scholarly journals Levelling up: Global examples of reducing health inequalities

2021 ◽  
pp. 140349482110224
Author(s):  
Clare Bambra
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Health Care Access ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
State Expansion ◽  
Care Access ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1950S

There are significant inequalities in health by socio-economic status, race/ethnicity, gender, neighbourhood deprivation and other axes of social inequality. Reducing these health inequalities and improving health equity is arguably the ‘holy grail’ of public health. This article engages with this quest by presenting and analysing historical examples of when sizeable population-level reductions in health inequalities have been achieved. Five global examples are presented ranging from the 1950s to the 2000s: the Nordic social democratic welfare states from the 1950s to the 1970s; the Civil Rights Acts and War on Poverty in 1960s USA; democratisation in Brazil in the 1980s; German reunification in the 1990s; and the English health inequalities strategy in the 2000s. Welfare state expansion, improved health care access, and enhanced political incorporation are identified as three commonly held ‘levellers’ whereby health inequalities can be reduced – at scale. The article concludes by arguing that ‘levelling up’ population health through reducing health inequalities requires the long-term enactment of macro-level policies that aggressively target the social determinants of health.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Johan P. Mackenbach
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Short History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Per Se

Chapter 1 (‘Introduction’) provides a short history of the discovery and rediscovery of health inequalities, as well as a short history and typology of the welfare state, and lays out the paradox that this book tries to explain: the persistence of health inequalities in even the most universal and generous European welfare states. It argues that micro-level studies alone cannot resolve this paradox, and that macro-level studies are needed to identify the determinants of health inequalities as seen at the population level. This will also make it easier to put health inequalities into a broader perspective, for example, that of social inequality per se. This chapter ends with an extensive preview of the main conclusions of the book.

scholarly journals Aspects of the Feminist Movement in the Albanian Monarchy (1928-1939)

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
Esilda Luku
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Feminist Movement ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Right ◽  
Queen Mother

This paper aims to analyze the characteristics of the Albanian feminist movement during the Monarchy and its impact on improving the social and economic status of the women. in the late 1920s, women's societies operating in different cities were suspended by the Albanian government due to the economic crises, the social and cultural backwardness and mainly because of the efforts to centralize the political power, putting under control the women's organizations, too. The monarchical government supported only the establishment of "Albanian Women" society in Tirana, under the patronage of Queen Mother and headed by Princess Sanie Zogu. It spread its activity among many Albanian cities and in diaspora and published a magazine periodically. The intention of the feminist movement in Albania was the education of girls and women, aimed at raising their cultural level, to overcome the old patriarchal mentality. The "Albanian Women" society contributed to the organization of courses against illiteracy for the emancipation of women which was closely related to the construction of a modern state. Secondly, the women's participation in the economic activity, such as old industries and handicrafts, would improve the female economic conditions and above all her position in family and society. The activity of "Albanian Women" society was helped by the governmental policies to increase the educational level of women, establishing Female Institutes, which played an important role in social progress and economic growth. Also the improvement of the legislation guaranteed women the civil rights, but unfortunately they didn't win the right to vote, as women in the developed countries. However, the Albanian feminist movement, despite the difficulties and its limitations, marked a significant effort concerning the national organization of women dedicated to their empowerment in community.

scholarly journals Workshop: MigHealthCare - strengthening Community Based Care to minimize health inequalities

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Health Care Access ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Improve Health Care ◽  
Care Access ◽  
Health And Social Care ◽  
Care Models ◽  
Improve Health ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Over the past few years, a large number of refugees, migrants and asylum seekers have reached the south-eastern points of entry of the EU, challenging health and social systems of bordering countries with a spillover effect to the rest of the EU. Refugees, asylum seekers and migrants are at higher risk of poverty and social exclusion compared to the local populations, while the different vulnerable groups face diverse barriers when accessing health services. In many cases they do not receive appropriate health and social care that best meets their needs. Furthermore, in the EU MS, different practices apply to health and social care delivery for migrants/refugees. Research has shown the importance of community-based models to improve health care access of vulnerable migrants and refugees. Such models include elements of good communication, cultural awareness, sensitivity and respect for the diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds by community health care staff as well health education and primary healthcare services. Mig-HealthCare - strengthening Community Based Care to minimize health inequalities and improve the integration of vulnerable migrants and refugees into local communities, is a 3-year project, launched in 2017, with the financial support of the European Commission. It is implemented by a consortium of 14 partners among them universities, national authorities and NGOs from ten countries across Europe (Greece, France, Malta, Germany, Austria, Italy, Cyprus, Spain, Sweden and Bulgaria). The overall objective of Mig-HealthCare is to improve health care access for vulnerable migrants and refugees, support their inclusion and participation in European communities and reduce health inequalities. The project’s specific objectives are: Describe the current physical and mental health profile of vulnerable migrants and refugees including needs, expectations and capacities of service providers.Develop a roadmap and toolbox for the implementation of community based care models, following an assessment of existing health services and best practices.Train community service providers on appropriate delivery of health care models for vulnerable migrants and refugees.Pilot test and evaluate community based care models which emphasize prevention, physical and mental health promotion and integration. The project results are presented on behalf of the Mig-HealthCare consortium. Key messages The overall objective of Mig-HealthCare is to improve health care access for vulnerable migrants and refugees. The Mig-HealthCare project focuses on developing a roadmap to facilitate the effective implementation of community care models.

