Examining the Effect of Social Influence on Young Drivers’ Behavior

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1394-1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangda Zhang ◽  
Shashank Mehrotra ◽  
Shannon C. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Social Influence ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Driver Distraction ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Novice Drivers ◽  
Young Drivers ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Impact

Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for 15 to 20-year olds. Young/novice drivers have long been thought to be vulnerable to the impact of peer passengers, and thus have a higher crash risk. It has been proven that perceived risky behavior of close friends was the best psychosocial predictor of risk. Additionally, young drivers (18-20 years) have the highest involvement in distraction-related crashes. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of social influence and driver distraction on young drivers’ behavior. Twenty-four pairs of participants took part in the study. Participants drove in pairs and by themselves while completing four distraction tasks. Results showed that the presence of a passenger did not show statistical significance related to drivers’ behavior. However, other social influence factors did significantly impact drivers’ behavior, including stimulating companionship, type of friendship, and their interactions.

scholarly journals Driving contradictions: behaviors and attitudes regarding handheld and hands-free cellphone use while driving among young drivers

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas M. Neuroth ◽  
Dylan Galos ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Songzhu Zhao ◽  
Motao Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
The United States ◽  
Driving Ability ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Young Drivers ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Cellphone use while driving (CUWD) is a frequent source of distraction for young drivers. These distractions commonly lead to motor vehicle crashes and, in some cases, death. Crash risk differs depending on if the driver is engaging in handheld or hands-free CUWD. This pilot study sought to investigate the differences between handheld versus hands-free CUWD behaviors in younger drivers and the attitudes and social norms that inform them. Methods Young drivers (mean age: 19.6 years, standard deviation: 0.8 years) were recruited from a large Midwestern city in the United States as part of a pilot study. The 62 enrolled drivers (51 females, 43 non-Hispanic white) completed an online survey measuring behavioral frequencies, attitudes, and social norms regarding talking on the phone, sending messages, and reading messages. These cross-sectional data were then categorized and used for a descriptive analysis. Results The majority of young drivers reported participating in some form of handheld CUWD, with reading messages being the most popular (95%). Only 43% of participants used hands-free technology for sending messages and 30% for reading messages, while half reported not using the technology at all. Whereas handheld messaging behaviors were viewed negatively by the participants, they were unsure of the impact on their driving ability and the legality surrounding hands-free messaging behaviors. Conclusions Handheld CUWD behaviors were more popular among young drivers compared to hands-free CUWD. Further, even though young drivers understood handheld cellphone use while driving is unsafe, they engaged in it anyway. The findings of this pilot study highlight the importance of better educational initiatives and optimizing hands-free interventions for young driver use cases.

scholarly journals Relative Crash Involvement Ratio Associated with Different Sources of Young Drivers’ Distraction

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Hana Naghawi ◽  
Shatha Aldalain
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Young Drivers ◽  
Different Sources

This paper aims to identify crash risk factors associated with young drivers’ distractions. Many factors were implicated including using mobile phones while driving or driving with passengers. Data needed for this study were collected from an online questionnaire survey. Beside young drivers’ distraction data, records on drivers’ demographics including age, gender and educational level were collected. Safety-related data on seat belt use were also collected. Each of the variables, contributing to young drivers’ distraction, safety, and educational level, was sorted into four categories according to young driver age (≤18, 19-22, 23-26, and 27-30 years old). The Relative Crash Involvement Ratio (RCIR) was estimated using the Quasi Induced Exposure Method (QIEM) using Microsoft Excel 2007. The results were then exported to the Statistical Package for Social Science Version 19 software. Paired t-test and ANOVA analysis were used to find the statistical significance in the RCIR values. Among the general findings, five outcomes were most prominent. The higher the educational level, the less likely young drivers would get involved in a crash. Young drivers ≤18 years old were almost 4.5 times more likely to get involved in a crash when 3 passengers travelled with them compared to 27-30 year-old drivers. Young drivers of all age groups were more likely to get involved in a crash when using mobile phones. Crash risk was reduced by up to 83 % when young drivers stopped using their mobile phone while driving. Crash risk was reduced by up to 93.43 % when young drivers used seat belt while driving. Finally, countermeasures to improve young drivers’ safety were proposed.

