Adversity Interpreted: A Scoping Review of Adversity Appraisal Measurement

2021 ◽  
pp. 152483802098554
Author(s):  
Stephanie Gusler ◽  
Jessy Guler ◽  
Rachel Petrie ◽  
Heather Marshall ◽  
Daryl Cooley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Psychological Adjustment ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Self Blame ◽  
Traumatic Life Events ◽  
The Future

Although evidence suggests that individuals’ appraisals (i.e., subjective interpretations) of adverse or traumatic life events may serve as a mechanism accounting for differences in adversity exposure and psychological adjustment, understanding this mechanism is contingent on our ability to reliably and consistently measure appraisals. However, measures have varied widely between studies, making conclusions about how best to measure appraisal a challenge for the field. To address this issue, the present study reviewed 88 articles from three research databases, assessing adults’ appraisals of adversity. To be included in the scoping review, articles had to meet the following criteria: (1) published no earlier than 1999, (2) available in English, (3) published as a primary source manuscript, and (4) included a measure assessing for adults’ (over the age of 18) subjective primary and/or secondary interpretations of adversity. Each article was thoroughly reviewed and coded based on the following information: study demographics, appraisal measurement tool(s), category of appraisal, appraisal dimensions (e.g., self-blame, impact, and threat), and the tool’s reliability and validity. Further, information was coded according to the type of adversity appraised, the time in which the appraised event occurred, and which outcomes were assessed in relation to appraisal. Results highlight the importance of continued examination of adversity appraisals and reveal which appraisal tools, categories, and dimensions are most commonly assessed for. These results provide guidance to researchers in how to examine adversity appraisals and what gaps among the measurement of adversity appraisal which need to be addressed in the future research.

scholarly journals Much research, but little learned to date: A scoping review on mental health of health workers in low- and lower-middle income countries and roadmap for future research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Lohmann ◽  
Denny John ◽  
Aso Dzay
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Psychological Wellbeing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries

Abstract BackgroundSARS-CoV-2 has resulted in unprecedented research efforts on health workers’ work realities and their potential mental health impacts. To understand the latter, high-quality evidence on the baseline situation is paramount. With the aim of providing a comprehensive overview of existing evidence and to inform future research, we undertook a scoping review of the quantitative literature on mental health and psychological wellbeing of clinical skilled healthcare personnel working in all settings of care in low- and lower-middle income countries (LLMIC).MethodsWe performed a systematic search of the literature up to the end of 2019, in English or French language, in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, Global Health, and CAIRN. We included both studies estimating levels of mental health and studies investigating associations with other factors. We extracted data on study characteristics and methodology, and assessed the methodological quality of the included studies along nine criteria.ResultsWe found 143 relevant studies, 135 including data on mental health levels and 126 including data on associations with other factors. The studies covered 26 of the world’s 78 LLMICs, with most studies conducted in India, Nigeria, Pakistan, or Egypt, in urban secondary- and tertiary-care settings. 67% of studies assessed burnout, 25% general psychological wellbeing, and 20% other mental health outcomes. Only 19% of studies were of high quality due to shortcomings particularly in regards to sample representativeness, context-specific measurement tool validity, and reporting of methodological detail. We found much heterogeneity in investigated associated factors. Studies focused almost exclusively on potential determinants of mental health, while none linked mental health to objectively measured performance outcomes.ConclusionWe conclude that despite its impressive size, we can learn comparatively little from the current body of literature. Based on our findings, we outline areas for expansion, methodological improvement, and standardization of reporting in future research on mental health of health workers.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO no. CRD42019140036

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDIZATION OF A TOOL TO MEASURE KNOWLEDGE OF LABOUR LAWS AMONG EMPLOYEES

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 86-104
Author(s):  
M. M. Sulphey ◽  
Awad Ali Alanzi ◽  
Martin Klepek
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Psychometric Evaluation ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Knowledge Level ◽  
Development Framework ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Labour Legislation

Labour legislations provide guidelines to prevent unfair labour practices and organizational injustice. All employment and labour laws propose standards regarding wages, wellbeing, safety, and equitable treatment, which reduces conflicts. However, informational imbalances between employers and employees prevent employees from having adequate knowledge about labour legislation. Consequently, some employers treat employees inconsistently and that could be detrimental to them. A practical solution to this problem is making employees aware of the provisions of labour laws. As an initial step towards this, there is a definite need to assess employees’ awareness regarding labour laws. Nevertheless, there is a lack of a standardized tool to measure the knowledge level of labour legislation, which has impaired empirical examinations. Using randomly collected 346 samples from two different types of industries, the present study constructed and validated a tool to measure labour law knowledge. The study has followed a simple scale development framework consisting of item generation, scale development, and psychometric evaluation. The measurement tool has been developed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The final questionnaire consists of 17 items under four factors, exhibited significant reliability and validity. The developed tool is expected to fill the gap in the literature and stimulate further empirical research. The study also examined the difference in the knowledge level based on the demographics of the sample. The results show a significant difference between the knowledge levels based on gender, citizenship, type of industry, and qualifications. Future research directions are proposed at the end of the paper, together with the limitations of this study.

