Development of composites, reinforced by novel 3D woven orthogonal fabrics with enhanced auxeticity

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 676-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad I Khan ◽  
Jehanzeb Akram ◽  
Muhammad Umair ◽  
Syed TA Hamdani ◽  
Khubab Shaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tensile Loading ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Composite Fabrication ◽  
Auxetic Materials ◽  
Woven Structures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
3D Orthogonal Woven ◽  
The Impact

Auxetic materials are under great attention of researchers due to their excellent mechanical response under certain conditions. Previous works have been carried out in knitted or uni-stretch woven fabrics. In the present study, three-dimensional (3D) woven structures were produced and the effect of float length of ground weave and binding yarn on auxeticity of the fabric was investigated. Eight different 3D orthogonal woven structures/reinforcements were produced on rapier dobby loom by changing the float length in ground weave and binding yarns. Hand layup technique was used for composite fabrication, while green epoxy resin was used as a matrix. For investigating the auxeticity, 3D reinforcement samples were subjected to tensile loading and change in their thickness was measured. The results showed that 3D woven reinforcements with equal and maximum float length of ground weave and binding yarn showed greater auxetic behavior, because both weaves support each other and room for opening of structure increases. As the difference between the float length of ground weave and binding yarns increases, the auxeticity of reinforcement decreases because the ground weave and binding yarn cancel out the effect of each other. Moreover, the impact energy absorption of the developed composites was found to increase with the increase in float length, justifying that the structures are auxetic in nature.

scholarly journals Impact of Urban Undersea Tunnel Longitudinal Slope on the Visual Characteristics of Drivers

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Shoushuo Wang ◽  
Zhigang Du ◽  
Fangtong Jiao ◽  
Libo Yang ◽  
Yudan Ni
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Longitudinal Slope ◽  
Visual Characteristics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Vehicle Test ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to investigate the impact of the urban undersea tunnel longitudinal slope on the visual characteristics of drivers. 20 drivers were enrolled to conduct the real vehicle test of the urban undersea tunnel. First, the data of average fixation time and visual lobe were collected by an eye tracker. The differential significance was tested using the one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Then, the difference between the up-and-down slope (direction) factor and the longitudinal slope (percent) factor on the two indexes were analyzed using the two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Second, by constructing a Lorentz model, the impact of the longitudinal slope on the average fixation time and the visual lobe were analyzed. Besides, a three-dimensional model of the longitudinal slope, average fixation time, and visual lobe was quantified. The results showed that the average fixation time and visual lobe under different longitudinal slopes markedly differed when driving on the uphill and downhill sections. The average fixation time and visual lobe under two factors were markedly different. Moreover, with an increase in the longitudinal slope, the average fixation time exhibited a trend of increasing first then decreasing; the visual lobe exhibited a trend of decreasing first and then increasing. The average fixation time reached the minimum and maximum value when the slope was 2.15% and 4.0%, whereas the visual lobe reached the maximum and minimum value when the slope was 2.88% and 4.0%. Overall, the longitudinal slope exerted a great impact on the visual load of the driver.

A Shell Formulation to Model the Three-Dimensional Deformation Response of Woven Fabrics

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. King ◽  
Simona Socrate
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Plane Bending ◽  
Shell Formulation ◽  
Fabric Surface

We capture the out-of-plane mechanical response of woven fabrics through a nonlinear anisotropic shell implementation of a continuum constitutive model. For the membrane response, we rely on a previously developed model for the in-plane behavior of woven fabrics. This planar model captured both the macroscopic response and the interactions of the yarns at the structural level, but was limited to two dimensions. The two-dimensional model is here extended to capture three-dimensional modes of deformations through a shell formulation. We assume that the effects of out-of-plane bending and shear on the established in-plane behavior are negligible; however, we do consider the effects that in-plane deformation and the resulting evolution of the fabric structure have on the out-of-plane response. For example, the formulation accounts for the evolving anisotropy of the out-of-plane bending behavior, which reflects the changing orientations of the yarn families within the fabric surface. This three-dimensional model permits the analysis of complex modes of fabric deformation such as wrinkling at large shear strains or transverse identation. We present experiments and detailed finite element analyses used to understand and characterize the out-of-plane responses of the fabric, including bending and twist, and we discuss the underlying physical phenomena that control these responses. Finally, we compare model predictions of complex loading modes to experimental findings.

