Mitigation for minors: Exploring the nuances of social constructs and legal status in structuring sentences for youthful offenders

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-522
Author(s):  
Megan C Kurlychek
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
New York State ◽  
Social Constructs ◽  
Sentencing Decisions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Youthful Offender

New York State is one of only two states in the nation that processes all 16- and 17-year-old defendants as adults. Contrary to this seemingly punitive stance, the state also maintains a Youthful Offender Statute that requires mitigated punishments for youths up to their 19th birthday upon court designation of youthful offender status. This study empirically examines the individual and combined impact of the social status of being a “minor” and the legally awarded status of being designated a youthful offender, upon adult court sentencing decisions framing the discussion within broader conceptualizations of youthfulness, culpability, and punishment. Utilizing a population of all youths ages 16–21 whose cases were disposed in New York between 2000 and 2006, this study finds the legally defined status of youthful offender to provide much greater mitigation at sentencing than the more general social status of being a minor. Findings are discussed as they relate to categorical and individualized assessments of culpability. In addition, as the study finds individualized assessments of culpability to be related to factors such as gender and race, broader implications for the role of court assigned statuses and mitigation of punishment are offered.

Cross-space Consumption among Undocumented Chinese Immigrants in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Zhou ◽  
Xiangyi Li
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Chinese Immigrants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Currency Exchange ◽  
The Social ◽  
International Migrants

We consider cross-space consumption as a form of transnational practice among international migrants. In this paper, we develop the idea of the social value of consumption and use it to explain this particular form of transnationalism. We consider the act of consumption to have not only functional value that satisfies material needs but also a set of nonfunctional values, social value included, that confer symbolic meanings and social status. We argue that cross-space consumption enables international migrants to take advantage of differences in economic development, currency exchange rates, and social structures between countries of destination and origin to maximize their expression of social status and to perform or regain social status. Drawing on a multisited ethnographic study of consumption patterns in migrant hometowns in Fuzhou, China, and in-depth interviews with undocumented Chinese immigrants in New York and their left-behind family members, we find that, despite the vulnerabilities and precarious circumstances associated with the lack of citizenship rights in the host society, undocumented immigrants manage to realize the social value of consumption across national borders and do so through conspicuous consumption, reciprocal consumption, and vicarious consumption in their hometowns even without being physically present there. We conclude that, while cross-space consumption benefits individual migrants, left-behind families, and their hometowns, it serves to revive tradition in ways that fuel extravagant rituals, drive up costs of living, reinforce existing social inequality, and create pressure for continual emigration.

Attention Sustainability Impact on Social Status in the Class

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Stanislava Varadinova
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
School Dropout ◽  
Learning Material ◽  
Early School ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Way ◽  
Positive Environment

The attention sustainability and its impact of social status in the class are current issues concerning the field of education are the reasons for delay in assimilating the learning material and early school dropout. Behind both of those problems stand psychological causes such as low attention sustainability, poor communication skills and lack of positive environment. The presented article aims to prove that sustainability of attention directly influences the social status of students in the class, and hence their overall development and the way they feel in the group. Making efforts to increase students’ attention sustainability could lead to an increase in the social status of the student and hence the creation of a favorable and positive environment for the overall development of the individual.

scholarly journals Primary and Secondary Health Impacts of COVID-19 among Minority Individuals in New York State

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 683
Author(s):  
Lauren A. Clay ◽  
Stephanie Rogus
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Social Determinants Of Health ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
New York State ◽  
Determinants Of Health ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Minority Populations ◽  
York State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

In addition to the direct health impacts of COVID-19, the pandemic disrupted economic, educational, healthcare, and social systems in the US. This cross-sectional study examined the primary and secondary impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic among low-income and minority groups in New York State using the social determinants of health framework. New Yorkers were recruited to complete a web-based survey through Qualtrics. The survey took place in May and June 2020 and asked respondents about COVID-19 health impacts, risk factors, and concerns. Chi-square analysis examined the health effects experienced by race and ethnicity, and significant results were analyzed in a series of logistic regression models. Results showed disparities in the primary and secondary impacts of COVID-19. The majority of differences were reported between Hispanic and white respondents. The largest differences, in terms of magnitude, were reported between other or multiracial respondents and white respondents. Given the disproportionate burden of COVID-19 on minority populations, improved policies and programs to address impacts on lower-paying essential jobs and service positions could reduce exposure risks and improve safety for minority populations. Future research can identify the long-term health consequences of the pandemic on the social determinants of health among populations most at risk.

scholarly journals The Shafi’i’s and the School of Shafi’ite’s (the Nawawi’s and Ramli’s) Concept of Kafā’ah

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Abdullah Khanif
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Physical Disability ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Geographic Factors ◽  
Legal Thought ◽  
The Social ◽  
Intellectual Capacity ◽  
Specific Regulation