Smart Healthcare Interventions for Smoking Cessation: A Scoping Review (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen Ju Liou ◽  
Chun Ying Lee ◽  
Chiou-Mei Lee ◽  
Cheng Hang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Smart Healthcare ◽  
Quit Rate ◽  
The Future ◽  
Healthcare Interventions

BACKGROUND Smart healthcare devices are being increasingly employed to support medical services, and evidence has shown promising results in using such tools for smoking cessation, but there has been no scoping review on this topic so far and the trends of research in this area has not been fully examined. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of research in this area. OBJECTIVE This scoping review aimed to analyze the research trends in this area to speculate on the future of smart health devices for smoking cessation. METHODS The study was based on the methodology of scoping review. Literature searches were done in PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE using terms related to smart healthcare. Titles, abstracts, and full reports were reviewed independently by two reviewers. Papers were included if they focused on discussing smart healthcare interventions for smoking cessation. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers. RESULTS Searches identified 3982 references and 25 papers were included in the scoping review. Mobile applications was the most numerous category of studies, making up 56% (n=14) of all studies and this had increased markedly in recent 5 years. We identified 6 types of outcome measures. Besides quit rate, user attitude was the most frequently measured outcome, accounting for 44% (n=11) of the studies. Nine studies targeted special populations other than general adult smokers, nearly half (n=4) of which targeted adolescents or young adults. CONCLUSIONS Besides quit rate, the researchers put most focus on user attitude. Use of mobile applications seem to be the mainstream in the future among smart healthcare interventions for smoking cessation. Future research including more keywords related to smart healthcare interventions is needed for a comprehensive understanding of this field.

Correlates of Problem Drinking and Drug Use in Black Sexual Assault Victims

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
LaDonna Long ◽  
Sarah E. Ullman
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Problem Drinking ◽  
Trauma History ◽  
Self Blame ◽  
Traumatic Life Events ◽  
Assault Victims ◽  
Assault Characteristics

Few studies have examined factors related to problem drinking and drug use in Black sexual assault victims. Given that sexual assault and histories of trauma are associated with substance abuse in victims, research is needed to determine what factors may be related to these outcomes for Black survivors. Furthermore, child sexual abuse (CSA) is a risk factor for substance abuse, but no studies have examined correlates of substance abuse outcomes separately according to CSA history. This study examines a large diverse sample of Black sexual assault victims (N = 495) to determine the associations of demographics, trauma history, assault characteristics, and postassault psychosocial factors with problem drinking and drug use using multivariate regressions. Traumatic life events, using substances to cope and self-blame, were associated with greater problem drinking and drug use. Implications for practitioners and policymakers are discussed.

scholarly journals Assessment of body composition in spinal cord injury: A scoping review

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251142
Author(s):  
Jan W. van der Scheer ◽  
Julia O. Totosy de Zepetnek ◽  
Cheri Blauwet ◽  
Katherine Brooke-Wavell ◽  
Terri Graham-Paulson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Expert Panel ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Measurement Properties ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Gaps

The objective of this scoping review was to map the evidence on measurement properties of body composition tools to assess whole-body and regional fat and fat-free mass in adults with SCI, and to identify research gaps in order to set future research priorities. Electronic databases of PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane library were searched up to April 2020. Included studies employed assessments related to whole-body or regional fat and/or fat-free mass and provided data to quantify measurement properties that involved adults with SCI. All searches and data extractions were conducted by two independent reviewers. The scoping review was designed and conducted together with an expert panel (n = 8) that represented research, clinical, nutritional and lived SCI experience. The panel collaboratively determined the scope and design of the review and interpreted its findings. Additionally, the expert panel reached out to their professional networks to gain further stakeholder feedback via interactive practitioner surveys and workshops with people with SCI. The research gaps identified by the review, together with discussions among the expert panel including consideration of the survey and workshop feedback, informed the formulation of future research priorities. A total of 42 eligible articles were identified (1,011 males and 143 females). The only tool supported by studies showing both acceptable test-retest reliability and convergent validity was whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The survey/workshop participants considered the measurement burden of DXA acceptable as long as it was reliable, valid and would do no harm (e.g. radiation, skin damage). Practitioners considered cost and accessibility of DXA major barriers in applied settings. The survey/workshop participants expressed a preference towards simple tools if they could be confident in their reliability and validity. This review suggests that future research should prioritize reliability and validity studies on: (1) DXA as a surrogate ‘gold standard’ tool to assess whole-body composition, regional fat and fat-free mass; and (2) skinfold thickness and waist circumference as practical low-cost tools to assess regional fat mass in persons with SCI, and (3) females to explore potential sex differences of body composition assessment tools. Registration review protocol: CRD42018090187 (PROSPERO).

scholarly journals Brief Report: Characteristics and Needs of Persons Admitted to an Inpatient Psychiatric Hospital With Workers' Compensation Coverage

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Grace Herring ◽  
Lynn Martin ◽  
Vicki L. Kristman
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Sleep Disturbance ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Psychiatric Hospital ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Service Needs ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Traumatic Life Events ◽  
Mental Health Issues ◽  
Daily Pain

