scholarly journals Obstacles to Birth Surname Retention Upon Marriage: How Do Hostile Sexism and System Justification Predict Support for Marital Surname Change Among Women?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Chayinska ◽  
Özden Melis Uluğ ◽  
Nevin Solak ◽  
Betül Kanık ◽  
Burcu Çuvaş
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
System Justification ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
System Justification Theory ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

Despite the ongoing shift in societal norms and gender-discriminatory practices toward more equality, many heterosexual women worldwide, including in many Western societies, choose to replace their birth surname with the family name of their spouse upon marriage. Previous research has demonstrated that the adherence to sexist ideologies (i.e., a system of discriminatory gender-based beliefs) among women is associated with their greater endorsement of practices and policies that maintain gender inequality. By integrating the ideas from the system justification theory and the ambivalent sexism theory, we proposed that the more women adhere to hostile and benevolent sexist beliefs, the more likely they would be to justify existing gender relations in society, which in turn, would positively predict their support for traditional, husband-centered marital surname change. We further argued that hostile (as compared to benevolent) sexism could act as a particularly strong direct predictor of the support for marital surname change among women. We tested these possibilities across three cross-sectional studies conducted among women in Turkey (Study 1, N=118, self-identified feminist women; Study 2, N=131, female students) and the United States (Study 3, N=140, female students). Results of Studies 1 and 3 revealed that higher adherence to hostile (but not benevolent) sexism was associated with higher support for marital surname change indirectly through higher gender-based system justification. In Study 2, the hypothesized full mediation was not observed. Consistent with our predictions, in all three studies, hostile (but not benevolent) sexism was found to be a direct positive predictor of the support for marital surname change among women. We discuss the role of dominant ideologies surrounding marriage and inegalitarian naming conventions in different cultures as obstacles to women’s birth surname retention upon marriage.

scholarly journals Ambivalent sexism as a mediator for sex role orientation and gender stereotypes in romantic relationships: A study in Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferzan Curun ◽  
Ebru Taysi ◽  
Fatih Orcan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Male Dominance ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
Sex Role Orientation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

The present study examined the mediating effects of ambivalent sexism (hostile and benevolent) in the relationship between sex role orientation (masculinity and femininity) and gender stereotypes (dominance and assertiveness) in college students. The variables were measured using the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), and the Attitudes toward Gender Stereotypes in Romantic Relationships Scale (AGSRRS). These inventories were administered to 250 undergraduate students at Istanbul University in Istanbul and Suleyman Demirel University in Isparta, Turkey. Results indicate that benevolent sexism mediates the relationship between hostile sexism and male dominance. Benevolent sexism also mediates femininity and male dominance, as well as femininity and male assertiveness. Hostile sexism was mediated only between the masculine personality trait and benevolent sexism. The present findings expand the literature on sex role orientation by revealing evidence that masculine and feminine individuals experience ambivalent sexism distinctively. The results are discussed in terms of the assumptions of sex role orientation, ambivalent sexism, and gender stereotypes.

scholarly journals Beliefs on Sexual Violence in the Context of System Justification Theory: The Role of Hostile Sexism and Beliefs in Biological Origins of Gender Differences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka E. Łyś ◽  
Anna Studzińska ◽  
Kamilla Bargiel-Matusiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Acquaintance Rape ◽  
System Justification ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
System Justification Theory ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Research And Policy

AbstractEstimates suggest that around 20% of women may have experienced rape. Various misconceptions about rape (i.e., rape myths) are closely related to victim blaming. In our studies we tested the link between system justification, beliefs in biological origins of gender differences, ambivalent sexism and beliefs concerning sexual violence. Study 1 was conducted among 433 Polish students. The sequential mediation analysis suggests that system justification predicts the level of rape myth acceptance through beliefs in biological origins of gender differences and then hostile (but not benevolent) sexism. In Study 2, conducted among 197 Polish students, we tested the relationship between beliefs in biological origins of gender differences and beliefs concerning sexual violence using experimental design. Contrary to our expectations, students who read the text about social origins of gender differences perceived the survivor of a hypothetical acquaintance rape as less credible, and proposed a lower sentence for a stranger rape perpetrator, compared to participants who read about biological origins of gender differences. We suspect that this is due to experiencing reactance when confronted with social explanations of gender differences. We discuss implications for research and policy.

