The effect of ethnic diversity on collective efficacy in Australia

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 856-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Benier ◽  
Rebecca Wickes
Keyword(s):  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Community Capacity ◽  
Language Diversity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Australian Community ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
The Relationship

Ethnic diversity is portrayed in the literature as a threat to a community’s ability to regulate the behaviour of its members. While there is no shortage of studies examining the effects of ethnic diversity on the social processes important for crime control, findings are inconclusive across national contexts. Further, definitional issues associated with ‘ethnicity’ make cross-cultural comparisons difficult. Using Australian Community Capacity Study survey data from 4091 respondents in 147 Brisbane suburbs, combined with census and police incident data, multivariate regression techniques are utilised to determine the extent to which ethnic diversity influences collective efficacy once we control for other known correlates; and which aspect of diversity ‘matters most’ to levels of collective efficacy. Specifically, we consider the relationship between the diversity or concentration of language, religion and country of birth and collective efficacy. Results indicate that the presence of language diversity and indigeneity in the community are most detrimental to collective efficacy.

Neighborhood Guardianship and Property Crime Victimization

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Wickes ◽  
Renee Zahnow ◽  
Lacey Schaefer ◽  
Michelle Sparkes-Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Property Crime ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Community Capacity ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Residential Instability ◽  
Neighborhood Diversity ◽  
Australian Community ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Relationship

In this study, we assess the extent to which the availability of guardians, guardianship expectations, and guardianship actions explain the variation of neighborhood property crime rates and self-reported property crime victimization. Furthermore, we examine whether or not the strength of these relationships is moderated by the neighborhood composition. We use data from the Australian Community Capacity Study (ACCS), a survey of 4,000 respondents from 148 neighborhoods across Brisbane, Australia, and employ regression and multi-level regression techniques. We find that particular aspects of guardianship do protect against crime; however, the relationship between guardianship and crime is influenced by neighborhood diversity, disadvantage, and residential instability.

“It's Not Just a Bunch of Buildings”: Social Psychological Investment, Sense of Community, and Collective Efficacy in a Multiethnic Low–Income Neighborhood

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Walton
Keyword(s):  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Sense Of Community ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Disorganization ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Investment Strategies ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
The Social

This analysis of social life in a poor, multiethnic public housing neighborhood presents an opportunity for refinement of social disorganization theory. Drawing on data from interviews, focus groups, and participant observations among residents, I find that this neighborhood exhibits substantial collective efficacy, despite social disorganization theory's predictions that the structural conditions of high poverty and racial and ethnic diversity result in low collective efficacy. I explicate two social psychological investment strategies—sense of ownership and symbolic representation—that appear to facilitate a sense of community and ultimately collective efficacy, helping to explain this apparent anomaly. I argue that even in the presence of structural disadvantage, having a strong sense of community provides a basis for beneficial action on behalf of the collective because it constitutes a source of shared expectations about values and norms in the neighborhood. These findings suggest refinements to the social disorganization framework, but also provide foundational ideas for policy interventions that may improve the social lives of residents in disadvantaged neighborhoods.

scholarly journals Dukungan Sosial, Optimisme dan Kebahagiaan pada Mustahiq

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
Raras Sutatminingsih ◽  
Ihya Zaina
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Social Support ◽  
Social Support Scale ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Effective Contribution

Happiness is a hope in the lives of many people, including the Mustahiq. This research aims to know the relationship between social support and optimism with happiness at Mustahiq. Participants in this study were 64 Mustahiq Rumah Zakat Medan determined by purposive sampling technique. The scale of research used is the scale of happiness and optimism based on the Seligman theory, and the social support scale based on House theory. The Data on this study was analyzed using multiple linear regression techniques which results in showing a positive relationship between social support and optimism with happiness at Mustahiq with significance value of. 000 which means smaller of. 05. Social support provided an effective contribution to happiness of 30.3% and optimism by 15.5%. This study reveals that high social support and optimism can help mustahiqiq achieve happiness in his life. Therefore, the institution of Amil Zakat is expected to continue to improve the social support given at Mustahiq, especially in giving attention and assistance that is directly perceived by Mustahiq.

scholarly journals Understanding Antecedents of Civic Engagement in the Age of Social Media: From the Perspective of Efficacy Beliefs

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyoung Chung ◽  
KyuJin Shim
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Civic Engagement ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Efficacy Beliefs ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines three efficacy beliefs— political self-efficacy, political collective efficacy, and knowledge sharing efficacy—as antecedents of social media use and civic engagement. Employing more than one thousand samples in Singapore, we empirically test (a) a conceptual framework that can provide an understanding of the relationship between the three types of efficacy and civic engagement and (b) the underlying mechanism through which the three types of efficacy beliefs affect civic engagement via social media. The findings suggest that knowledge sharing efficacy was found to play an important role in mediating the relationships between social media and political self-efficacy, political collective efficacy, respectively, which, in turn, influences the social media se.