Three dimensional simulation of air permeability of single layer woven structures

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Radostina Angelova ◽  
Peter Stankov ◽  
Iskra Simova ◽  
Idoya Aragon
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Transverse Permeability ◽  
Woven Structures ◽  
Dimensional Simulation ◽  
Jet Cross Sections ◽  
Woven Structure

AbstractThe paper deals with a CFD based study of the transverse permeability of a textile woven structure. The reported numerical investigation is preconditioned by both previous experimental and CFD study on jet systems. It is also based on detailed experimental investigation of the porous structure of single layer woven fabrics, made of staple fiber yarns. The flow in through-thickness direction of the woven structures is presented as jet systems, issuing from set of orifices. Two different types of jet system (3×3 jets and 5×5 jets) with two types of jet cross sections (square and circular), corresponding to two different woven structures, are simulated. An analysis is made in terms of the structure of the woven fabrics (area and shape of the interstices between the threads), the parameters of the flow passing through the textile (velocity profiles and velocity fields through isosurfaces), the role of the type of the jet systems, representing the flow and the influence of the shape of the interstices between the threads on the flow pattern. It was found that the applied approach could be effectively used for studying of the transverse permeability of the woven fabrics.

scholarly journals Numerical Study on the Effect of Z-Warps on the Ballistic Responses of Para-Aramid 3D Angle-Interlock Fabrics

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 479
Author(s):  
Yingxue Yang ◽  
Xiuqin Zhang ◽  
Xiaogang Chen ◽  
Shengnan Min
Keyword(s):  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Local Stress ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Future Design ◽  
Structural Support ◽  
Fabric Structures ◽  
The Impact

In order to achieve an efficient ballistic protection at a low weight, it is necessary to deeply explore the energy absorption mechanisms of ballistic fabric structures. In this paper, finite element (FE) yarn-level models of the designed three-dimensional (3D) angle-interlock (AI) woven fabrics and the laminated two-dimensional (2D) plain fabrics are established. The ballistic impact responses of fabric panels with and without the interlocking Z-warp yarns during the projectile penetration are evaluated in terms of their energy absorption, deformation, and stress distribution. The Z-warps in the 3D fabrics bind different layers of wefts together and provide the panel with structural support along through-the-thickness direction. The results show that the specific energy absorption (SEA) of 3D fabrics is up to 88.1% higher than that of the 2D fabrics. The 3D fabrics has a wider range of in-plane stress dispersion, which demonstrates its structural advantages in dispersing impact stress and getting more secondary yarns involved in energy absorption. However, there is a serious local stress concentration in 2D plain woven fabrics near the impact location. The absence of Z-warps between the layers of 2D laminated fabrics leads to a premature layer by layer failure. The findings are indicative for the future design of ballistic amors.

scholarly journals Comparison of 2D and 3D Stability Analyses for Natural Slope

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.35) ◽  
pp. 662
Author(s):  
Erly Bahsan ◽  
Rifani Fakhriyyanti
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
3D Analysis ◽  
Natural Slope ◽  
Stability Analyses ◽  
The Difference ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Natural Slopes

Slope stability analyses are performed mostly as a two-dimensional (2D) section under the assumption of plane strain conditions, without much consideration to the impact of three-dimensional (3D) shapes. For natural slopes that have the complexities of slope surfaces, 3D modeling may also be considered since it can represent the more realistic geometry of the slope. However, previous studies show that the factor of safety (FS) as a result of 3D analyses mostly overestimated the FS from 2D analyses. This may lead to a long discussion on whether the 3D analysis is still applicable for the natural slopes, and could it represent the same results as the 2D analysis. This study was conducted using the finite element method for calculating the 2D and 3D FS of Pasir Muncang natural slope in order to observe differences of FS resulted from both analyses. A comparison of the FS from the 2D and 3D analyses, and also verification of sensitivity on several factors that impact the 2D and 3D models have been performed. The results of this study has indicated that some factors such as soil parameters, contour interval, and mesh coarseness greatly affect the results of the 2D and 3D calculations. Having carefully selected the aforementioned factors as the inputs for calculations, the difference between the FS values of 3D and 2D analyses becomes smaller. The final result of FS for this case study from the 3D analysis was still higher than the one from the 2D analysis, with the ratio of FS from 3D to FS from 2D was 1.44. It can be inferred that the use of 3D analyses needs more accurate data selections compared to the 2D analyses.  

