scholarly journals Does ethnic diversity increase violent crime? A global analysis of homicide rates, 1995–2013

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indra de Soysa ◽  
Carmen Noel
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Coordination Failure ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
Ethnic Exclusion ◽  
Ethnic Polarization ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Criminological Theories

Many scholars argue that diverse preferences and coordination failure stemming from high ethnic diversity results in high social frictions, leading to socio-political failure. Criminological theories suggest that crime is driven by very similar processes. The specialized literature on civil war, however, reports a diversity dividend, arguing that when two large groups (polarization) make up a society, the risk of armed violence is increased. Using data on global homicide rates from the period 1995–2013 for over 140 countries, we find that ethnic heterogeneity is associated with homicide rates in an inverted U-shape relationship. Measures of ethnic polarization confirm these results directly. The results suggests that ethnic polarization and ethnic dominance rather than diversity are what matter for personal security measured as homicide rates. The conditional effect of high diversity and income inequality is associated with lower homicide rates, results that reject the view that societal heterogeneity and income inequality drive social dislocation. Several possible intervening variables, such as unemployment among males and youth, ethnic exclusion and discrimination, good governance and institutional quality, as well as several demographic and political variables, do not affect the basic results. It seems that the heavy emphasis placed on ethnic diversity for explaining social dislocation and violence, in so far as it relates to a country’s homicide rate, seems to be misplaced.

INCOME INEQUALITY AND HOMICIDE RATES: CROSS-NATIONAL DATA AND CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES

Criminology ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
HARVEY KRAHN ◽  
TIMOTHY F. HARTNAGEL ◽  
JOHN W. GARTRELL
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
National Data ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
Criminological Theories ◽  
Cross National

Does Socioeconomic Development Explain the Association Between Seafood Consumption and Cross-National Homicide?

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Testa ◽  
Mateus Rennó Santos ◽  
Douglas B. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Seafood Consumption ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Criminological Theories

Biological theories of crime propose that neurological benefits from consuming omega-3 fatty acids can reduce aggressive behavior. At the macro level, prior work has found a negative bivariate association between seafood consumption and homicide rates. Using data from a sample of 82 countries, and applying both multivariate regression and structural equation modeling, we find that socioeconomic development simultaneously affects the consumption of seafood and homicide rates, generating a spurious relationship. These findings demonstrate that omitting theoretically relevant variables, as well as inferring macro-level associations from micro-level patterns, can lead to erroneous conclusions regarding support for criminological theories or criminal justice policies.

By Popular Demand: The Effect of Public Opinion on Income Inequality

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 261-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Andersen ◽  
Anthony Heath ◽  
David Weakliem
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Reciprocal Causation ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
The World ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Distribution Of Income

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between public support for wage differentials and actual income inequality using data from the World Values Surveys. The distribution of income is more equal in nations where public opinion is more egalitarian. There is some evidence that the opinions of people with higher incomes are more influential than those of people with low incomes. Although the estimated relationship is stronger in democracies, it is present even under non-democratic governments, and the hypothesis that effects are equal cannot be rejected. We consider the possibility of reciprocal causation by means of an instrumental variables analysis, which yields no evidence that income distribution affects opinion.

Contemporary issues in financial reporting, auditing and corporate governance

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Afza Amran
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Internal Auditors ◽  
Corporate Managers ◽  
Auditor Choice ◽  
External Auditors ◽  
Expectation Gap ◽  
Corporate Social

Contemporary Issues in Financial Reporting, Auditing and Corporate Governance offers theoretical and empirical background on three fundamental areas of accounting, namely financial reporting, auditing and corporate governance.This book is written in a clear and reader-friendly manner to create readers interest in the central issues of discussion. The uniqueness of this book is in its extensive coverage of national and internationally-oriented issues of financial reporting, auditing and corporate governance. This book is ideal for accounting and business related courses at upper undergraduate and post-graduate levels. With its broad coverage, the book should also be of interest to academicians, professionals, corporate managers, regulatory bodies and researchers.The articles written in this book are: Corporate Social Responsibility and Post-Crisis StrategyEmployee Stock Options Popularity of Financial Ratios in the Annual ReportsThe Relationship between Pension Funds and Dividend PayoutDoes Audit Firm Merger Add Value to Its Clients? Co-operation between Internal and External Auditors: From the Perspective of Internal Auditors in Malaysian Local Authorities Auditor Choice: Events and TheoriesThe Global Audit Expectation Gap: Within and between Muslim CountriesOwnership Holdings: Selected Malaysian Family Businesses Ethnic Diversity in Malaysian Initial Public OfferingsCEO Succession in Malaysian PLCs: Does Firm Characteristic Make a Difference?A Framework of Good Governance: Lessons for the Inland Revenue Board Malaysia.

scholarly journals Homicide clearance in Western Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke Liem ◽  
Karoliina Suonpää ◽  
Martti Lehti ◽  
Janne Kivivuori ◽  
Sven Granath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
Coding Schemes ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Homicide Clearance ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Event Based

This study provides an overview of homicide clearance in four West European countries: Finland, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. Using data from the European Homicide Monitor, employing similar definitions and uniform coding schemes, this study allowed for unique cross-country comparisons in factors influencing differences in homicide clearance rates. Findings based on homicides occurring in the period 2009–14 revealed overall low homicide rates in all countries, with a wide variety in homicide clearance rates, ranging from 77 percent in the Netherlands to 98 percent in Finland. Results further showed that both event-based as well as victim-based characteristics significantly influenced the likelihood of homicide clearance, suggesting that homicide clearance rates can, for a large part, be attributed to the prevalent types of homicide in each of these European countries.