The harmonic household is viewed to be one of the ideals of marriage. The harmony is possible to gain when the couple have achieved the principles of kafā’ah covering the matters of education, economy, social status and morals. In dealing with the issue of kafā’ah, however, the scripture (al-Qur’ān and Sunnah) has no mentioned any specific regulation of it. Consequently, it tends to urge the emergence of various Islamic legal methods in order to invent the legal status of the issue. The primary literatures have depicted similarities among the Muslim jurists’ view (Shafi’i, Nawawi and Ramli) in formulating the criteria of kafā’ah in marriage, although they have remained differences. This article purposes to examine the literatures and identify the factors influence the formation of the concept, and also consider the acceleration of it in the development of the Shafi’i and Shafi’ite legal thought. This article argues that the similarities involve the theme of pedigree, religion and wealth in kafā’ah, while the differences cover the matters of the physical disability as one of the requirements and rights (khiyār) in terms of transaction. It has been fundamentally influenced by the social, cultural and geographic factors, and the intellectual capacity and capability of the legal scholars.

scholarly journals 4 Designing dying well: toward a new architectural approach of in-patient palliative care environments

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 361.1-361
Author(s):  
Annie Bellamy
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Palliative Care ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
List Type ◽  
Yale University ◽  
Body Memory ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Architectural Research

Neither a ‘hospital’ nor a ‘home’; the in-patient hospice has a unique architectural identity remaining largely undocumented. There is a plethora of architectural research regarding more common-place healthcare buildings such as hospitals and care-homes. (RIBA n.d) However the architecture of in-patient hospices is misunderstood in the role it can play in supporting the holistic principles of palliative care as backdrops for ‘not just a good death but a good life to the very end’ (Gawande 2014, pg. 245).Reconciling the social and spatial this research aims to establish an authentic identity for in-patient hospices; developing opportunities and situations for environments that become ‘sympathetic extensions of our sense of ourselves’ (Bloomer KC + Moore CW 1977, pg. 78) enabling those at the end of their life to dwell with dignity.An ethnographic study involving practise led design research; the research engages with experiences of the researcher and users of Welsh in-patient hospices alongside interrogations of existing architectural strategies. This inter-disciplinary methodology will provide a ‘back and forth’ movement to reflect with the community of practise upon design projects and fieldwork.Foundation work concluded that ‘homely’ is a too broad and subjective concept with which to define meaningful architectural responses for the variety of users and uses of in-patient hospices. Building upon this initial visits to Welsh in-patient hospices and design primers of key moments of inhabitation aims to provide conclusions on how architecture can create and balance the individual phenomenological experiences and needs of patients family and staff.References. RIBA. Health buildings and hospitals [Online] (n.d). Available at https://www.ribabookshops.com/books/health-buildings-and-hospitals/010503/ (Accessed: 31 May 2018). Gawande A. Being mortal: Medicine and what matters in the end2014;245. New York: Metropolitan Books Henry Holt and Company.. Kent BC, Charles MW. Body memory and architecture1977;78. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.

The effect of physical abuse on children's social and affective status: A model of cognitive and behavioral processes explaining the association

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 805-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUZANNE SALZINGER ◽  
RICHARD S. FELDMAN ◽  
DAISY S. NG-MAK ◽  
ELENA MOJICA ◽  
TANYA F. STOCKHAMMER
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Internalizing Problems ◽  
Preventive Intervention ◽  
New York State ◽  
Social Expectations ◽  
Abused Children ◽  
State Register ◽  
Withdrawn Behavior

This study proposes a model explaining the association between physical abuse of children and children's social and affective status as one in which children's social expectations and behavior, developed within the context of abusive parenting, mediate current functioning in these two outcome domains. Subjects included one hundred 9 to 12-year-old physically abused children recruited from consecutive entries onto the New York State Register for Child Abuse for New York City and 100 case-matched classmate nonabused comparison children. Sociometric assessments were carried out in classrooms, interviews were conducted with the children and their parents, and teachers, parents, and classmates rated the children's behavior. Path analysis was utilized to test the conceptually derived models. Children's social expectations regarding peers, and two social behaviors—aggressive behavior and prosocial behavior—were found to mediate between abuse and positive and negative social status, as well as between abuse and positive and negative reciprocity. Social expectations and withdrawn behavior mediated between abuse and positive social status, but only where withdrawn behavior was a function of social expectations. Social expectations were generally found to mediate between abuse and internalizing problems. Negative social status (peer rejection) added to social expectations in producing internalizing problems. Identification of these mediating pathways can serve to guide secondary preventive intervention efforts so that they best address the problems abused children face in the absence of adequate parental and peer support as the children enter adolescence.

Editorials

1937 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
General Education ◽  
New York State ◽  
Entrance Examination ◽  
National Council ◽  
College Entrance Examination ◽  
College Entrance ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Examination Board

Inasmuch as we are all interested in the general problem of what should constitute general education for the masses and in the particular problem of what part mathematics should play in that education, it is of great importance that the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics take a prominent interest in the deliberations and reports of various groups throughout the country who have been studying such problems. The social studies commission, for example, has spent an enormous amount of time and money in getting out a large number of reports. The College Entrance Examination Board has been reorganizing its requirements. A new study is just being inaugurated in connection with education in New York State under the Regents’ system. We have our own Joint Commission of the Mathematics Association of America and the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics on “The Place of Mathematics in Secondary Education.” This Commission will have to study the above problems, but their report will be more complete and helpful if they have had the support and advice of an alert membership of the two large groups which they represent. It is to be hoped, therefore, that all teachers of mathematics will follow the work of this Commission.

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