social status and perceived mate value—are relatively disinclined to offset their high hostile sexism with high benevolent sexism. Findings revealed that mate value, but not social status, moderates the hostile–benevolent sexism link among men: Whereas men high in perceived mate value endorse hostile and benevolent sexism linearly across the attitude range, men low in mate value show curvilinear sexism, characterized by declining benevolence as hostility increases above the midpoint. Study 1 ( N = 15,205) establishes the curvilinear sexism effect and shows that it is stronger among men than women. Studies 2 ( N = 328) and 3 ( N = 471) show that the curve is stronger among men low versus high in perceived mate value, and especially if they lack a serious relationship partner (Study 3). Discussion considers the relevance of these findings for understanding misogyny.

scholarly journals Ambivalent sexism and relationship adjustment among young adult couples: An actor-partner interdependence model

2021 ◽  
pp. 026540752110055
Author(s):  
Mylène Lachance-Grzela ◽  
Bingyu Liu ◽  
Andréanne Charbonneau ◽  
Geneviève Bouchard
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Romantic Relationship ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Relationship Adjustment ◽  
Actor Partner Interdependence Model

This study examined the associations between ambivalent sexism (i.e., hostile and benevolent sexism) and relationship adjustment in young adult couples by testing an actor-partner interdependence model. The sample was composed of 219 cohabiting heterosexual Canadian couples. The findings suggest that ambivalent sexism plays a role in young adults’ perceptions of the quality of their romantic relationship, but gender differences exist. Women and men who more strongly endorsed hostile sexism tended to report lower relationship adjustment. Women’s hostile sexism was also negatively related to their partners’ relationship adjustment, whereas their benevolent sexism was positively related to their own and their partners’ relationship adjustment. For their part, men’s ambivalent sexism was unrelated to their partners’ relationship adjustment and their benevolent sexism was also unrelated to their own relationship adjustment. The results are discussed in light of the insidious consequences that can accompany ambivalent sexism. Even though hostile sexism functions to protect men’s societal advantages, it comes with costs to their romantic relationships. In contrast, despite the rewards benevolent sexism can bring on the relational level, its endorsement may hinder the attainment of gender equality by encouraging women to invest in their relationship at the expense of independent achievements.

scholarly journals In-group, out-group effects in distributional preferences: the case of gender

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarek Jaber-Lopez ◽  
Alexandra Baier ◽  
Brent J. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Equivalence Test ◽  
Distributional Preferences ◽  
Same Gender ◽  
Gender Interactions ◽  
Opposite Gender ◽  
Group Effects

AbstractWe examine gender differences when eliciting distributional preferences as conducted by the Equality Equivalence Test, which has the ability to classify subjects into preferences types. Preferences are elicited when individuals interact with an individual of the same gender and with an individual of the opposite gender. We find elicited preferences are robust across both in-group (same gender) and out-group (opposite gender) interactions. When analyzing the intensity of benevolence (or malevolence) we find that overall women exhibit more malevolence than men, but there is no gender difference for benevolence. Furthermore, women exhibit a higher level of in-group favoritism than men.

scholarly journals Glossophobia: The Fear Of Public Speaking In Female And Male Students Of University Of Karachi

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
Kausar Perveen ◽  
Yamna Hasan ◽  
Abdur Rahman Aleemi
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Public Speaking ◽  
Social Performance ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Factorial Anova ◽  
Fear Of Public Speaking ◽  
Opposite Gender

Individuals who have fear speaking publically suffer from strong fear in social performance situations and social sphere. (Stein, Walker, & Forde, 1996).This research aims to investigate (a) if the level of anxiety is higher in females then males while speaking publically. (b) if students tend to be more anxious while speaking infront of opposite gender (c) if there is an association between reduction in public speaking fear in students and adaptation of effective psycho-physiological strategies for language learning. Samples of 126 undergraduate students have been selected in an equal ratio of male and female students from university of Karachi. Frequency and percentage analysis has been made to determine the level of public speaking fear in male and female students. A factorial ANOVA has been applied for comparative analysis of anxiety levels in males and females while presenting in front of the opposite gender. Further, a paired t-test has been applicable to determine if psychophysiological strategies for language learning are effective for reduction in glossophobia. The study affirmed that female students get more anxious then males while giving speech publically. It has also found that there is no effect of gender of audience on anxiety level of students during public speaking. Public speaking anxiety has a strong relationship with the adaptation of psycho-physiological strategies and can be reduced effectively.

scholarly journals Ambivalent sexism and violence toward women: A meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Agadullina ◽  
Andrey Lovakov ◽  
Olga Gulevich ◽  
Maryana Balezina
Keyword(s):  
Physical Violence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Violent Behavior ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Attitudes Toward Violence ◽  
The Relationship

We analyzed 498 effect sizes about the relationship between ambivalent sexism and attitudes toward male-to-female violence, and 133 effect sizes about the relationship between ambivalent sexism and violent behavior. The results showed that hostile sexism is more strongly associated with both attitudes toward violence (r = .517) and violent behavior (r = .250) than benevolent sexism is (r = .328 and r = .049, respectively). The type of violence and the target of violence are the significant moderators for hostile sexism: the smallest effect size was observed for attitudes toward physical violence and the weaker correlation between hostile sexism and violent behavior was where an intimate partner was involved. Our findings revealed that gender and sample type were not significant moderators while the higher the level of equality in the country where the study was conducted, the higher the correlation between benevolent sexism and attitudes toward violence.

Hunting in a Hostile Climate?: Hegemonic Masculinity and Emphasized Femininity on a Hunting Message Board

2021 ◽  
pp. 1097184X2110650
Author(s):  
Danielle J. Lindemann ◽  
Anna Doggett ◽  
Sharon Getsis
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Hegemonic Masculinity ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Sexual Objectification ◽  
Message Board ◽  
Recreational Activities ◽  
Masculinity And Femininity ◽  
Male Dominated ◽  
Game Hunting

Based on prior research about other male-dominated leisure pursuits, we might expect game hunting to present a hostile climate for its women participants. However, our qualitative analysis of 293 threads posted between 2005 and 2019 on an online hunting message board suggests that women were welcomed within the pastime. While they did not overtly exclude women from their ranks, however, posters curated the boundary between masculinity and femininity, as well as staking out the territory of emphasized femininity. In particular, they accomplished this via benevolent sexism, hostile sexism, and sexual objectification. Our findings not only shed additional light on the gendered dynamics of this pastime but also enriched our knowledge of the ways that hegemonic masculinity and emphasized femininity can work in tandem—within male-dominated recreational activities, and more broadly.

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