scholarly journals Rationing health and social goods during pandemics: Guidance for Ghanaian decision makers

2020 ◽  
pp. 147775092097709
Author(s):  
Amos Laar ◽  
Debra DeBruin ◽  
Richard Ofori-Asenso ◽  
Matilda Essandoh Laar ◽  
Barbara Redman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Democratic Engagement ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Social Goods ◽  
Healthcare Rationing

Healthcare rationing during pandemics has been widely discussed in global bioethics literature. However, existing scenarios and analyses have focused on high income countries, except for very few disease areas such as HIV treatment where some analyses related to African countries exist. We argue that the lack of scholastic discourse, and by extension, professional and democratic engagement on the subject constitute an unacceptable ethical omission. Not only have African governments failed to develop robust ethical plans for pandemics, ethicists in this region have been unable to ignite public discourse on rationing. Therefore, we aim to initiate a debate on how rationing health and social goods could be done ethically in Ghana during the current and future pandemics. The paper discusses and critiques some moral considerations (utilitarian, equity, equal worth, urgent need, and the prioritarian principles) for rationing and their relevance in the Ghanaian context. This contribution may facilitate ethical decision-making during the current (COVID-19) pandemic - in Ghana and other African settings where hardly any rationing guidelines exist

scholarly journals Rationing health and social goods during pandemics: guidance for Ghanaian decision makers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amos Laar ◽  
Debra DeBruin ◽  
Richard Ofori-Asenso ◽  
Matilda Essandoh Laar ◽  
Barbara Redman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Democratic Engagement ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Social Goods ◽  
Healthcare Rationing

<p></p><p></p><p>Abstract </p> <p>Healthcare rationing during pandemics has been widely discussed in global bioethics literature. However, existing scenarios and analyses have focused on high income countries, except for very few disease areas such as HIV treatment where some analyses related to African countries exist. We argue that the lack of scholastic discourse, and by extension, professional and democratic engagement on the subject constitute an unacceptable ethical omission. Not only have African governments failed to develop robust ethical plans for pandemics, ethicists in this region have been unable to ignite public discourse on rationing. Therefore, we aim to initiate a debate on how rationing health and social goods could be done ethically in Ghana during the current and future pandemics.</p> <p> </p> <p>The paper discusses and critiques some moral considerations (utilitarian, equity, equal worth, urgent need, and the prioritarian principles) for rationing and their relevance in the Ghanaian context. This contribution may facilitate ethical decision-making during COVID-19 in Ghana and other African settings where hardly any rationing guidelines exist</p><br><p></p><p></p>

scholarly journals Rationing health and social goods during pandemics: guidance for Ghanaian decision makers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amos Laar ◽  
Debra DeBruin ◽  
Richard Ofori-Asenso ◽  
Matilda Essandoh Laar ◽  
Barbara Redman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Democratic Engagement ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Social Goods ◽  
Healthcare Rationing

<p></p><p></p><p>Abstract </p> <p>Healthcare rationing during pandemics has been widely discussed in global bioethics literature. However, existing scenarios and analyses have focused on high income countries, except for very few disease areas such as HIV treatment where some analyses related to African countries exist. We argue that the lack of scholastic discourse, and by extension, professional and democratic engagement on the subject constitute an unacceptable ethical omission. Not only have African governments failed to develop robust ethical plans for pandemics, ethicists in this region have been unable to ignite public discourse on rationing. Therefore, we aim to initiate a debate on how rationing health and social goods could be done ethically in Ghana during the current and future pandemics.</p> <p> </p> <p>The paper discusses and critiques some moral considerations (utilitarian, equity, equal worth, urgent need, and the prioritarian principles) for rationing and their relevance in the Ghanaian context. This contribution may facilitate ethical decision-making during COVID-19 in Ghana and other African settings where hardly any rationing guidelines exist</p><br><p></p><p></p>

