Prevalence, Form, and Function of Consolidated Public Safety Departments in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-23
Author(s):  
Jeremy M. Wilson ◽  
Clifford A. Grammich
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Safety ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Police Services ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Public Safety Departments

Most communities in the United States provide fire and police services through separate departments, but some operate a single consolidated one for police, fire, and, frequently, emergency medical services. The number of such public safety departments has grown in recent years, but little systematic research has been done on them. This article presents results of a census and subsequent survey of public safety departments in the United States to examine their prevalence, form, and function. It reviews characteristics of their distribution, capabilities and structure, staffing and management, budget, and approach to community policing. It concludes by identifying future research needs.

scholarly journals Markets and Market Values of Nontimber Forest Products in the United States: A Review, Synthesis, and Identification of Future Research Needs

2019 ◽  
Vol 117 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-631
Author(s):  
Gregory E Frey ◽  
Susan J Alexander ◽  
James L Chamberlain ◽  
Keith A Blatner ◽  
Alisa W Coffin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Regional Economies ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Nontimber Forest Products ◽  
Informal Markets ◽  
Market Values

Abstract Although numerous and varied users harvest, trade, and consume nontimber forest products (NTFPs), relatively little is known about the organization of the markets for these products and the market value or contribution to local and regional economies. In this article, we review and synthesize economic research and information on the markets and market values of NTFPs in the United States. We describe formal and informal markets for NTFPs, and the extent to which and reasons why many of the details of these markets remain unknown to researchers and decisionmakers. We provide examples of the market values of various species and identify information gaps and research needs to improve resource management and increase economic development.

Popular Dramas Between Transgression and Order

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Siemens
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Criminal Courts ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Crime News

This article examines the importance and the effects of crime news and courtroom journalism for modern societies, taking a global perspective. Mass media starting in the middle of the nineteenth century identified criminal courts as important places that allowed for popular and often-sensational stories of transgression and order. In the United States, in Europe, and in Asia, popular dramas based on criminal trials that appeared in the newspaper stimulated important societal debates, questioning the very notion of modern law and its application. However, it is argued that future research needs to pay more attention to the narratives and effects of courtroom reporting on democracy, both past and present.

Why Quasi-Alliances Will Persist in the Indo-Pacific? The Fall and Rise of the Quad

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-304
Author(s):  
Frederick Kliem
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Direct Response ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Function ◽  
Threat Theory

The rise of and increasing assertiveness by China presents a significant structural challenge in the Indo-Pacific region (IPR). In an effort to retain the status quo, a number of states have signed-up to the ‘free and open Indo-Pacific’ (FOIP). In support of FOIP, operational mechanisms have emerged—most importantly the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad). The United States, Japan, Australia and India have come together in this informal format to exchange views on current security challenges and coordinate their strategic approaches. This article analyses both form and function of Quad and argues that both the diplomatic and military arrangements between Quad members are a direct response to ever-increasing Chinese assertiveness. Alongside a detailed empirical analysis of Quad, this paper addresses the question why Quad 2.0 will thrive although previous attempts at security networks failed. Balance of threat theory will illuminate why informal quasi-alliances vis-à-vis China are going to be the structural new normal for the IPR.

Reliability of Arrest and Incarceration Questions on the Risk Behavior Assessment

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis G. Fisher ◽  
Grace L. Reynolds ◽  
Michele M. Wood ◽  
Mark E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Behavior ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Behavior Assessment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

We examined 48-hour test-retest reliability of the arrest and incarceration questions on the Risk Behavior Assessment (RBA; National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1993). Participants were 229 street-drug users recruited in 11 cities throughout the United States. Results revealed that lifetime arrest and incarceration items demonstrated good to excellent reliability. The 30-day arrest and incarceration items provided such poor reliabilities that they would yield unreliable data with limited research or clinical use. Future research needs to identify alternative items that can yield reliable data regarding recent arrest history; until then, it is recommended that the recent arrest items be used with caution.