The Effect of the Structural Parameters of 3D Orthogonal Woven Composites on their Impact Responses under Different Modes of Impact

2018 ◽  
Vol 786 ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Midani ◽  
Abde Fattah Seyam ◽  
Mark Pankow
Keyword(s):  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Charpy Impact ◽  
Woven Composites ◽  
Weaving Technology ◽  
Impact Responses ◽  
3D Orthogonal Woven ◽  
The Impact ◽  
3D Weaving

Development of three-dimensional (3D) weaving technology introduced new and enhanced features to the 2D weaving technology. 3D Orthogonal Woven (3DOW) preforms have a through-thickness yarn component that significantly enhances the impact resistance and delamination resistance. In this study, a range of 3DOW E-glass preforms were woven using 3D weaving technology and then converted into composites, using vacuum assisted resin transfer molding technology. The composite samples had varying structural parameters, such as, number of Y-yarn layers, X-yarn pick density, Z-yarn interlacing pattern. The purpose was to study the effect of changing those structural parameters on the different impact responses of the 3DOW composites under different modes of impact, namely, tup, Izod and Charpy impact. The study indicated that, the number of Y-yarn layers, had the most significant effect on the total tup, Izod, and Charpy impact energies. The X-yarn pick density, had slight effect on the three modes of impact, while the Z-yarn weave design only had a slight significant effect on the tup and Charpy impact energy.

Kármán–Howarth solutions of homogeneous isotropic turbulence

2021 ◽  
Vol 932 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Djenidi ◽  
R.A. Antonia
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Isotropic Turbulence ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Order Moment ◽  
Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Decaying Turbulence ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Good Agreement

The Kármán–Howarth equation (KHEq) is solved using a closure model to obtain solutions of the second-order moment of the velocity increment, $S_2$ , in homogeneous isotropic turbulence (HIT). The results are in good agreement with experimental data for decaying turbulence and are also consistent with calculations based on the three-dimensional energy spectrum for decaying HIT. They differ, however, from those for forced HIT, the difference occurring mainly at large scales. This difference is attributed to the fact that the forcing generates large-scale motions which are not compatible with the KHEq. As the Reynolds number increases, the impact of forcing on the small scales decreases, thus allowing the KHEq and spectrally based solutions to agree well in the range of scales unaffected by forcing. Finally, the results show that the two-thirds law is compatible with the KHEq solutions as the Reynolds number increases to very large, if not infinite, values.

Optimization of electromagnetic shielding of three-dimensional orthogonal woven hybrid fabrics in ku band frequency region by response surface methodology

2022 ◽  
pp. 152808372110620
Author(s):  
Mukesh Kumar Singh ◽  
Gaurav Saraswat ◽  
Samrat Mukhopadhyay ◽  
Himangshu B Baskey
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Electromagnetic Shielding ◽  
Polyphenylene Sulfide ◽  
Weft Yarn ◽  
Band Frequency ◽  
Filament Diameter ◽  
Hybrid Yarn ◽  
Woven Structures ◽  
3D Orthogonal Woven ◽  
Spacer Fabrics