scholarly journals Sexism and Attitude Toward Reporting of Child Sexual Abuse

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Inke Kusumastuti
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Child Sexual Abuse ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Attitude Scale ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Junior High School Teachers

Long-standing sexism in the Balinese community, based on its traditional paternalistic culture, may become the main factor to underlie children's vulnerability for abuse. School teachers, considering their regularity to interact with children in schools, might play a significant role in early detection and intervention of such cases. We conducted a cross-sectional observational study by sampling Junior High School teachers in Denpasar as an initial effort to analyze the correlations between sexism and attitude toward reporting of child sexual abuse in Bali. Subjects were requested to complete the questionnaires Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) and a Teachers’ Reporting Attitude Scale for Child Sexual Abuse (TRAS – CSA). The two scales were then analyzed for correlations. The score of ASI Hostile sexism (HS) domain was inversely correlated with total TRAS-CSA, while a positive correlation was found between total TRAS-CSA score and total ASI Benevolent Sexism (BS) domain score for Paternalism subdomain. This research also pointed to the tendency of the Balinese sample to conduct the practice of benevolent sexism instead of hostile sexism. In correlation with teachers’ reporting for sexual abuse, cautions should be taken for possible inadequate reporting that might potentially lead to the chronicity of the abuse. Keywords: attitude, reporting, child sexual abuse, sexism, teacher

scholarly journals What Lies Beneath: The Role of Self-Efficacy, Causal Attribution Habits, and Gender in Accounting for the Success of College Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 333
Author(s):  
Kerstin Hamann ◽  
Maura A. E. Pilotti ◽  
Bruce M. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Causal Attribution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Course Grades ◽  
Success In Higher Education ◽  
And Gender

Existing research has identified gender as a driving variable of student success in higher education: women attend college at a higher rate and are also more successful than their male peers. We build on the extant literature by asking whether specific cognitive variables (i.e., self-efficacy and causal attribution habits) distinguish male and female students with differing academic performance levels. Using a case study, we collected data from students enrolled in a general education course (sample size N = 400) at a large public university in the United States. Our findings indicate that while students’ course grades and cumulative college grades did not vary by gender, female and male students reported different self-efficacy and causal attribution habits for good grades and poor grades. To illustrate, self-efficacy for female students is broad and stretches across all their courses; in contrast, for male students, it is more limited to specific courses. These gender differences in cognition, particularly in accounting for undesirable events, may assist faculty members and advisors in understanding how students respond to difficulties and challenges.

scholarly journals Ambivalent sexism and relationship adjustment among young adult couples: An actor-partner interdependence model

2021 ◽  
pp. 026540752110055
Author(s):  
Mylène Lachance-Grzela ◽  
Bingyu Liu ◽  
Andréanne Charbonneau ◽  
Geneviève Bouchard
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Romantic Relationship ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Relationship Adjustment ◽  
Actor Partner Interdependence Model

This study examined the associations between ambivalent sexism (i.e., hostile and benevolent sexism) and relationship adjustment in young adult couples by testing an actor-partner interdependence model. The sample was composed of 219 cohabiting heterosexual Canadian couples. The findings suggest that ambivalent sexism plays a role in young adults’ perceptions of the quality of their romantic relationship, but gender differences exist. Women and men who more strongly endorsed hostile sexism tended to report lower relationship adjustment. Women’s hostile sexism was also negatively related to their partners’ relationship adjustment, whereas their benevolent sexism was positively related to their own and their partners’ relationship adjustment. For their part, men’s ambivalent sexism was unrelated to their partners’ relationship adjustment and their benevolent sexism was also unrelated to their own relationship adjustment. The results are discussed in light of the insidious consequences that can accompany ambivalent sexism. Even though hostile sexism functions to protect men’s societal advantages, it comes with costs to their romantic relationships. In contrast, despite the rewards benevolent sexism can bring on the relational level, its endorsement may hinder the attainment of gender equality by encouraging women to invest in their relationship at the expense of independent achievements.

scholarly journals Intimate Partner Cyberstalking, Sexism, Pornography, and Sexting in Adolescents: New Challenges for Sex Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 2181
Author(s):  
Yolanda Rodríguez-Castro ◽  
Rosana Martínez-Román ◽  
Patricia Alonso-Ruido ◽  
Alba Adá-Lameiras ◽  
María Victoria Carrera-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Sexist Attitudes ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
And Gender