scholarly journals Factors associated with perceived barriers of health care access among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia: a Secondary data analysis of 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
koku Tamirat ◽  
Zemenu Tadesse Tessema ◽  
Fentahun Bikale Kebede
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Access ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
Perceived Barriers ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Care Access ◽  
Reproductive Age Women

Abstract Background: Health care access is the timely use of personal health services to achieve the best health outcomes. Difficulties to access health care among reproductive-age women may lead to different negative health outcomes like death and disability. Therefore, this study aimed to assess factors associated with perceived barriers of health care access among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia. Method: This study was based on the 2016 Ethiopia Demography and Health Survey. Individual women record (IR) file was used to extract the dataset and 15, 683 women were included in the final analysis. A composite variable of health care perceived barriers were created from four questions used to rate health care access perceived barriers among reproductive-age women. The Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) model was fitted to identify factors associated with health care perceived barriers. Crude and Adjusted odds ratio with a 95% CI computed to assess the strength of association between independent and outcome variables. Result: This study revealed that the perceived barrier of health care access among reproductive age women found to be 69.9% with 95%CI (69.3 to 70.7) to at least one or more of the four reasons. Rural residence (AOR= 2.13, 95%CI: 1.79 to 2.53), age 35-49 years (AOR= 1.24, 95%CI: 1.09 to 1.40), divorced/separated (AOR= 1.34, 95%CI: 1.17 to 1.54), had no health insurance coverage (AOR=1.19, 95%CI: 1.01 to 1.45), poor (AOR=2.09,95%CI: 1.86 to 2.35) and middle wealth (AOR=1.57,95%CI:1.38 to 1.79), no education (AOR=2.30, 95%CI:1.95 to 2.72), primary education (AOR= 1.84, 95%CI :1.58 to 2.15) and secondary education (AOR= 1.31, 95%CI: 1.13 to 1.51) were factors associated with perceived barriers of health care access. Conclusion: Significant proportion of reproductive-age women faced barriers of health care access, of which, money and distance were the common perceived barriers. Divorced/separated marital status, old age, rural dwelling, no health insurance coverage, low economic status and level of education were factors associated with perceived barriers of health care access. This findings suggests that further strengthening and improvement of health care access to those with low socio-economic status for the realization of universal health coverage and equity of service provision.

THE POLICY OF EMIGRATING THE POPULATION IN ANDIJAN REGION IN THE 50TH OF THE XX CENTURY (in the example of the newy estanlished families)

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
Behzod Abbasov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1950S

The article studies the problems of resettlement of the population of Andijan oblast and the socio-economic status of the new collective and state farms that were established in the first half of the 1950s. B. Abbasov also has analyzed issues that were related with the social structure of the settlers and the solution of social problems of the new farms

scholarly journals Development, Immigration, And Social Harms of Iranian Small Towns: A Case Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Nazifi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Access ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Codes Of Ethics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Care Access ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Social Affairs