Electromagnetic shielding (EMS) has become the necessity of the present era due to enormous expansion in electronic devices accountable to emit electromagnetic radiation. The principal target of this paper is to originate three-dimensional (3D) orthogonal fabrics with conductive hybrid weft yarn and to determine their electromagnetic shielding. DREF-III core-spun yarn using copper filament in the core and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) fiber on the sheath and fabric constructed of such yarn has a promising electromagnetic shielding characteristic. Box–Behnken experimental design has been employed to prepare various samples to investigate the electromagnetic shielding efficiency of 3D orthogonal woven structures. The orthogonal fabric samples were tested in an electromagnetic Ku frequency band using free space measurement system (FSMS) to estimate absorbance, reflectance, transmittance, and electromagnetic shielding. The increase in copper core filament diameter and hybrid yarn linear density enhances the EMS of orthogonal fabric. Statistical analysis has been done to bring out the effect and interaction of various yarn and fabric variables on EMS. Metal filament diameter, orientation, sheath fibers percentage, and fabric constructional parameters significantly affected electromagnetic shielding efficiency. The inferences of this study can be applied in other 3D structures like angle interlock, spacer fabrics for curtains, and coverings for civilians and military applications.

scholarly journals Computational Investigation of the Combined Impact of Nonlinear Radiation and Magnetic Field on Three-Dimensional Rotational Nanofluid Flow across a Stretchy Surface

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1453
Author(s):  
Azad Hussain ◽  
Mohamed Abdelghany Elkotb ◽  
Mubashar Arshad ◽  
Aysha Rehman ◽  
Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Transfer Constant ◽  
Nanofluid Flow ◽  
Flow And Heat Transfer ◽  
Distribution Shape ◽  
Significant Temperature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Combined Impact ◽  
The Impact

This comparative study inspects the MHD three-dimensional revolving flow and temperature transmission of a radiative stretching surface. The flow of nanofluid is modeled using the Tiwari and Das model. Water is the base fluid, and the nanoparticles are composed of two different types of nanoparticle, i.e., gold and silver (Au and Ag). The non-radiative heat flow notion is examined in a temperature field that results in a nonlinear energy equation. Conformist transformations are used to generate a self-similar arrangement of the leading differential system. The resulting system has an intriguing temperature ratio constraint, which shows whether the flow has a little or significant temperature differential. By using a powerful mathematical technique, numerical results are obtained. The solutions are influenced by both stretching and rotation. The difference in velocity constituents with the elements’ volume fraction is non-monotonic. Results for the rotating nanofluid flow and heat transfer properties for both types of nanoparticles are highlighted with graphs. The impact of physical concentrations, such as heat flux rates and skin friction constants, are examined at the linear extending surface and clarified graphically. Ag-water nanofluid has a high-temperature transfer constant compared to Au-water nanofluid. The velocity profile was also discovered to have a parabolic distribution shape.

Characterization of electro-mechanical response in novel carbon fiber composite materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (19) ◽  
pp. 2675-2686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riley Sherman ◽  
Vijaya Chalivendra ◽  
Asha Hall ◽  
Mulugeta Haile ◽  
Latha Nataraj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tensile Load ◽  
Tensile Loading ◽  
Electrical Measurements ◽  
Carbon Fiber Composite ◽  
Short Carbon

A comprehensive experimental parametric study is performed to investigate the electro-mechanical response of novel three-dimensional conductive multi-functional carbon/epoxy composite materials. Three-dimensional conductive network is generated by embedding multi-wall carbon nanotubes in the epoxy matrix and reinforcing short carbon fibers between the carbon fabric laminates. An open mold compression method is utilized to fabricate the composite materials. Wet electro-up-flocking technology is employed to reinforce 150-µm and 350-µm length carbon fibers vertically at varying densities (500, 1000, 1500, 2000 fibers/mm2) between each laminate to analyze the effects these parameters have on electrical resistivity, tensile properties, and electro-mechanical response to quasi-static tensile loading. A high-resolution four-point circumferential ring probe is used to obtain electrical measurements. The resistivity of the composites having 150 µm flocked carbon fibers did not show significant change with increase in flock density; however, composites of 350-µm length carbon fibers showed a clear decrease in resistivity by a factor of 10 when the flock density increased from 500 to 2000 fibers/mm2. The electro-mechanical response of composites without short carbon fibers is inconsistent and jagged compared to that of flocked composites. The composites having 350-µm long carbon fibers showed a longer duration of initially decreasing resistance due to the applied tensile load when compared to that of 150 µm flocked carbon fibers. However, composites with no short carbon fibers registered maximum value of percentage change in resistance at the break point of tensile loading.

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