Militarization of police: a comparison of police paramilitary units in Canadian and the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Cyr ◽  
Rosemary Ricciardelli ◽  
Dale Spencer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Safety ◽  
The United States ◽  
Governance Structures ◽  
The Public ◽  
Police Services ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Public Scrutiny ◽  
Judicial Scrutiny ◽  
Acquisition Processes

In comparison with Canada, the more pronounced ability to acquire special weapons and tactics (SWAT) equipment in the United States suggests the resulting proliferation of SWAT teams with adequate material resources is likely to continue. This proliferation has stimulated media and public discourses against the “militarization” of police. In Canada, however, the amalgamation of SWAT teams has led to increased standardization in SWAT training, member specialization and protocols of applied practice. We argue that, in comparison with the United States, the proliferation of paramilitary activity is limited in the Canadian policing landscape by public safety governance structures, acquisition processes, and judicial scrutiny. In consequence, Canadian police services are better positioned than their counterparts in the United States to withstand the public scrutiny tied to police tactical responses.

Assessing Employee Support during Union Organizing Campaigns

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-313
Author(s):  
Sean E. Rogers ◽  
Adrienne E. Eaton ◽  
Paula B. Voos ◽  
Tracy F. H. Chang ◽  
Marcus A. Valenzuela
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Labor Unions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Representation Election ◽  
Flight Attendant ◽  
Employee Support ◽  
Depth Interviews

Many labor unions assess support among prospective members to guide decision making during organizing campaigns, and to predict voting in representation elections. However, research on the actual practice of how unions make assessments is limited. We fill this void through a study that combined quantitative and qualitative analysis of the assessment activities. The quantitative portion involved a survey of eligible voters in the 2010 flight attendant representation election at Delta Air Lines. The qualitative portion involved in-depth interviews with staff involved in that campaign and organizing directors or key organizing staff in nine of the largest labor unions in the United States. We focus on the factors that influence the accuracy of assessment predictions, describe practices currently being used to predict votes in these campaigns, and discuss future research needs.

Correlates of Attitudes Toward Dating Violence Among Police Cadets in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (16) ◽  
pp. 4888-4903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Qu ◽  
Liang Wang ◽  
Jihong Zhao
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
College Students ◽  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Dating Violence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Internship Experience ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
First Time

Scholars have highlighted that incidents of dating violence are quite frequent among college students, and subsequent consequence can be devastating. A key factor that has been singled out in most studies on dating violence concerns an individual’s attitudes toward dating violence. It is assumed that there is a link between one’s attitudes and associated behaviors. The purpose of this study is to investigate correlates of attitudes toward dating violence among police cadets in a 4-year university in China. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that police cadets were the subjects of research on this important topic. Besides several commonly adopted variables in the analysis in the United States, we incorporated three variables that were unique to this study (the assistance-oriented police strategy, internship experience, and knowing anti-domestic violence law). The findings revealed that preference of gender-role, perceptions of the nature of dating, and police strategies have significant effect on cadets’ sentiment of dating violence. We also discussed the limitations of this study and highlight several areas that future research needs to focus on.

Green IT Perceptions and Activities of Internal Auditors in Australia, Canada, and the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 0000-0000
Author(s):  
Glen L. Gray ◽  
Kyunghee Yoon ◽  
Won Gyun No ◽  
Peter Roebuck
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Environmental Regulations ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Sustainability Reporting ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Green It ◽  
Internal Auditors

Green IT and sustainability reporting receive considerable attention. Internal auditors are considered control experts and provide assurance that controls have been designed and are functioning properly. However, literature indicate discrepant findings in terms of internal auditors' role in sustainability activities. Based on a theoretical link between environmental regulations and internal auditors' role in sustainability activities, this study examines whether internal auditors' roles in green IT differ across Australia, Canada, and U.S. We find that internal auditors' current green IT perceptions and involvements in the three countries are essentially interchangeable even though their regulations are significantly different. We do find that their perceived roles differ across most of green IT activities across industries, but their current involvement does not. Future research needs to identify whether there are cultural reasons or deeper, profound systemic reasons why internal auditors are not more proactively involved in the highly-visible, rapidly-growing, value-added areas of sustainability.

scholarly journals Prayer and health: a Portuguese literature review

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Rute Gomes Esperandio
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Health It ◽  
The Social ◽  
Portuguese Literature ◽  
Brazilian Studies

Prayer has been a subject of systematic research in the United States in the context of health. In Brazil, there have been frequent allusions to prayer in a variety of research in the health sciences, but it has appeared as only one of the findings. Based on theses, dissertations and articles, this text discusses Brazilian studies on prayer that have been produced in the Portuguese language in the social sciences, theology, psychology, and sciences of health. It starts with an overview of the studies on prayer followed by an analysis of them. The text concludes by pointing out some important issues that should be considered in future research on prayer and health, as well as some suggestions for developing research on prayer. [#]

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