<p class="1Body">Immigration is compelled by social, political and economic factors. One reason for immigration is claimed to be seeking better future. Then the mentioned transitions could be daunting, affecting social marginalization, loss of social networks, health care access issues and adverse health consequences, including depression and anxiety. It is claimed that im­migrants encounter challenges while acclimatizing to their new country and a majority of them might be influenced by the process of immigration. It is claimed that the Islamic revolution, political changes, war, and sanctions from the United States of America have obliged many Iranians to flee their homeland over the last three decades and social harms of this immigration; especially through Iran was required to be studied. This research was a survey conducted in Qiamdasht which is a small town in Ghaniabad Rural District, in the Central District of Rey County, Tehran Province, Iran. In this study, systematic random sampling was applied, resulting in 245 participants to be interviewed and respond to the questionnaires. The design of this research included Survey Research and Ex-Post Facto. Since this was a survey in which the selected families were investigated in terms of economic, cultural and social aspects, interviews and questionnaires were used. To measure the dependent and independent variables through questions, a questionnaire in 8 pages containing 69 open-ended questions on 9-point Lickert scale was established. The data were transferred to SPSS version 21 for further analysis. The results revealed that Immigrants observe the codes of ethics less than the others. Immigrants have lower Socio-economic status. Immigrants play a smaller role in solving the social affairs. Immigrants own low-level desires and wishes. Immigrants apply rationality in their life affairs less than the others. By improving their socio-economic status, immigrants better observe the codes of ethics, their rationality improves, their social mobility improves, their role in social affairs improves, moreover, it was found that by improving their economic development, qualitative development increases and finally immigration rate was found to have a diverse relationship with qualitative development.</p>

Reducing Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Disparities in Health Care: Opportunities in National Health Reform

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marsha Lillie-Blanton ◽  
Saqi Maleque ◽  
Wilhelmine Miller
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Health Care Access ◽  
Community Health Centers ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Socioeconomic Disparities ◽  
Public Programs ◽  
Care Access ◽  
Racial Ethnic

As this nation embarks on new efforts to reform the U.S. health system, we face a critical unfinished agenda from the mid- 1960s: persistent racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in health and health care. Medicaid, Medicare, and Community Health Centers — public programs with very different legislative histories and financing mechanisms — were the first federally funded, nationwide efforts to improve health care access for low-income and elderly Americans. Members of racial and ethnic minority groups also greatly benefited from these efforts because recipients of federal funds, such as Medicare, were required to comply with the newly passed Civil Rights Act of 1964, which barred racial discrimination. Unquestionably, government played a major role in the gains in health care access that have occurred in the last half century. Yet today all Americans do not have the same opportunities for health, access to care, or quality of care when they receive it.

“Healing Alone?”: Social Capital, Racial Diversity and Health Care Inequality in the American States

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1059-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Health Care Access ◽  
Racial Diversity ◽  
Care Access ◽  
American States ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Level ◽  
Domain I ◽  
The Impact

There is an influential tradition in political science that social capital, defined as mutual trust and civic engagement, is linked to better substantive outcomes for citizens in democracies. Recently, scholars who link social capital to race and inequality have challenged this favorable picture of social capital. This study draws from the scholarly discussion on how social capital affects inequality in diverse societies. Focusing on the health care domain, I use a new dynamic measure of social capital to evaluate the “social capital thesis” and “racial diversity thesis” of inequality. Moreover, I explore how these two political forces are intertwined with each other in shaping the unequal health care access across American states. Key empirical findings confirm that social capital and racial diversity are counterbalancing forces shaping health care inequality. Despite it reduces health care inequality, the impact of social capital is tempered with high level of racial diversity.

Segmented Risks

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Mulligan
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Reform ◽  
Health Care Access ◽  
Care Access ◽  
Coverage Gap ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Law ◽  
Past Experiences

Jessica M. Mulligan’s chapter draws on the concepts of “dog whistle politics” and white resentment to make sense of repeated attempts to repeal the ACA and disrupt its implementation. This chapter examines the different meanings and impacts of the law for differently situated individuals and families, some of whom fell into the “coverage gap” created by red states’ decision not to expand Medicaid. She concludes that there is no shared sense of the social created through the law, which has impacted its success. Instead, people’s experience of health care reform, and potentially enhanced health care access, is mediated by a politics of resentment, eligibility, and actuarial categories, past experiences with insurance and illness, and attempts to care for loved ones.

The Bounds of Their Habitation

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-67
Author(s):  
J. Russell Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Natural World ◽  
The South ◽  
Significant Percentage ◽  
White Southerners ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Political Responses ◽  
Biblical Texts

Chapter 2 explicates the theology behind southern evangelicals’ resistance to civil rights. It explains why conservative white Christians opposed civil rights reforms, arguing that a significant percentage of these Christians constructed a theology from both the natural world and biblical texts in which God was viewed as the author of segregation, and one who desired that racial separatism be maintained. Referencing letters, sermons, pamphlets, and books, this chapter documents how segregationist theology was crafted, defended, and deployed throughout the 1950s and 1960s in the South. It also demonstrates how such a theology supported a segregationist Christianity that became common in southern white churches, proving influential in shaping the social and political responses white southerners had to the civil rights movement.

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