Background: Within the context of the widespread use of technologies by adolescents, the objectives of this study were to identify the perpetrators of intimate partner cyberstalking (IPCS) in adolescents; to analyze the relationship between IPCS and gender, age, sexting behaviors, pornography consumption, and ambivalent sexism; and to investigate the influence of the study variables as predictors of IPCS and determine their moderating role. Methods: Participants were 993 Spanish students of Secondary Education, 535 girls and 458 boys with mean age 15.75 (SD = 1.47). Of the total sample, 70.3% (n = 696) had or had had a partner. Results: Boys perform more sexting, consume more pornographic content, and have more hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes than girls. However, girls perpetrate more IPCS than boys. The results of the hierarchical multiple regression indicate that hostile sexism is a predictor of IPCS, as well as the combined effect of Gender × Pornography and Benevolent Sexism × Sexting. Conclusions: it is essential to implement sexual affective education programs in schools in which Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are incorporated so that boys and girls can experience their relationships, both offline and online, in an egalitarian and violence-free way.

scholarly journals Development of Honor System Justification Scale

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (18) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
System Justification ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
System Justification Theory ◽  
Attitudes Toward Violence ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Honor System ◽  
Gender System ◽  
Report Measure

The purpose of the present study was to develop, from the perspective of system justification theory (Jost & Banaji, 1994), an honor system justification (HSJ) scale aimed at evaluating individuals’ tendency to justify the honor system in the society. Initially, a 28-item pool was generated based on honor literature and the phrases expressed in the reports and news. An adult sample consisting of 433 participants (275 women, 158 men; Mage = 31.77, SDage = 7.61) was employed in the study. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggested a one-factor 10-item solution, explaining 52.34% of the variance. Factor loadings ranged from .67 to .79 and item-total correlations ranged between .58 and .72. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for HSJ scale was .90. The significant correlation of HSJ with other honor-related variables (honor endorsement, attitudes toward violence against women for protecting honor) as well as other system justification ideologies (gender system justification, benevolent and hostile sexism) demonstrates the scale’s validity. In conclusion, the results of the psychometric analyses showed that HSJ is a reliable and valid self-report measure that can be used in honor-related research. Keywords System justification, honor, gender, scale development

scholarly journals Ambivalent sexism and violence toward women: A meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Agadullina ◽  
Andrey Lovakov ◽  
Olga Gulevich ◽  
Maryana Balezina
Keyword(s):  
Physical Violence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Violent Behavior ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Attitudes Toward Violence ◽  
The Relationship

We analyzed 498 effect sizes about the relationship between ambivalent sexism and attitudes toward male-to-female violence, and 133 effect sizes about the relationship between ambivalent sexism and violent behavior. The results showed that hostile sexism is more strongly associated with both attitudes toward violence (r = .517) and violent behavior (r = .250) than benevolent sexism is (r = .328 and r = .049, respectively). The type of violence and the target of violence are the significant moderators for hostile sexism: the smallest effect size was observed for attitudes toward physical violence and the weaker correlation between hostile sexism and violent behavior was where an intimate partner was involved. Our findings revealed that gender and sample type were not significant moderators while the higher the level of equality in the country where the study was conducted, the higher the correlation between benevolent sexism and attitudes toward violence.