Altruism as a pathway to unethical action

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-247
Author(s):  
Michael Babula ◽  
Max Tookey ◽  
Glenn Muschert ◽  
Mark Neal
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Unethical Behavior ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Poor

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to answer the question, “Can particular types of altruism influence people to make unethical decisions?” The purpose of seeking to answer this question is to better understand those cases in personal, public and commercial life whereby a decision-maker is influenced by what is widely perceived to be a positive thing – altruism – to make unethical choices. Design/methodology/approach An experiment was designed to test the influence of different categories of altruism on decision-making about whether to find another guilty for a regulatory transgression. This involved the establishment and running of a student panel at a UK university, which was given the task of determining the guilt or otherwise of two students accused of plagiarism – one from a poor background; one from a rich background. Through a survey of both the decision-makers and their judgments, and by analyzing the data using t-tests and Mann–Whitney tests, the associations between different categories of altruism and the decisions made could be ascertained. Findings A total of 70.7% of the participants voted “not-guilty” for the poor student, whereas 68.3% voted “guilty” for the wealthy student. This indicated that self-interested, namely, egoistic altruism complemented by social and self-esteem needs gratification was significantly associated with violating foundational ethical principles. Originality/value This is the first study to be done that attempts to evaluate the relationships between different categories of altruism and ethical decision-making. The findings here challenge aggregating all forms of empathy together when exploring the antecedents of unethical behavior.

scholarly journals Ethics in Organization and Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Thomas Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Unethical Behavior ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Global Environment ◽  
Organization And Management ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Care And Justice ◽  
Compare And Contrast

A fundamental challenge for scholars and practitioners of organization and management is the integration of theoretical ethics with practical decision-making. This article discusses the historical evolution of ethics in organization and management through today. Additionally, the article utilizes a compare and contrast approach of three contemporary theories of ethical decision-making, namely ethics of virtue, ethics of care, and ethics of justice, to implicate their applicability to practice under conditions of globalization. Ethics of virtue, care, and justice share common concepts imperative for organizations in a global environment. They address the idea of equality and self-sufficiency and are concerned with the establishment and sustenance of lasting relationships. Organizations can, therefore, succeed in any environment providing that decision makers make the effort to adhere to standards that are moral, fair, caring, and just. Every unethical behavior should be condemned.

Beyond Relativism to Ethical Decision Making

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-239
Author(s):  
Keith D. Walker ◽  
J. Kent Donlevy
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Ethical Relativism ◽  
Educational Decision ◽  
Ethical Choices ◽  
Postmodern Ethics

This article examines the ethical conundrum of educational decision makers when faced with a plethora of conflicting value-based decisions. It offers an analysis of a well-known fable as the foil to demonstrate the problematic nature of ethical relativism and postmodern ethics in resolving that conundrum while advocating the use of five core commitments that enable reasonable, consistent, and justifiable warrants for ethical choices.

Perceived benefits of a university subject on leadership and intrapersonal development

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel T.L. Shek ◽  
Janet T.Y. Leung
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Young People ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Perceived Benefits ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Effective Leaders ◽  
University Life ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The University

AbstractThis paper examines the perceived benefits of a university subject on leadership and intrapersonal development (“Tomorrow’s Leaders” at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University) from the perspective of the students. Based on the reflections of 62 students, several perceived benefits of the subject were identified, including promotion of self-understanding, enhancement of intrapersonal and interpersonal qualities, improvement of relationships with peers and their families, cultivation of new perspectives towards life, development of moral and ethical decision-making capacities, having better adjustment to the university life, acquisition of knowledge and skills to become effective leaders, and building up of competencies that will be useful in their future lives and career. These findings illustrate the importance of an effective university subject that attempts to promote the holistic development of young people.

scholarly journals A moderate position in the debate on the possibility and moral utility of the ethical standards codification

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 127-139
Author(s):  
Andrzej Klimczuk
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Ethical Standards ◽  
Polish Literature ◽  
Ethical Codes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Moderate Position