The rise of mental health issues in the workplace is widely known. Though mental health issues were not covered by the Workplace Safety Insurance Board (WSIB) in Ontario (Canada) until 2018, it was listed as responsible for payment of inpatient psychiatric hospital stays between 2006 and 2016. This population-level observational analytic study compares the clinical and service needs of 1,091 individuals admitted to inpatient psychiatry with WSIB coverage to all other admissions (n = 449,128). Secondary analysis was based on the interRAI Mental Health assessment. The WSIB group differed from all other admissions on almost all characteristics considered. Most notably, depression (65.08 vs. 57.02%), traumatic life events (25.48 vs. 15.58%), substance use (58.02 vs. 46.92%), daily pain (38.31 vs. 12.15%) and sleep disturbance (48.95 vs. 37.12%) were much higher in the WSIB group. Females with WSIB coverage had more depression (74.36 vs. 59.91%) and traumatic life events (30.00 vs. 22.97%), whereas males had more substance issues (63.62 vs. 47.95%). In addition, persons under the age of 55 had more substance issues (<25 = 75.47%; 25–54 = 61.64%: 55 ± 40.54%) and traumatic life events (<25 = 26.41%; 25–54 = 28.18%; 55 ± 15.31%), while those 25–54 years had more daily pain (41.67% vs. <25 = 3.77% and 55 ± 34.23%) and sleep disturbance (50.74% vs. <25 = 33.96% and 55 ± 45.94%). All variables differed significantly by sex and age within the comparison group, though not always following the patterns observed in the WSIB group. Future research examining mental health needs and outcomes among injured workers receiving inpatient psychiatric services is needed, and should take into account sex and age.

Development of a German-Language Questionnaire to Measure Collective Orientation as an Individual Attitude

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Hagemann
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
German Language ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Collective Orientation ◽  
Team Research ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Individual Variables ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The individual attitudes of every single team member are important for team performance. Studies show that each team member’s collective orientation – that is, propensity to work in a collective manner in team settings – enhances the team’s interdependent teamwork. In the German-speaking countries, there was previously no instrument to measure collective orientation. So, I developed and validated a German-language instrument to measure collective orientation. In three studies (N = 1028), I tested the validity of the instrument in terms of its internal structure and relationships with other variables. The results confirm the reliability and validity of the instrument. The instrument also predicts team performance in terms of interdependent teamwork. I discuss differences in established individual variables in team research and the role of collective orientation in teams. In future research, the instrument can be applied to diagnose teamwork deficiencies and evaluate interventions for developing team members’ collective orientation.

Understanding Why Older People Develop a Wish to Die

Crisis ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 204-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Rurup ◽  
H. R. W. Pasman ◽  
J. Goedhart ◽  
D. J. H. Deeg ◽  
A. J. F. M. Kerkhof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Traumatic Life Events ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Wish To Die ◽  
Open Coding ◽  
Death Wishes ◽  
Depth Interviews

Background: Quantitative studies in several European countries showed that 10–20% of older people have or have had a wish to die. Aims: To improve our understanding of why some older people develop a wish to die. Methods: In-depth interviews with people with a wish to die (n = 31) were carried out. Through open coding and inductive analysis, we developed a conceptual framework to describe the development of death wishes. Respondents were selected from two cohort studies. Results: The wish to die had either been triggered suddenly after traumatic life events or had developed gradually after a life full of adversity, as a consequence of aging or illness, or after recurring depression. The respondents were in a situation they considered unacceptable, yet they felt they had no control to change their situation and thus progressively “gave up” trying. Recurring themes included being widowed, feeling lonely, being a victim, being dependent, and wanting to be useful. Developing thoughts about death as a positive thing or a release from problems seemed to them like a way to reclaim control. Conclusions: People who wish to die originally develop thoughts about death as a positive solution to life events or to an adverse situation, and eventually reach a balance of the wish to live and to die.

Current Postvention Research and Priorities for the Future

Crisis ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Andriessen ◽  
Dolores Angela Castelli Dransart ◽  
Julie Cerel ◽  
Myfanwy Maple
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Intercultural Collaboration ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
Suicide Bereavement ◽  
Ethical Approval

Abstract. Background: Suicide can have a lasting impact on the social life as well as the physical and mental health of the bereaved. Targeted research is needed to better understand the nature of suicide bereavement and the effectiveness of support. Aims: To take stock of ongoing studies, and to inquire about future research priorities regarding suicide bereavement and postvention. Method: In March 2015, an online survey was widely disseminated in the suicidology community. Results: The questionnaire was accessed 77 times, and 22 records were included in the analysis. The respondents provided valuable information regarding current research projects and recommendations for the future. Limitations: Bearing in mind the modest number of replies, all from respondents in Westernized countries, it is not known how representative the findings are. Conclusion: The survey generated three strategies for future postvention research: increase intercultural collaboration, increase theory-driven research, and build bonds between research and practice. Future surveys should include experiences with obtaining research grants and ethical approval for postvention studies.

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