scholarly journals Predicting perceptions of crime: Community residents’ recognition and classification of local crime problems

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-203
Author(s):  
Lacey Schaefer ◽  
Lorraine Mazerolle
Keyword(s):  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Community Capacity ◽  
Community Residents ◽  
Individual Observation ◽  
Australian Community ◽  
Perceptions Of Crime ◽  
Prior Victimisation

In the scholarship of crime prevention, little is understood regarding the prompts for individual observation and classification of local crime problems. Moreover, studies that evaluate individuals’ perceptions of crime tend to emphasise the risk of victimisation rather than the probability of crime controller behaviour. In order to predict whether and how a community resident combats neighbourhood crime and disorder, we first require a greater understanding of how individuals recognise and categorise those same neighbourhood phenomena. To explore these processes, the current project uses large-scale multilevel survey data from the Australian Community Capacity Study to test the predictive influence of individual characteristics, local social processes, and suburb features on a resident’s identification and categorisation of minor, moderate, and major neighbourhood crime problems. Results indicate that lived experiences with prior victimisation and interactions with the police, greater frequencies of neighbouring behaviours but lower levels of collective efficacy, socioeconomic disadvantage, and ethnic homogeneity are all associated with a greater likelihood of reporting serious local crime problems.

Social Disorganization Theory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Bellair
Keyword(s):  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Social Disorganization ◽  
Urban Neighborhoods ◽  
Informal Social Control ◽  
Social Disorganization Theory ◽  
Neighborhood Crime ◽  
The Social ◽  
Organic Solidarity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Crucial Test

Contemporary sociologists typically trace social disorganization models to Emile Durkheim’s classic work. There is continuity between Durkheim’s concern for organic solidarity in societies that are changing rapidly and the social disorganization approach of Shaw and McKay (1969). However, Shaw and McKay view social disorganization as a situationally rooted variable and not as an inevitable property of all urban neighborhoods. They argued that socioeconomic status (SES), racial and ethnic heterogeneity, and residential stability account for variations in social disorganization and hence informal social control, which in turn account for the distribution of community crime. Empirical testing of Shaw and McKay’s research in other cities during the mid-20th century, with few exceptions, focused on the relationship between SES and delinquency or crime as a crucial test of the theory. As a whole, that research supports social disorganization theory. A handful of studies in the 1940s through early 1960s documented a relationship between social disorganization and crime. After a period of stagnation, social disorganization increased through the 1980s and since then has accelerated rapidly. Much of that research includes direct measurement of social disorganization, informal control, and collective efficacy. Clearly, many scholars perceive that social disorganization plays a central role in the distribution of neighborhood crime.

scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REWARDS AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AMONG TELECOMMUNICATION EMPLOYEES IN YEMEN

2021 ◽  
pp. 6-9
Author(s):  
Maged Mustafa Al-Dubai ◽  
Mohd Sadad Mahmud ◽  
Afrah Mohammed Hamood
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Maximum Probability ◽  
Statistical Tool ◽  
The Social ◽  
Probability Calculation ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Statistical Approaches ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study was to define the connection between rewards and employee performance. The study population included Public Telecommunication Corporation (PTC) employees who are based in Yemen. The researcher utilized Raosoft to determine the sample needed. The questionnaire was circulated to 365 workers, 262 of whom were selected from. The Social Sciences version 20 tool Statistical tool and many statistical approaches were used in the data and statistical analysis, including the maximum probability calculation. To consider the dimensionality of the variables, regression techniques were used. The study found that rewards and employee performance are strongly linked. Some theoretical and practical consequences have been explored, based on the research results. KEYWORDS: Rewards, Employee Performance, Yemen

Collective Human Agency in the Context of Organizational Participation

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Georg Weber ◽  
Hans Jeppe Jeppesen
Keyword(s):  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Work Motivation ◽  
Human Agency ◽  
Employee Participation ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Organizational Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Participation ◽  
The Social

Abstract. Connecting the social cognitive approach of human agency by Bandura (1997) and activity theory by Leontiev (1978) , this paper proposes a new theoretical framework for analyzing and understanding employee participation in organizational decision-making. Focusing on the social cognitive concepts of self-reactiveness, self-reflectiveness, intentionality, and forethought, commonalities, complementarities, and differences between both theories are explained. Efficacy in agency is conceived as a cognitive foundation of work motivation, whereas the mediation of societal requirements and resources through practical activity is conceptualized as an ecological approach to motivation. Additionally, we discuss to which degree collective objectifications can be understood as material indicators of employees’ collective efficacy. By way of example, we explore whether an integrated application of concepts from both theories promotes a clearer understanding of mechanisms connected to the practice of employee participation.

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