The popularisation of drawing up codes that are addressed to various social groups is one of the features of the modern world. However, researchers of the phenomenon have not yet reached a consensus about the moral validity and utility of this activity. The article thoroughly reviews the Polish literature on the subject with regard to the reasons for taking a moderate stance on the codification of ethical standards. The essay describes the main concepts of ethical codes as well as arguments for their approval and rejection. Attention is drawn to the ways of improving the effectiveness of codes and to the ethical decision-making procedure that reconciles the positions of the supporters and opponents of codification.

scholarly journals Sifat Machiavelli, Tekanan Ketaatan dalam Keputusan Etis: Keputusan Individu dan Kelompok

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-116
Author(s):  
Aprina Nugrahesthy Sulistya Hapsari ◽  
Aida Sari Situmeang ◽  
Intiyas Utami
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Group Experiences ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
The Subject

This research aims to test causality of obedience pressure, the Machiavellian character, and the ethical decision.  It employs laboratory experiment with 2x2 between within-subject experimental designs. The respondents are 170 students as the representative of junior accounting staff. The independent variable is the ethical decision, and the dependent variables are Machiavellian character and obedience pressure.  The result of this research shows that obedience pressure has causal effect on ethical decision. The Machiavellian characteristic gives a negative effect on the decision of the subject under high obedience pressure. Decision made under high obedience pressure and in group decision-making result in a higher ethical decision compared to the decision made individually. Whereas, the subject under low obedience pressure whether as an individual or a group experiences low ethical dilemma which results in ethical decision making.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Opportunity Assessment Using Commercial and Moral Intensities

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
Richard J. Arend
Keyword(s):  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Knowledge Processing ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Opportunity Evaluation ◽  
Corporate Social

We propose a partial theory explaining the processing of opportunities by individuals in organizations, specifically for opportunities with both commercial and moral significance (measured as intensities). The goal of such theorizing is to identify and analyze the range of interactions that the ethical and economic impacts of an opportunity can have so that managers can make better decisions on their exploitation and modification. We explain why and how there is variance in the processing of the ideas behind such opportunities as caused by their moral and commercial intensities. We explain the likely interactions between those two intensities, and when they occur and what can result. Doing so complements work in social entrepreneurship and corporate social responsibility by filling the gaps of the possible combinations of economic and ethical interactions. We provide these explanations by leveraging a precedent model that had adapted a standard knowledge-processing method to ethical decision-making issues. The explanations resonate because our model leverages the traditional textbook entrepreneurship opportunity evaluation criteria to provide a holistic view of an underlying idea’s commercial intensity, a view that aligns with the driving assumption that the focal decision-makers are boundedly rational.

Dynamics of Decision Making

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
JoAnn Danelo Barbour
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
Tools And Techniques

The past and the future influence the present, for decision makers are persuaded by historical patterns and styles of decision making based on social, political, and economic context, with an eye to planning, predicting, forecasting, in a sense, “futuring.” From the middle to the late 20th century, four models (rational-bureaucratic, participatory, political, and organized anarchy) embody ways of decision making that provide an historical grounding for decision makers in the first quarter of the 21st century. From the late 20th through the first two decades of the 21st century, decision makers have focused on ethical decision making, social justice, and decision making within communities. After the first two decades of the 21st century, decision making and its associative research is about holding tensions, crossing boundaries, and intersections. Decision makers will continually hold the tension between intuition and evidence as drivers of decisions. Promising research possibilities may include understanding metacognition and its role in decision making, between individual approaches to decision making and the group dynamic, stakeholders’ engagement in communicating and executing decisions, and studying the control of who has what information or who should have it. Furthermore, decision making most likely will continue to evolve towards an adaptive approach with an abundance of tools and techniques to improve both the praxis and the practice of decision making dynamics. Accordingly, trends in future research in decision making will span disciplines and emphases, encompassing transdisciplinary approaches wherein investigators work collaboratively to understand and possibly create new conceptual, theoretical, and methodological models or ways of thinking about and making decisions.

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