Chivalry vs. Patriarchy: Exploring the Psychological Mechanisms of Physical Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ara A'Court
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Ipv Perpetration ◽  
Gendered Theory ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Two leading theories propose different reasons for men’s and women’s intimate partner violence (IPV). The gendered theory proposes that society’s patriarchal norms of male dominance and female subordination cause men’s IPV towards women. From this perspective, violence against ‘wives’ is condoned by society, and women only perpetrate IPV in self-defence against men’s primary violence. Conversely, the chivalrous theory of IPV explains women’s IPV perpetration in terms of society’s chivalrous norms, which protect women from male violence and emboldens women to physically assault male partners. From this perspective, women’s violence is not considered harmful to men. As gendered theory and chivalrous theory both reference stereotyped gender attitudes (sexism) towards women, I used the ambivalent sexism inventory (ASI) to test the competing theories efficacy in explaining IPV perpetration by heterosexual men and women. The ASI conceptualises sexist attitudes towards women as comprised of two parts: hostile sexism (reflecting the hostility towards women outlined by gendered theory), and benevolent sexism (reflecting the benevolence towards women outlined by chivalrous theory). Gendered theory states that society condones violence towards women. Thus, men’s attitudes approving of male-perpetrated IPV should mediate the relationship between men’s hostile sexism and IPV, if gendered theory predictions are correct. Alternatively, chivalrous theory poses that society does not approve of violence towards women. Thus, attitudes disapproving of men’s IPV against women and approving of women’s IPV towards men should mediate the relationship between benevolent sexism and IPV if chivalrous theory is correct. I hypothesized men’s increased hostile sexism would predict men’s increased IPV perpetration through increased approval of IPV against women, and men’s increased benevolent sexism would predict men’s decreased IPV perpetration through decreased approval of IPV against women. Further, I hypothesised that women’s increased hostile sexism would predict women’s increased IPV perpetration through increased approval of IPV against men, and women’s benevolent sexism would predict increased IPV perpetration through increased approval of IPV against men. North American men and women (N = 688) filled out an online questionnaire measuring experiences of IPV as victims and/or perpetrators, approval of male and female IPV perpetration, and hostile and benevolent sexism. Multi-group structural equation modelling tested the extent to which positive attitudes toward intimate partner violence mediated the association between sexism and IPV perpetration for men and for women. Results found that, for both men and women, increased hostile sexism predicted greater IPV perpetration through greater approval of men’s IPV against women. Furthermore, increased benevolent sexism predicted women’s increased IPV perpetration through increased approval of men’s IPV against women. Men’s increased benevolent sexism did not predict men’s lower IPV perpetration or disapproval of IPV against women. However, men’s and women’s ambivalent sexism also predicted greater approval of women’s IPV towards men. Results did not fully support patriarchal or chivalrous predictions, instead aligning well with ambivalent sexism theory which posits a more inclusive and holistic understanding of the relationship between sexism and IPV perpetration. Reducing all forms of sexism and men’s and women’s positive attitudes toward the use of IPV are identified as important targets for IPV treatment and prevention.</p>

scholarly journals How does cognitive function measured by the reaction time and critical flicker fusion frequency correlate with the academic performance of students?

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Archana Prabu Kumar ◽  
Abirami Omprakash ◽  
Maheshkumar Kuppusamy ◽  
Maruthy K.N. ◽  
Sathiyasekaran B.W.C. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Flicker Fusion Frequency ◽  
Fusion Frequency ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background The reaction time (RT) is “the time taken for the appearance of rapid voluntary reaction by an individual following a stimulus, either auditory or visual” and the Critical Flickering Fusion Frequency (CFFF) is “the rate at which successively presented light stimuli appear to be steady and continuous”. RT and CFFF are commonly used for the assessment of cognitive functions that are known to influence academic performance. However, data about the exact correlation between these are scarce, particularly in India. This research aimed to study the association between visual RT (VRT), auditory RT (ART) and CFFF and their impact on the academic performance of undergraduate students. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 700 students of Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at a private medical university in South India, during the period from 2015 to 2017. The VRT, ART and CFFF were evaluated, and the best out of three subsequent attempts was recorded. The mean score (in percentage) of the three best marks out of the five internal assessments for the course during each academic year was considered for analysis. The association between the different cognitive tests and the average academic performance was analysed. Results Female students had faster VRT (n = 345, mean = 243.97, SD = 83.87) than male students (n = 273, mean = 274.86, SD = 96.97) (p = 0.001). VRT and ART had a moderate negative correlation with academic performance (for ART, r = − 0.42, p < 0.001; for VRT; r = − 0.40, p < 0.001). CFFF had a very weak positive correlation with academic performance (r = 0.19, p = 0.01). The only independent predictors of academic performance were RT and gender (Adjusted R2 = 0.11). Conclusion Although there is a correlation between CFFF and cognitive function, our study showed only a weak correlation between CFFF and academic performance. Female students had faster RTs, and gender was an independent predictor of academic performance. Rather, students with faster RTs appear to have an advantage in academic performance.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document