Impact of Metacognition on Clinical Judgment and Competence in Simulation-Based Blended Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
Hye-kyung Oh
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Blended Learning ◽  
Clinical Judgment ◽  
Clinical Competence ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Impact

This article used a within-subjects pre- and post-test comparison design to verify the impact of metacognition on clinical judgment and clinical competence in simulations using blended learning for nursing students. The study participants were 56 nursing students in their 4th year of college. The metacognition score of the participants for this study was not statistically significant. The differences in clinical judgment score and clinical competence scores reached statistical significance (t=-13.76, p=<0.001; t==-9.06, p=<0.001). Post-learning, the difference in clinical judgment score among 3 metacognition groups was statistically significant (F=3.76, p=0.029). The differences in clinical competence score among 3 metacognition groups pre- and post-test were statistically significant (F=3.87, p=0.027; F=6.09, p=0.004).

scholarly journals The effect of the lockdown executive order during the COVID-19 pandemic in recent trauma admissions in Puerto Rico

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro E. Ruiz-Medina ◽  
Ediel O. Ramos-Meléndez ◽  
Kerwin X. Cruz-De La Rosa ◽  
Antonio Arrieta-Alicea ◽  
Lourdes Guerrios-Rivera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Hospital Length Of Stay ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Trauma Centers ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to world-wide restrictions on social activities to curb the spread of this disease. Very little is known about the impact of these restrictions on trauma centers. Our objective was to determine the effect of the pandemic-associated lockdown on trauma admissions, patient’s demographics, mechanisms of injury, injury severity, and outcomes in the Puerto Rico Trauma Hospital. Methods An IRB-approved quasi-experimental study was performed to assess the impact of the restrictions by comparing trauma admissions during the lockdown (March 15, 2020 – June 15, 2020) with a control period (same period in 2017–2019). Comparisons were done using the Pearson’s chi-square test, Fisher exact test, or Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate. A negative binomial model was fitted to estimate the incidence rate ratio for overall admissions among pre-lockdown and during-lockdown periods. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results A total of 308 subjects were admitted during the quarter of study for 2017; 323, for 2018; 347, for 2019; and 150, for 2020. The median (interquartile range) age of patients rose significantly from 40 (33) years to 49 (30) years (p < 0.001) for the lockdown period compared to the historical period. Almost all mechanisms of injury (i.e., motor vehicle accident, assault, pedestrian, burn, suicide attempt, other) had a slight non-significant reduction in the percentage of patients presenting with an injury. Instead, falls experienced an increase during the lockdown period (18.9% vs. 26.7%; p = 0.026). Moreover, the proportion of severe cases decreased, as measured by an injury severity score (ISS) > 15 (37.3% vs. 26.8%; p = 0.014); while there were no differences in the median hospital length of stay and the mortality rate between the comparison groups. Finally, the decrease in overall admissions registered during the lockdown accounts for a 59% (IRR 0.41; 95% CI 0.31–0.54) change compared to the pre-lockdown period, when controlling for sex, age, mechanism of injury, and ISS. Conclusions Following periods of social isolation and curfews, trauma centers can expect drastic reductions in their overall patient volume with associated changes in trauma patterns. Our findings will help inform new interventions and improve healthcare preparedness for future or similar circumstances.

scholarly journals Study on Risk Tolerance of Passenger Car Drivers Aged 18–25

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-102
Author(s):  
A. V. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
Novice Drivers ◽  
Driving Experience ◽  
Young Drivers ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Impact

A universal problem of the impact of behaviour of less experienced young drivers on the rate of road accidents referring to the Russian Federation in comparison to other countries.In the Russian Federation, in recent years, there has been a decrease in the total number of road accidents and in the number of deaths in them. This speaks of the effective preventive work of the traffic police and other related services, but at the same time, a fairly large number of car accidents persists.One problem is the high incidence of accidents among inexperienced young drivers. According to research conducted in different countries, the likelihood of road accidents is especially high during the first year after obtaining a driver’s license. The overwhelming majority of drivers responsible for road accidents with less than six months of driving experience belong to the age category of 18–25 years. One of the main reasons for the increased likelihood of road accidents is their excessive risk inclination.It is obvious that risky driving is common in young people, which also affects the operation of the car. Risk inclination is directly related to the number of errors made, which significantly increases the likelihood of an accident.Objective of the work was to assess the risk tolerance among drivers aged 18–25 years. Research methods comprise a survey of young people of the indicated age and the analysis of the results obtained. The figures obtained during the survey indicate that the majority of respondents (82 %) have a «mean level of risk tolerance». But there are also quite a few «risky drivers» (15 %). Moreover, these 15 % are in the youngest age group from 18 to 21 years old. Based on the results of the work, it is proposed: during training at a driving school, the future driver should receive not only theoretical knowledge and practical driving lessons, but also undergo a psychological analysis to determine his fitness to participate in road traffic; introduce certain restrictions «for young and novice drivers» into the Road Traffic Regulations. It is necessary to limit the permitted power of the car and the permissible speed (adoption of a multiplying coefficient for fines for speeding), prohibit the use of the car in the dark and in difficult road conditions, as well as passenger transportation.