scholarly journals Deaf identities in a multicultural setting: The Ugandan context

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony B. Mugeere ◽  
Peter Atekyereza ◽  
Edward K. Kirumira ◽  
Staffan Hojer
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
The United States ◽  
Deaf Community ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
Lower Case ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Using Data

Often located far apart from each other, deaf and hearing impaired persons face a multiplicity of challenges that evolve around isolation, neglect and the deprivation of essential social services that affect their welfare and survival. Although it is evident that the number of persons born with or acquire hearing impairments in later stages of their lives is increasing in many developing countries, there is limited research on this population. The main objective of this article is to explore the identities and experiences of living as a person who is deaf in Uganda. Using data from semi-structured interviews with 42 deaf persons (aged 19–41) and three focus group discussions, the study findings show that beneath the more pragmatic identities documented in the United States and European discourses there is a matrix of ambiguous, often competing and manifold forms in Uganda that are not necessarily based on the deaf and deaf constructions. The results further show that the country’s cultural, religious and ethnic diversity is more of a restraint than an enabler to the aspirations of the deaf community. The study concludes that researchers and policy makers need to be cognisant of the unique issues underlying deaf epistemologies whilst implementing policy and programme initiatives that directly affect them. The upper case ‘D’ in the term deaf is a convention that has been used since the early 1970s to connote a ‘socially constructed visual culture’ or a linguistic, social and cultural minority group who use sign language as primary means of communication and identify with the deaf community, whereas the lower case ‘d’ in deaf refers to ‘the audio logical condition of hearing impairment’. However, in this article the lower case has been used consistently.

scholarly journals Newspapers and Parties: How Advertising Revenues Created an Independent Press

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 790-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIA PETROVA
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Media Freedom ◽  
Outdoor Advertising ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Newspaper Distribution ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Political Groups

Media freedom strongly inhibits corruption and promotes good governance, but what leads to media freedom? Do economic development and higher advertising revenues tend to make media outlets independent of political groups' influence? Using data on nineteenth-century American newspapers, I show that places with higher advertising revenues were likelier to have newspapers that were independent of political parties. Similar results hold when local advertising rates are instrumented by regulations on outdoor advertising and newspaper distribution. In addition, newly created newspapers were more likely to enter the market as independents in places with higher advertising rates. I also exploit the precise timing of major changes in advertising rates to identify how advertising revenues affected the entry of new newspapers. Finally, I demonstrate that economic development, and concomitant higher advertising revenue, is not the only reason that an independent press expands; political factors also played a role.

scholarly journals Control Combating Corruption: A Governance Model from Indonesians' Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Muktiyanto ◽  
Rini Dwiyani ◽  
Noorina Hartati ◽  
Halim Dedy Perdana ◽  
Bayu Taufiq Possumah
Keyword(s):  
Agency Theory ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Data Governance ◽  
Transparency International ◽  
Governance Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Corruption Perception ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Inference Tests

The purpose of this study is to propose an appropriate governance model to deal with corruption. This study reveals the indicators, from where and how corruption will be resisted. By using data governance and corruption control as well as the corruption perception index from WGI and TII in 2008-2018, this study proposed a quantitative approach to strengthen the results of the inference tests of the effect of good governance on the potential for corruption, confirming and expanding on work carried out with critical informants by Transparency International Indonesia (TII). The study found that, from the perspective of agency theory, the influence of governance on corruption has been proved, both in the context of the world and Indonesia. Good governance will make the trustee (agent) not arbitrarily follow their wishes through corruption to enrich themselves or other parties, but instead follow the mandate given by the principal (community). This study also shows, in the world context, that by adherence to ethical rules being followed by effective government, in stable political conditions, and public voices being heard, corruption can be eradicated. In the context of Indonesia, to suppress criminal acts of corruption, stable political conditions and guarantees for public votes must be done first, then effective government and compliance with regulations can follow.

scholarly journals The effect of increasing the minimum wage on poverty and inequality in Bosnia and Herzegovina

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (226) ◽  
pp. 121-137
Author(s):  
Amela Kurta ◽  
Nermin Oruc
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Policy Debate ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Future Policy ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Positive Effect

The minimum wage, as a labour market policy with distributive impact, is widely debated in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). This paper estimates the effect of increasing the minimum wage on poverty and income inequality in BiH, providing the first empirical evidence on the minimum wage in the country. Using data from the Household Budget Survey (HBS) for 2015, the effects of four changes (two per entity) in the minimum wage were simulated using the microsimulation model BiHMOD. First, the effect of the latest changes implemented in the previous period was calculated using the previous minimum wage level as the baseline. Second, the effect of recently proposed changes was simulated using the current level as the baseline. The findings suggest that increasing the minimum wage in BiH has a significant positive effect on poverty reduction, but a limited effect on the level of income inequality. The estimated effects were also calculated for different types of households. The results suggest that a single policy may have unexpected effects if other policies are not taken into account and harmonized accordingly. The findings provide empirical evidence for decision-makers and future policy debate, which is generally missing for this and similar policy issues in BiH.

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