How Dangerous Is Looking Away From the Road? Algorithms Predict Crash Risk From Glance Patterns in Naturalistic Driving

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 1104-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulan Liang ◽  
John D. Lee ◽  
Lora Yekhshatyan
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Driver Distraction ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Design Of Algorithms ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Road ◽  
Naturalistic Driving Study ◽  
Naturalistic Driving ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Better Than

Objective: In this study, the authors used algorithms to estimate driver distraction and predict crash and near-crash risk on the basis of driver glance behavior using the data set of the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study. Background: Driver distraction has been a leading cause of motor vehicle crashes, but the relationship between distractions and crash risk lacks detailed quantification. Method: The authors compared 24 algorithms that varied according to how they incorporated three potential contributors to distraction—glance duration, glance history, and glance location—on how well the algorithms predicted crash risk. Results: Distraction estimated from driver eye-glance patterns was positively associated with crash risk. The algorithms incorporating ongoing off-road glance duration predicted crash risk better than did the algorithms incorporating glance history. Augmenting glance duration with other elements of glance behavior—1.5th power of duration and duration weighted by glance location—produced similar prediction performance as glance duration alone. Conclusions: The distraction level estimated by the algorithms that include current glance duration provides the most sensitive indicator of crash risk. Application: The results inform the design of algorithms to monitor driver state that support real-time distraction mitigation systems.

scholarly journals Effort expectancy and social influence factors as main determinants of performance expectancy using electronic banking

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-37
Author(s):  
Igor Fedorko ◽  
Radovan Bačik ◽  
Beata Gavurova
Keyword(s):  
Social Influence ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Internet Banking ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Electronic Banking ◽  
Expected Performance ◽  
The Impact

This study is aimed at determining the effect of expected effort and social influence factors on expected performance when using internet banking. The study adapts the constructs and definitions from the UTAUT model in the context of the adaptation of online banking technology. With regard to the nature of the variables analyzed, the following statistical tests and methods were used: calculation of average values using descriptive statistics; multiple linear regression analysis – to interpret associations between quantitative variables. Banks, as well as users of these banking services in the online environment, are the subject of research. The survey sample consists of 454 men and women and reflects the profile of online consumers across different countries of the European Union. The results of this study show the impact of the social influence construct on the respondents’ behavior when using electronic banking. The expected effort factor in the study significantly affects the expected performance factor, which can be characterized by original research, which showed that the effect of perceived ease of use on behavioral intent and use is incompatible with the degree of system complexity.

scholarly journals The Impact of Driving Knowledge on Motor Vehicle Fatalities

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter O. Simmons ◽  
Andrew M. Welki ◽  
Thomas J. Zlatoper
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
State Level ◽  
Young Drivers ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Significant Life ◽  
Saving Effect ◽  
The Impact

This paper analyzes the influence of driving knowledge on highway safety by estimating regression models on U.S. state-level data over six years (2005 through 2010). The models incorporate a representative set of motor vehicle fatality determinants. Driving knowledge—as measured by performance on the GMAC Insurance National Drivers Test—has a statistically significant life-saving effect. Negatively related to the motor vehicle death rate and statistically significant are: real per capita income, precipitation, seat belt use, and a linear trend. Statistically significant positive associations with the rate are found for: the ratio of rural to urban driving, temperature, the percentage of young drivers, the percentage of old drivers, and alcohol consumption.

scholarly journals Exploring the Dimensions of Driving Instruction through Naturalistic Observation of Formal Practical Lessons with Learner Drivers

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Watson-Brown ◽  
Bridie Scott-Parker ◽  
Bruce Simons-Morton ◽  
Teresa Senserrick
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Naturalistic Observation ◽  
Driver Education ◽  
Driver Training ◽  
Novice Drivers ◽  
Young Drivers ◽  
Road Crash

Higher-order driving skills (HO-DS) are deficient in young drivers who are over-represented in road crash fatalities and serious injuries. Teaching HO-DS has strong theoretical support in reducing crash risk. This study contributes to the dearth of literature regarding on-road driver training that can develop these skills. Higher-order driving instruction (HO-DI) is explored in formal on-road driving lessons (in Queensland, Australia) via naturalistic observation. Fifteen instructors and 96 learner drivers aged 16–19 years were recruited, with 110 lessons observed. An HO-DI coding taxonomy informed by the Goals for Driver Education ( 24) was used for content analysis using an a priori approach, comprising eight HO-DI codes: driving plan (formerly driving route), vehicle control and maneuvering, mastery of traffic situations, surveillance, situational risk (formerly environmental variables), personal risk (formerly knowledge of risk), car function (formerly car knowledge), and distraction. Thirty-nine sub-themes were identified within the codes allowing a deeper understanding of instruction, including missed (unseen) and untaken (seen but not actioned) HO-DI opportunities. The findings inform recommendations for the development of best practice HO-DI. This study has implications for the driver training industry with potential for reducing the crash risk of young novice drivers.

Self-enhancement, crash-risk optimism and the impact of safety advertisements on young drivers

2005 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niki Harré ◽  
Susan Foster ◽  
Maree O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
Crash Risk ◽  
Young Drivers ◽  
The Impact
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